Federals control of the railroad to Macon. As Atlanta was dependent upon this road for supplies, Hood retreated toward Newnan, and Sherman marched triumphantly into the city, September 2.

Sept. 2

GENERAL HOOD

531. Hood's Campaign in Tennessee. - All the supplies for Sherman's army were brought over the railroad from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and Hood formed the plan of moving his army behind Sherman and destroying this railroad. This he accomplished, and then marched on toward Nashville. Sherman, however, did not retreat, as Hood expected, but remained in Atlanta. Hood found a Federal force at Franklin, Tennessee, which he attacked on November 30. The Federals fought behind fortifications, and his losses were frightful. At night, after the battle, the opposing force retreated, and Hood pressed on to Nashville. There, he fought two days, amidst sleet and snow, for the possession of the city, but his desperate struggle accomplished nothing. His army was defeated and scattered, and he had no choice but retreat. After recrossing the Tennessee River, Hood asked to be relieved of his command, and General Richard Taylor, who had been a prominent officer in Louisiana, was commissioned to fill his place.

Nov. 30

Dec. 15

and 16

532. Burning Atlanta. While Hood was in Tennessee, Sherman warned the citizens to leave Atlanta. He said he wanted to make the place "a pure military garrison with no civil population to influence military measures." When petitioned by the mayor and councilmen of the city to reconsider the order, he positively refused. Afterwards directions for burning the city were given to the Federal soldiers, and the torch destroyed what cannon balls and shells had left.

was elected to the senate of Georgia in 1849, and afterwards became judge of the superior court. In 1857 he was made governor of the state; he held that office during the war until 1865. For a number of years he held a conspicuous place in the Senate of the United States. He died at his home in Atlanta, November 30, 1894.

533. The March to the Sea. - Sherman then started with his All the way from Atlanta to Savannah he left behind him a track of desolation

army on his march to the sea.

Nov. 15 thirty miles wide, and he fed his army with supplies captured along the route. In his report, he says: "I estimate

General Hardee, he began preparations for its capture.

534. Evacuation of Savannah. - A few days after his arrival, Sherman demanded the surrender of Savannah, but it was refused. Hardee's little army spent two busy days in the city, and then during the night secretly crossed the Savannah River on pontoon bridges into South Carolina. Sherman was disappointed to find that these troops had escaped capture, and that they had taken with them forty-nine pieces of artillery. Four days before Christmas he entered and took possession of Savannah, and at once established communi

Dec. 21

cations with the Federal fleet, Fort McAllister having surrendered a short time before. Besides military stores, thousands of bales of cotton

were captured.

535. Naval Operations. The Confederates lost several valuable war vessels The Alabama,

this year. under the command of Captain Raphael Semmes, was sunk in a battle with the United States ship Kearsarge, near the coast of France. The Albemarle was lost near Plymouth,1 North Carolina, by the explosion of a Federal torpedo. The Florida was captured off the coast of Brazil. In August a fleet, under the command of Admiral Farragut, was sent to take possession of Mobile. The Confederate ironclad Tennessee fought near Mobile until compelled to surrender. Before the end of the month the three forts which defended the city were taken; but Mobile was not surrendered until the next spring.

CAPTAIN SEMMES

Dec. 24

and 25

536. Wilmington. There was now but one port left by which the Confederates could evade the blockade, or hope for intercourse with the world beyond. The harbor at Wilmington, North Carolina, was defended by Fort Fisher. Early in the winter a fleet of fifty war ships and ironclads under Admiral Porter, aided by a land force commanded by General Butler, was sent against it. The fort was bombarded by the fleet for two days, but refused to sur

1 Capture of Plymouth.-General Hoke, with the aid of the gunboat Albemarle, on April 20, succeeded in capturing Plymouth, on the North Carolina coast, from the Federals.

render. A ship torpedo, containing two hundred and fifty tons of gunpowder, was exploded, but nothing was gained by it. 537. Nevada admitted to the Union. This year witnessed the admission of Nevada as one of the states of the Union. The name means snow clad."

66

President was held, and Lincoln was reëlected, with Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee, as Vice President. General George

B. McClellan had been nominated by the Democratic party, but Lincoln and Johnson received the electoral votes of all but three states.

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY

What was the condition of the Confederacy when General Grant took command of the Federal armies? Give an outline of the Virginia campaign. Trace the marches through Tennessee and Georgia to the sea. Name the leading generals on each side. What was accomplished on the coast? Add to your table the battles of 1864.

CHAPTER V

CLOSE OF THE WAR-1865

539. The Situation. - New Year's day, 1865, brought little to make the Confederates hopeful or happy. The Federals had obtained possession of the greater part of the Confederacy, and had increased their army to about a million men. The whole Southern army in the field did not number more than one hundred and fifty thousand; their supplies were nearly exhausted, and there was little hope of obtaining more. 540. Fort Fisher. In January the fleet which had attempted the capture of Fort Fisher once more attacked it, aided by a stronger land force than before. After another terrific bombardment its garrison surrendered. Within a few weeks the other defenses of Wilmington fell into the hands of the Federals, and then the city was taken.

Jan. 15

541. Johnston in North Carolina. It was important that a military force should be placed between Sherman in Savannah

Sherman marched

from Savannah

through South Carolina, destroying everything as

he passed. Columbia was

SCALE OF MILES 20 40 60 80 100 SHERMAN'S CAMPAIGN IN NORTH CAROLINA

captured and burned by his army on February 17. Charleston was evacuated the same day, and the Federals took posses