Swedish government, to bring over to America a number of Swedes and Finns. They bought land on the Delaware Bay from the Indians, and named it New Sweden. 1638

Their fort was called Christina in honor of the

young queen of Sweden. Other colonists came afterwards and settled near the mouth of the Schuylkill.

144. The Dutch claimed this part of the country, and built a fort five miles from Fort Christina. The Swedes destroyed the new fort, and drove the Dutch away. After this, the governor of New Netherlands went to New Sweden with six hundred armed men, and compelled the Swedes to surrender and acknowledge New Sweden to be a part of New Netherlands.

145. The English. When the Duke of York asserted his claim to the Dutch possessions, this region was included in his territory; but William Penn obtained from the duke a deed to Newcastle and the country twelve miles around it, together with that extending southward along the river to Cape Henlopen. This region was called the "Three Lower Counties of the Delaware."

The inhabitants of these counties were instructed to send delegates to the Pennsylvania assembly, in order that all the settlements might be under the same government; but jealousies caused by differences of religion and by desire for office led to a quarrel, and the members from the Lower Counties withdrew from the assembly. At their own request they were allowed a separate legislature and a lieutenant governor.

When Penn returned to England, he obtained a new charter, which provided for them a separate government; but they remained under the governor of Pennsylvania until the Revolution.

colony of Protestants in the New World. Before he accomplished this design, the German war engaged his attention, and he was killed in one of its battles. His little daughter Christina, who was then only six years old, succeeded him as queen of Sweden. One of her father's friends, Oxenstiern, strove to fulfill the king's wishes in regard to the colony.

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY

Why did Lord Baltimore wish to found the Maryland colony? What special feature of the Maryland government made it attractive to emigrants? How did the Virginians feel toward their new neighbors ? What induced settlers to come to New Netherlands ? What made Manhattan Island a suitable place for a trading station? Why has New York become a great city? Who were the patroons? Tell about Leisler's rebellion. Who was Captain Kidd ? What led to the settlement of New Jersey ? How did the people show their appreciation of education? What causes led to Penn's ownership of Pennsylvania ? How did he treat the Indians? What part did the Swedes take in the colonization of America? State the principal features of proprietary, royal, and charter governments.

146. Carolina Grant. - In 1663 a grant of all the territory between Virginia and Florida was given by Charles II to Lord Clarendon and seven other English noblemen 1663 who had helped him to regain the crown. They were to be the proprietors, somewhat as Lord Baltimore was in Maryland. The whole region was known by the general name of Carolina; and years passed before there was a division between the northern and southern provinces. Early French settlers who had built a fort at Port Royal, had named it Carolina for Charles IX of France. The name was now retained in honor of the king of England.

147. The Grand Model. The proprietors expected to found a great empire, which would contain an order of nobility similar to that of the old countries of Europe. After consulting John Locke, who was a famous philosopher in England, a plan of government for the new colony was drawn up; this constitution was called the "Grand Model." The people under its rule were to enjoy freedom in religion, but the lands were to belong to noblemen, called earls and barons, and the country

was to be under the control of a few persons. The plan was found unsuitable for people who lived in log houses, on plantations often miles apart, and who dressed in homespun and deerskin. The proprietors and earls and barons lived in England, and the "Grand Model" was never fully carried out.

1653

148. Albemarle and Clarendon. Before the charter was given, people from Virginia had cleared, and built houses on, some of the rich lands in the northeastern part of this region. The tract of land which contained these settlements was named Albemarle, for the Duke of Albemarle, one of the proprietors in England. Another colony made its settlement on the Cape Fear River, and received the name of Clarendon, in honor of Lord Clarendon, another of the proprietors.

1665

1669

149. Dissatisfaction. - The people in Albemarle became dissatisfied, because the proprietors claimed all the land and the right to control the inhabitants, and because they could not own their plantations as the people of Virginia did. They soon began openly to rebel against their rulers; but when they were assured that the changes which they wished should be made, quiet was restored. They were then allowed a legislature, the representatives of which were to be chosen by the people, and a governor and council to be appointed by the proprietors.

150. The Colonies United. The two colonies, Albemarle and Clarendon, each of which had been ruled by its own governor, were, the next year, united into one province and called North Carolina.

The govern

1670

Riots

ment was in the hands of bad men for a long time. among the people and quarrels among their leaders kept the country in a state of discord many years.

151. John Archdale. The misrule of incompetent governors sent out by the proprietors was stopped for a time, when John Archdale, a Quaker and a wise and upright man, was appointed governor. By his careful man

1695

agement, prosperity and peace were restored. He reduced the quitrents, allowed the colonists to elect representatives to an assembly, and treated the Indians and Spaniards in such a way as to preserve peace with them.

New settlements were made and churches were built; yet nearly all the country was still a wilderness. Instead of traveling over roads, the people found their way from one plantation to another by paths through the forest, where the trees had been "blazed" or notched with an ax, to show the right direction. Some of the settlers raised tobacco, others made tar and turpentine from the trees of the pine forests, and many of the men spent their time in hunting and trapping beavers and other animals for their furs, which they sold to the traders.

152. Indian War. The Tuscarora and Coree Indians became alarmed at the rapid advance of the white settlements, and determined to drive the palefaces from the country. 1712 In 1712, twelve hundred of them joined in a plot of destruction. On the night appointed for the attack, they went in small parties to the houses throughout the colony, and were received as friends. Then, pretending to be displeased with the supper that had been set for them, they began to murder men, women, and children. The militia came together as soon as possible, and stopped the massacre.

1729

153. North Carolina a Royal Province. For a number of years the population increased very slowly; but as the fertility of the inland portions of the country began to be known, settlers came more rapidly. The proprietors sold their right to the king in 1729, and North Carolina became a royal province. Its governors were appointed by the king until the Revolution.

154. Charleston.

CHAPTER XII

SOUTH CAROLINA - 1670

Seven years after the grant of Carolina,

and fifty years after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, William Sayle brought out a company of emigrants from 1670

England and made a settlement on the southern bank

of the Ashley River.

This was the first permanent white settlement made in what is now known as South Carolina, and was the beginning of Old Charleston. The situation of the first settlement was inconvenient for the approach of large vessels, and ten years after the people removed to the harbor of Charleston.

1680

The new settlement grew

rapidly in size and in commercial importance.1 155. Negroes. Soon after this settlement was made, a company of Englishmen came from Barbados and brought with them about two hundred negro slaves. These were the first negroes in this part of Carolina.

1671

156. Government. Although the settlement at Charleston was made under the same charter with Albemarle and Clarendon, yet as the two colonies were so far apart, it was thought best to have a separate government.

157. Cavaliers and Dissenters. The people of South Carolina became divided into two political parties. One party consisted of men called "Cavaliers," who belonged to the Church of England, and who had received large grants of land from the proprietors. The other party was made up of "Dissenters"

persons who had left the English church, and who wished the people to adopt a democratic form of government. The Cavaliers thought all the laws sent from England ought to be strictly obeyed; the Dissenters contended, that only those laws that were for the good of the country in its condition at that

1 After New Netherlands had passed into the hands of the English, a number of Dutch families left that province and settled in South Carolina. This increased the number of inhabitants, and also brought a good class of people into the new colony.