in countries acquired by treaty or purchase, may be regarded as incidental to the powers of each independent nation. There are as many difficulties in supposing that the power belongs, under the Constitution, to the several States, as in supposing that it may be exerted by the national Government.
987. The escape of slaves from vessels of the United States being within a foreign jurisdiction wherein the claim of the owner to retain them in his custody was not recognized by the courts, has given rise to cases of controversy between the Gorernment of the United States and the governments of those jurisdictions. If the law which is to determine such controversies can be distinguished from the local municipal law of those jurisdictions, it can only be the general international law, public and private, of all civilized nations which, as such, is part of the law of the United States.
A question under the same law is presented in a demand by the Government of the United States on the government of another country for the extradition of persons charged with crime. As the crimes charged may involve the recognition of slavery as a legal condition, and of laws for its maintenance, the determination of the question of extradition, under the general international law, is a topic connected with the subject of this work.
But this whole class of inquiries must, for want of space, be excluded from the present view of the laws of freedom and its contraries in the United States.
The numerals in () indicate notes, and the reference is to the page.
Acts of the States, effect of, under the
4th Art., 245, 261 (2).
Alienage in the law of the U. S., 221,
353, 786.
Allegiance and secession, 220 (1), 353 (3).
Anderson, J., on slavery in Cal, 200 (5).
Apprentice, claim to fugitive, 371, 403.
Articles of Confederation, the 4th, 3 (1),
321, 548.
Articles of Compact of N. E Col., argu-
ments from, 548, 570, 584, 682 (2),
Baldwin, J., on the fug. slave provision,
441; against legislation by Con-
gress, 490; that slaves are property
by the Cons., 572 (1); on the do-
mestic slave-trade, 765.
Bartley, J., on claim of slave-owner,
366, 396 (3).
Benton, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 759 (3)
Berrian, Att'y-Gen., on the So. Car. ex-
clusion laws, 97 (3).
Bissell, J., on slavery in Conn., 44 (2);
on claim of slave-owner, 360.
Black, Att'y-Gen., on slavery in the Ter-
ritories, 185 (3).
Brinkerhoff, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 525,
675, 717.
Cadwalader, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 529.
Calhoun, Mr., on State sovereignty, 220.
Campbell, J., on status of returned slave,
Canada, slavery in, 112.
Cases and questions, under the Cons., dis-
tinguished, 538 (1).
Cass, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 758 (3).
Catron, J., on slavery in La. Ter., 182
(2); on effect of judgments, &c., 255
(2, 4), 266 (2); on extradition of
criminals, 619 (2), 623 (1).
Cession of territory by the States, 1 (2),
Christianity, how recognized in juris-
prudence, 211 (3).
Citizens of the States, provision respect-
ing, in the 4th Art., 270; how con-
strued, 375; power of Congress in
respect to, 375, 764 (1).
who are, under the provision,
271, 220; see Free negroes,
privileges of under the provis-
ion, authorities cited, 343, 767; the
question examined, 352; claim of
slave-owner under, authorities cited,
359; the question examined, 367.
Citizenship under the 3d Art., 280.
Clay, Mr., on the fug. sl. Act, 532, 758
(3).
Clerke, J., on the claim of slave-owner,
362; on comity between the States,
363, 369 (3).
Cobb, Mr. T. R. R., on the claim of slave-
owner, 262 (2); on the effect of
State laws, 262 (2), 267 (1); on the
personality of slaves, 408 (2).
Columbia, Dist. of, power of Congress
over, 24 (3); laws of Md. and Va.
continued, 25; part retroceded to
Va., 27.
Comity between the States, 148 (1), 282
(2), 363, 365, 366, 369, 775.
Commerce between the States; see Slave | Daniel, J., on negro citizenship, 298; on
trade.
Commissioner of U. S. Court, State judge
in Mass, not to be, 33.
action of in extradition of
criminals, 616; action of under fug.
sl. Act, authorities cited, 654; argu-
ments examined, 679; the question
examined, 686; action concluded
judicial, 697.
Common law, declared in force, N. Car.,
82; N. W. Terr, 111, 115; Miss.,
143 (1); Mo., 167; Kas., 187; Fla.,
192; Cal., 202.
-, a measure of rights of citi-
zenship, 355, 357.
Common Pleas Courts, their jurisdiction,
Construction and interpretation, rules
of, 236, 242.
Constructions, four, of the provisions of
the 4th Art., 236.
four, of the provisions re-
specting fugitives, 421.
Convention, debates in the, as a means
of interpretation, 261 (2); debate
in, on proof and effect of Acts, &c.,
258 (1); debate in, on fug. sl. pro-
vision, 544 (3).
Coulter, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 494.
Crawford, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 504,
521, 672, 715.
Crittenden, Att'y-Gen,, on the fug, sl.
Act, 531, 678, 746.
Curtis, J., on negro citizenship, 301; on
extradition of criminals, 617; on
the privileges of citizens, 346; on
the fug. sl. Act, 667 (1); on the
status of returned slave, 782.
