REFERENCES

DEPARTMENT OF NEGRO AFFAIRS: Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, p. 421; Garner, Reconstruction in Mississippi, p. 238; Phelps, Louisiana, p. 329; Pierce, Freedmen's Bureau, ch. 1, 2.

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BUREAU: Burgess Reconstruction and the Constitution, p. 44; DuBois, Souls of Black Folk; Dunning, Civil War and Reconstruction, p. 73; Fleming, p. 423; Garner, p. 254; Herbert, The Solid South, p. 16; Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, p. 44; Phelps, p. 330; Pierce, ch. 3; Wallace, Carpet Bag Rule in Florida, p. 41. THE PRESIDENT'S VETOES: Burgess, p. 87; Dunning, p. 89; Rhodes, History of the United States, vol. v, p. 571; Pierce, ch. 4.

THE BUREAU AND THE CIVIL AUTHORITIES: Fleming, p. 427; Garner, p. 265;
Pierce, p. 53.

BUREAU FINANCES: Fleming, p. 431; Garner, p. 257; Pierce, ch. 7.
RELIEF WORK:

DuBois, Souls of Black Folk; Fleming, p. 441; Garner, p. 259; Hollis, Reconstruction in South Carolina, ch. 5; Pierce, ch. 6. LABOR PROBLEMS: Fleming, p. 433; Garner, p. 255; Pierce, ch. 8.

BUREAU COURTS:

Dunning, p. 141; Fleming, p. 438; Garner, p. 263; Herbert, pp. 118, 237; Phelps, pp. 329, 337; Pierce, ch. 8. BUREAU SCHOOLS: DuBois, Souls of Black Folk; Fleming, p. 456; Garner, p. 260; Montgomery Conference, Race Problems, p. 108; Pierce, ch. 5. FREEDMEN'S SAVINGS BANK: Fleming, p. 451; Herbert, p. 333; Hoffman, Race Traits and Tendencies, p. 289; Yale Review, May, 1906; Williams, History of the Negro Race, vol. ii, p. 403.

CONFISCATION: FORTY ACRES AND A MULE: Fleming, pp. 431, 446; Garner, p. 258; North American Review, May, 1906.

POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE BUREAU: Dunning, p. 200; Fleming, pp. 557, 567; Herbert, pp. 17, 30; Pierce, ch. 9; Wallace, p. 42.

RESULTS OF THE BUREAU'S WORK: Avary, Dixie After the War, ch. 17, 18; Bruce, Plantation Negro as a Freeman; Burgess, pp. 45, 63; Fleming, p. 444; Garner, p. 267; Herbert, pp. 16, 30, 118, 236, 356; Phelps, ch. 14; Wallace, p. 41.

[March 3, 1865]

First Freedmen's Bureau Act Acts and Resolutions, 38 Cong., 2 Sess., p. 96. Be it enacted. . That there is hereby established in the War Department, to continue during the present war of rebellion, and for one year thereafter, a Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, to which shall be committed, as hereinafter provided, the supervision and management of all abandoned lands, and the control of all subjects relating to refugees and freedmen from rebel States, or from any district of country within the territory embraced in the operations of the army, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the head of the bureau and approved by the President. The said bureau shall be under the management and control of a commissioner, to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, whose compensation shall be three thousand dollars per annum, and such number of clerks as may be assigned to him by the Secretary of War, not exceeding one chief clerk, two of the fourth class, two of the third class, and five of the first class. And the commissioner, and all persons appointed under this act, shall, before entering upon their duties, take the ["iron clad" test oath] . . and the commissioner and chief clerk shall, before entering upon their duties, give bonds to the Treasurer of the United States, the former in the sum of fifty thousand dollars, and the latter in the sum of ten thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful discharge of their duties. .

Sec. 2. . . The Secretary of War may direct such issues or provisions, clothing and fuel as he may deem needful for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen, and their wives and children.

Sec. 3. The President may, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint an assistant commissioner for each of the States declared to be in insurrection, not exceeding ten in number, who shall, under the direction of the com

L

missioner, aid in the execution of the provisions of this act; and he shall give a bond to the Treasurer of the United States, in the sum of twenty thousand dollars. . . Each of said [assistant] commissioners shall receive an annual salary of two thousand five hundred dollars in full compensation for all his services; and any military officer may be detailed and assigned to duty under this act without increase of pay or allowances. The commissioner shall, before the commencement of each regular session of Congress, make full report of his proceedings, with exhibits of the state of his accounts, to the President, who shall communicate the same to Congress, and shall also make special reports whenever required to do so by the President or either house of Congress; and the assistant commissioners shall make quarterly reports of their proceedings to the commissioner, and also such other special reports as from time to time may be required.

