goods, and they began to manufacture for themselves.

At

first, they made only coarse homespun, but they soon began

to use improved machinery. Factories multiplied to supply the wants of the people. They were built mostly in New England, where the rivers furnished abundant water power, and the scarcity of fertile land made agriculture comparatively unprofitable. After the treaty of peace, English goods were brought into the country and sold much cheaper than they could be made in America, because there were a great many cotton mills in England, and the workmen there received lower wages. The manufacturers sought help from Congress. The duties on imported goods were increased, with the result that English goods sold higher than those made in the United States. This tariff was called a "protective tariff.” The tariff planned by Hamilton, though partially protective, was mainly a revenue tariff. The Northern States of the East received most of the advantage from this new law. The Southern States, on the other hand, were almost entirely agricultural, and they objected to the high tariff because it compelled them to pay more for their goods. They declared it unconstitutional, because it bestowed benefits upon one section of the country, while it was injurious to the other.1 In 1828 Congress passed another bill for the protection of raw materials for manufacture, such as wool and hemp; this won the approval of the West. Daniel Webster voted for it, and John C. Calhoun led the opposition. The new tariff thus increased the bitter feeling between the two sections of the Union.

403. New Political Parties. — The old Federalist party had no followers left, and presented no ticket. The Republicans

1 The feeling against the tariff bill was explained by a Southern senator in this way: A Northern farmer sends one hundred bales of wool to a mill in New England, to be made into cloth, and a Southern planter sends one hundred bales of cotton to Old England to be made into calico. They both bring their cloth and calico to Charleston on the same day. The Northern man is allowed to land his goods free of duty, but the Southern man must leave forty of his bales in the customhouse to pay for the privilege of landing his remaining

were divided into two parties, which had taken the names of Democrats and National Republicans. Those who were

in favor of a high tariff and of paying for internal improvements out of the public treasury, which together formed the "American System," thus giving more power to the Federal government, were National Republicans. Henry Clay was their most prominent leader.

404. Presidential Election. — The National Republicans nominated President Adams and Richard Rush; the Democrats, General Jackson and John C. Calhoun. Jackson's military victories had made him so great a favorite with the people that he was elected by a large majority.

QUESTIONS FOR STUDY

1828

Explain the "Missouri Compromise." State your opinion of the Monroe Doctrine. Why was cheap and rapid transportation necessary for the development of this country? Give the history of Florida from its discovery to the time when it was purchased by the United States. Why did the Northern States become free states, and the Southern, slave states?

405. Changes. The presidency of General Jackson began a new period in the history of our country. The old statesmen who had helped to frame the Constitution, and who until

1 Andrew Jackson's parents were emigrants from Ireland. Their new home was in the Waxhaw Settlement, North Carolina, near the boundary line of the state. Andrew was born in 1767, soon after the death of his father. He was only thirteen years old when he shouldered his musket and joined the men who followed Sumter in Carolina, but he was soon taken prisoner. After the war he worked at the saddler's trade, and taught a country school. Every hour that he could spare was given to the study of law. After his admission to the bar he removed to Nashville, where he became so widely known and so popular that he was sent as the first representative to Congress from Tennessee. The next year he was elected to the Senate, but he resigned his seat to accept the position of judge of the supreme court in Tennessee; he continued in the

now had managed the new government, had nearly all disappeared from public life; and new men with new ideas were taking their places.

406. The "Spoils System." would "reward his friends and

It had been said that Jackson punish his enemies." The prophecy was correct. In the first year of his administration he removed about two thousand federal officers, and appointed in their places his friends and those who had been of political service to him. The Presidents who preceded him had in all made only seventy-four removals. Washington was soon crowded with office seekers. One of the senators, speaking of this custom, said that politicians could "see nothing wrong in the rule, to the victors belong the spoils"; from his remark this system of appointment became known as the "spoils system." The Presidents succeeding Jackson adopted it, and it was productive of much evil. 407. Black Hawk War. The Sacs and Foxes had made attacks upon the white settlers living on the land in the Northwest Territory which these Indians had sold to the gov