Mr. B. R., on the fug. sl. Act, 553,
678, 720, 741, 747.
Mr. Comm. G. T., on the fug. sl.
Act, 462 (2), 531 (2), 614 (1), 676,
695 (1), 719, 744.
Cushing, Att'y-Gen., on the citizenship
of Indians, 339 (2); on the 4th Art.,
343 (2); on the extradition of erimi-
nals, 620 (3).
the fug. sl. Act, 488; on the status
of returned slave, 780.
Debtors, servitude of, Conn., 41, 43;
Del., 78, 80.
Denio, J., on exclusion of negroes, 340
(3); on privileges of citizens, 347,
353 (3); on claim of slave-owner,
Dixon, J., on the fug. sl. Act, 523 (1).
Domicil in international law, 221, 774.
Douglas, Mr., on slavery in the Territo-
ries, 185 (3); his bill respecting fu
gitive slaves, 758.
Duponceau, Mr., on the 4th Art., 234 (1).
Edmonds, J., on the seizure and removal
of fug, slave, 560; on the liberty of
the citizen, 618 (1).
Elective franchise, limited to whites,
Va., 9; Ky., 15, 18; Md, 19, 20, 24;
Conn., 44; Pa., 72; Del., 74, 76, 80,
81; N. Car., 86 (1), 88; Tenn., 90
(2); S. Car., 95; Ohio, 116, 121;
Ind., 131; Ill., 132; Mich., 140;
Wisc., 141; Miss., 145; Ala., 150;
La., 159; Mo., 168; Ark., 171; Io.,
177; Fla., 194; Tex., 196, 198; Cal.,
202; Ut., 213; Ore., 216.
not limited to whites, Ky.,
13; N. H., 36; Vt., 37; R. L., 50;
N. Y., 51; N. J., 61; Pa., 67, 70;
N. C., 82; Tenn., 90; Ga., 101;
Ind., 127 (1).
limited to whites and In-
dians, Minn., 178.
limited by property qualifi-
cation in case of blacks, N. Y., 36.
Equality of men declared, Mass.,
28; N.
II., 35; Vt., 37; N. J., 67; Pa., 67;
Del., 80; Ind., 127; III., 123; Io.,
177; Cal., 202.
of all men in republican govern-
ment, Utah, 213.
of all men in the social compact
declared, Ky., 13; Conn., 44 (1);
Tex., 196.
of all freemen in the social com-
pact declared, Ky., 15, 18; Ark.,
171; Fla., 194; Tex., 198.
Extradition of criminals, 614.
of slaves as criminals, 790.
Daggett, J., on negro citizenship, 46 (1), Federalist, on the effect of judgments,
&c., 258 (1); on the legal character
of slaves, 408 (2); on the power of
Congress in respect to the 4th Art.,
436 (1).
France, law of, in the N. W. Terr., 112,
132 (2), 137; in the La. Terr., 154,
182 (2).
Free negroes, see Negroes.
Freedom, suits for, law respecting, Va.,
6; Ky., 18; Tenn., 92; Ill., 135;
Miss., 143, 144; Mo., 169; presump-
tion respecting, see Slavery.
Fugitives from justice, provision re-
specting, in the Cons., 377; how
construed, 425-435; execution of,
by judicial function, 583-590, 610
(3); standard of crime, &c., in, 391
-403; meaning of charged in, 401.
cases of controversy
respecting, between Va. and Pa.,
386; N. Y. and Va., 10 (2), 61 (1),
387; N. Y. and Ga., 389; Va, and
Ohio, 391; Md. and Pa., 390.
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theory of legislative
power respecting, 424, 436, 535-
542, 580, 590-597.
Act of Congress re-
specting, 589 (1); source of power
of the Governors of States, 608-
614; judicial character of extradi-
tion, 614-625; absence of jury-
trial under Act, 625; penalties un-
der, 627, 752 (2); bill proposed in
1861, 425 (1), 583.
State laws empower-
ing Governors to deliver, Va., 3, 8
(1); Ky, 15 (3); Mass., 31 (2), 33
(1); Me., 34 (2); N. H., 36 (1);
Conn., 42 (1), 43 (1), 48 (1); N. Y.,
58 (2); Tenn., 94 (1); Ill., 136 (1);
Mich, 138 (2); Wisc., 142 (1); Ala.,
153 (2); La., 165 (2); Mo., 169 (2);
Ark., 172 (1); Io., 177 (1); Minn.,
178 (3): Ks., 187 (1); Fla., 193 (1);
Cal., 204 (1); N. Mex, 209 (2); Ore.,
217 (1); Wash. T., 218 (2); argu-
ment from these laws, 612.
State laws for deliv-
ery by judicial officers, Ky., 15 (3);
Dist. of Col., 25; Vt., 39 (1); Ind.,
129 (1).
