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UNIVERSAL KNOWLEDGE.

A REPRINT

OF THE LAST (1880) EDINBURGH AND LONDON EDITION
OF CHAMBERS'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA,

With Copious Additions by American Editors.

FIFTEEN VOLUMES,

VOLUME IX,

UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK:
AMERICAN BOOK EXCHANGE,

764 BROADWAY,

1881.

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AMERICAN PUBLISHER'S NOTICE.

THIS work, although based upon Chambers's Encyclopædia, whose distinguished
merit is widely known, differs from it in important respects. It could scarcely be
expected that an Encyclopædia, edited and published for a foreign market, would give
as much prominence to American topics as American readers might desire. To supply
these and other deficiencies the American Editors have, inserted about 15,000 titles,
arranging the whole, including Chambers's Supplement, in a single alphabet. The
total number of titles is now about 40,000. The additions give greater fullness in the
departments of biography, geography, history, natural history, and general and applied
science. Scrupulous care has been taken not to mutilate or modify the original text of
the edition of 1880; no changes have been made except such verbal alterations as are
required by the omission of the wood-cuts. The titles of articles from Chambers's
Encyclopædia, either from the main work or from the Supplement, are printed in bold-
faced type-AMERICA. The titles of the American additions, whether of new topics or
of enlargements of the old, are printed in plain capitals-AMERICA. Should it appear
that an article from the English work and its American continuation disagree in any
points, the reader will readily refer the conflicting statements to their proper sources.

The labor of consultation will be much reduced by the catch-words in bold-faced
type at the top of the page, being the first and last titles of the pages which face each
other; and by the full title-words on the back of the volume, being the first and last
titles contained therein.

The word ante refers to Chambers's Encyclopædia, as represented in this issue.
Whenever the word (ante) follows a title in the American additions, it indicates that
the article is an enlargement of one under the same title in Chambers's Encyclopædia-
usually to be found immediately preceding.

COPYRIGHT, 1880, BY

THE AMERICAN BOOK EXCHANGE.

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