ANDREW JACKSON

office six years. His military fame is connected with the Creek War in 1813, with his victory at New Orleans, and with the Seminole War. In 1823 he was again in the Senate, and a few years later he was elected President. Jackson had grown up among the people of the West, and that young and growing section regarded him with great pride and strong affection. His military success had everywhere won for him respect and confidence. He was honest and brave, but he was bitterly hostile to all who opposed him. His experience in war had increased his naturally strong will, and his administration was marked by the same firm hand that had characterized his career in the wars with the English and the Indians. He died in 1845.

ernment. They were led by their chief, Black Hawk. General Scott was sent to drive them back. After two battles, in

which the Indians suffered defeat, they were driven 1832

to a reservation in what is now the state of Iowa. Black Hawk was captured, and the fighting ceased.

This war

like chief afterwards made a visit to some of the eastern cities of the United States, and saw that it was useless for his savage warriors to contend with their more power

ful white brothers.

408. The Tariff and State Rights. The high protective tariff continued to irritate the people of the South, and their leaders firmly opposed it. It began a great controversy between the North and the South in regard to the nature of the Constitution, in which Calhoun, Clay, Webster, and Hayne, the most eminent statesmen of that time, took part. There were then many who believed that, as the Union had been formed by the states vol

4

1

2

3

WEBSTER

1 John Caldwell Calhoun, a native of South Carolina, was born in 1782. First a member of the legislature of that state, he was afterwards elected to the United States Senate, where his genius and eloquence made his name familiar in every part of the Union. He was a strong advocate of state rights, and his active opposition to the tariff won for him the name of the " great nullifier." At one time he held the office of Secretary of War. He was Vice President during John Quincy Adams's administration, and during a part of Jackson's term. He was in the Senate at the time of his death in 1850.

2 Henry Clay, the senator who offered the Compromise Bill in 1850, was also the pride of the American people. He was born in Virginia in 1777, but his father removed to Lexington, Kentucky, when he was quite a child. After he had been chosen as a candidate for the presidency, he was told that his Compromise Bill would probably keep him from being elected. He answered, "I would rather be right than be President." He died in 1852.

8 Daniel Webster was born at Salisbury, New Hampshire, in 1782. Although his parents were poor, they felt the importance of educating their children. He was twice sent to Congress from his native state, and twice from Massachusetts after his removal to Boston. He became a prominent leader in the House, but it was in the Senate that he won his greatest fame, chiefly by his brilliant speeches in his debates with Senators Hayne and Calhoun. He died in 1852, four months after Clay.

4 Robert Young Hayne was born in Colleton District, South Carolina, in 1791. He was educated in Charleston, and was admitted to the bar before he was

untarily, it could continue to exist only by their consent. Senator Hayne, of South Carolina, in 1830 advocated, with powerful eloquence, this doctrine of state rights. He declared that each state had the right to resist, within her own borders, any act of Congress that was a violation of the Constitution. Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts, replied to him in a speech which is considered a masterpiece of oratory. He denied the independent rights of the states, and made an earnest plea for the preservation of the Union.

The attention of Congress, through the succeeding sessions, was given almost entirely to the tariff question. Mr. Calhoun, the great Southern leader, claimed for the states a right similar to that expressed in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. He said that the Constitution had not given Congress the power to enact laws for a protective tariff, and that the states had the right to declare such laws null and void. He did not advise secession. He thought that the best way to preserve the Union was to check whatever might lead to a separation of the states

409. Nullification.

A convention of delegates met in South Carolina, and passed a resolution called the "Nullification Ordinance." It declared the protective tariff a violation of the Constitution, pronounced the Tariff Act null and void, and said that the duties would not be paid in that state.

1832

The President instructed the customhouse officer at Charleston to collect the duties, and an armed vessel was sent to protect him. South Carolina threatened to secede if the tariff were forced upon her. Henry Clay offered a resolution in Congress for the gradual reduction of the tariff. Mr. Calhoun, who had resigned the office of Vice President and been reëlected to the Senate, accepted the compromise as satistwenty-one. After serving two terms in the legislature of his state, he was elected to the United States Senate, where he became prominent by his strong opposition to the protective tariff and his eloquent defense of state rights. Soon after the passage of the Nullification Ordinance, he was elected governor of South Carolina. He died in Asheville, North Carolina, in 1840.