State laws for arrest
of, by magistrates, Ky., 15 (3); Vt.,
39 (1); R. I., 51 (1); N. Y., 58 (2);
N. Car., 89 (1); S. Car., 100 (1);
Ohio, 119.
Fugitives from service, provision re-
specting, in the Cons, 377; impor-
tance attached to it in the conven-
tion, 544 (3); four different con-
structions of, 421-424; authorities
of the construction, 438-534; the
question examined, 535-550, 580
-597; execution of, by the judi-
cial function, 582-590; validity of
State legislation respecting, 761.
Fugitives from service, who may be, 403
-407; must have escaped, 409; per-
sons on Ohio river, 412; children of
fug. slave, 412, 414; and see State,
Territory.
seizure and removal
of, without public authority, au-
thorities on the question, 551-569;
the question examined, 569-579.
basis of legislative
power respecting, authorities, 438
-534; the question examined, 535–
542, 590-597.
Acts of Congress re-
specting, 589 (1); of the persons
affected by, 604; of the action of
State magistrates under, authorities
relating to, 629-653; their power
judicial and derived from the State,
653, 657; of the action of U. S. Com-
missioners under, authorities relat-
ing to, 654-680; the arguments
examined, 681-686; the question
examined, 686-697; of absence of
jury-trial under, authorities relat-
ing to, 700-722; the arguments
examined, 723-728; the question
examined, 729-739; of the arrest
without warrant, 740-742; of the
evidence allowed, 743; of the sus-
pension of habeas corpus, 745; of
the fees, 748; of the fines and pen-
alties, 750; of the damages, 751;
of long acquiescence with the Act
of 1793, 753; necessity of the Act
of 1850, 754
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State laws respect-
ing, similar to the Act of Congress,
Pa., 71; Del., 79; Io., 176; Cal.,
203.
on board of vessels,
law for returning them, N. Y., 55.
State laws forbidding
State ministerial officers to act un-
der law of Congress, Mass., 33; Me.,
34; Vt., 39; Conn., 47; R. I., 50;
N. Y., 57; Pa., 70, 71.
, State laws forbidding
State judicial officers to act under
the law of Congress, Vt., 39; Conn.,
47; R. I., 50.
-,State laws forbidding
jails of State to be used in cases un-
der law of Congress, Mass., 33;
Vt., 39; Pa., 73; Ohio, 121; Mich.,
140.
Fugitives from service, judgment for
damages under Act of Congress |
declared not enforceable by execu-
tion, Wisc., 142.
to be supported in
jail by the claimant, N. Y., 58.
State laws against
removal of, except as by Act of Con-
gre-s or State Act provided, N. Y.,
57; N. J., 65; Pa., 71; Del., 79;
Ohio, 117-120; Ind., 128, 129; II.,
135; Mich., 139; Mo., 169; Ark.,
172; Io., 176; Neb. T., 186; Kas.,
187.
State laws giving
trial by jury, Mass., 32; Vt., 38, 39,
40; Conn., 46; N. Y., 59; N. J., 66 ;
Mich., 140; Wisc., 142. See Slaves,
fugitive.
Incendiary publications in slave States,
Va., 9, 10; Md, 22; N. Car., 86;
S. Car., 97, 99; Miss., 147; La., 161;
Mo., 170; Ark., 173.
Indians, their citizenship, 281 (2); 339
(2).
Jay, Ch. J., on sovereignty and citizen-
ship. 271 (1).
Mr. Win., his Inquiry, &c.,46 (1);
337 (3).
Jews, argument from their disabilities,
327.
Johnson, J., on So. Car. law respecting
negro seamen, 97, (3); on effect of
judgments, 254.
Judicial action of State magistrates and
U. S. Commissioners, under fug. sl.
Act. See Commissioners; Fugitives
Jury trial, extent of the guarantee as
limited by value, 738; whether lim-
ited to criminal cases, 739. See
Fugitives.
Judgments, conclusiveness of in other
States, 247; effect of, as evidence
distinguished from operation, 249.
Kane, J., on claim for apprentice, 408;
on the fug. sl. Act, 661 (1).
Kent, Chane., on effect of judgments,
249; on the personal extent of citi-
zenship, 316; on the privileges of
citizens, 343, 350; who may be fu-
titives from justice, 389 (İ), 393;
on the extent of the judicial fune-
tion to extradition of criminals,
434; on the decision in Prigg's
case, 492 (1); on due process of
law, 738 (2).
Kidnapping, free persons, 400; laws
against, Va., 5; Mass., 29; Me., 34;
N. H., 36; Vt., 37, 40; Conn.,
44, 48; N. Y., 54-58, 60; N. J.,
65; Pa., 70, 72; Del., 76; Tenn.,
92; Oh., 118, 122; Ind.. 127, 130;
Ill., 135; Mich., 139; Wisc., 141;
Miss., 146; Minn., 178; Cal, 203.
Law, the international, of the U. S.,
219; how derived, 223; domestic
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