Sec. 4. The commissioner, under the direction of the President, shall have authority to set apart, for the use of loyal refugees and freedmen, such tracts of lands within the insurrectionary States as shall have been abandoned, or to which the United States shall have acquired title by confiscation or sale, or otherwise; and to every male citizen, whether refugee or freedman, as aforesaid, there shall be assigned not more than forty acres of such land, and the person to whom it was so assigned shall be protected in the use and enjoyment of the land for the term of three years at an annual rent not exceeding six per centum upon the value of such land as it was appraised by the State authorities in the year eighteen hundred and sixty for the purpose of taxation; and in case no such appraisal can be found, then the rental shall be based upon the estimated value of the land in said year, to be ascertained in such manner as the commissioner may by regulation prescribe. At the end of said term, or at any time during said term, the occupants of any parcels so assigned may purchase the land and receive such title thereto as the United States can convey, upon paying therefor the value of the land as ascertained and fixed for the purpose of determining the annual rent aforesaid.

over the veto.

Second Freedmen's Bureau Act

Acts and Resolutions, 39 Cong., 1 Sess., p. 191. A much more stringent bill was passed and vetoed by the President. It failed to pass over the veto. This act was also vetoed but was passed [July 16, 1866] Be it enacted . . That the act to establish a Bureau for the relief of Freedmen and Refugees, approved March third, eighteen hundred sixty-five, shall continue in force for the term of two years from and after the passage of this act.

Sec. 2. The supervision and care of said bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, so far as the same may be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in making the freedom conferred by the proclamation of the Commander-in-Chief, by emancipation under the laws of the States, and by constitutional amendment, available to them and beneficial to the Republic.

Sec. 3... The President shall, by and with the consent of the Senate, appoint two assistant commissioners, in addition to those authorized by the act to which this is an amendment, who shall give like bonds and receive the same annual salaries provided in said act; and each of the assistant commissioners of the bureau shall have charge of the district containing such refugees or freedmen, to be assigned him by the Commissioner, with the approval of the President. And the Commissioner shall, under the direction of the President, and so far as the same shall be, in his judgment, necessary for the efficient and economical administration of the affairs of the bureau, appoint such agents, clerks and assistants as may be required for the proper conduct of the bureau. Military officers or enlisted men may be detailed for service and assigned to duty under this act; and the President may, if in his judgment safe and judicious so to do, detail from the Army all the officers and agents of the bureau; but no officer so assigned shall have increase of pay or allowances. Each agent or clerk, not heretofore authorized by law, not being a military officer, shall have an annual salary of not less than $500, nor more than $1,200, according to the service required of him. And it shall be the duty of the Commissioner, when it can be done consistently with

the public interest, to appoint, as assistant commissioners, agents, and clerks, such men as have proved their loyalty by faithful service in the armies of the Union during the rebellion. And all persons appointed to service under this act and the act to which this is an amendment, shall be so far deemed in the military service of the United States as to be under the military jurisdiction and entitled to the military protection of the Government while in the discharge of the duties of their office.

Sec. 4. . . The officers of the Veteran Reserve Corps or of the volunteer service, now on duty in the Freedmen's Bureau as assistant commissioners, agents, medical officers, or in other capacities, whose regiments or corps have been or may hereafter be mustered out of service, may be retained upon such duty as officers of said bureau, with the same compensation as is now provided by law for their respective grades; and the Secretary of War shall have power to fill vacancies until other officers can be detailed in their places without detriment to the public service.

Sec. 5. . . The second section of the act to which this is an amendment shall be deemed to authorize the Secretary of War to issue such medical stores or other supplies and transportation and afford such medical or other aid as may be needful for the purposes named in said section: Provided, that no person shall be deemed "destitute," "suffering," or "dependent upon the Government for support," within the meaning of this act, who is able to find employment, and could, by proper industry and exertion, avoid such destitution, suffering, or dependency.

Sec. 6. . . Whereas, by the provisions of [an act of February 6, 1863] certain lands in the parishes of St. Helena and St. Luke, South Carolina, were bid in by the United States at public tax sales, and by limitation of said act the time of redemption of said lands has expired; and whereas, in accordance with instructions issued by President Lincoln on [September 16, 1863] to the United States direct tax commissioners of South Carolina, certain lands bid in by the United States in the parish of St. Helena, in said State, were in part sold by the said tax