engineers; Dr. John Evans, geologist; Drs. George Suckley and J. G. Cooper, surgeons and naturalists; J. M. Stanley, artist. Professor Baird of the Smithsonian Institute was placed in charge of the zoological and botanical collections, and of preparing the outfits and instructions for field work.

The historian, Mr. Smalley, gives a concise statement of Stevens' plans. "Governor Stevens determined that the exploration should be conducted in two divisions, operating respectively from the Mississippi River and Puget Sound; and that a depot of provisions should be established by a third party at the St. Mary's village, at the western base of the Rocky Mountains, to facilitate the winter operations of the exploration, and enable the exploring parties to continue in the field the longest practicable period; and that all the parties should be organized in a military manner for self-protection, and to force their way through whatever difficulties might be encountered."

The narrative of the expedition and the results of the survey, together with instructions to the members of the party are recorded by Gov. Stevens in volumes I and XII (the latter in two parts). In the first pages are found statements of the Acts of Congress authorizing the surveys and explorations, and the resolutions of Congress authorizing the printing of the reports. Pages 3-30 are devoted to the report of the Secretary of War, Jefferson Davis, who summarizes the most important facts set forth in the reports of the engineers of the various routes. Pages 31-33 contain tabulations of the different routes as to lengths, ascents and descents, and distances from the eastern termini. Then follows an examination of the various reports by A. A. Humphreys, Captain of Topographical Engineers, and Lieutenant G. K. Warren, together with tabulations of the various routes, chapters I-V, pp. 39-108. Chapter I, pp. 39-56, deals with the report of Gov. Stevens on the northern route. Pages 109-111 contain notes by Lieut. G. K. Warren compiled from reports of the topographical engineers on the route via San Antonio to El Paso. The memoranda on railways in different parts of the country, pp. 115-130, were prepared in the office of the Pacific railroad surveys by George. B. McClellan, corps of engineers. A list of the principal railroad tunnels of the world is also given with data as to their cost and construction. Pages 130-134 contain a short report upon the cost of transporting troops and supplies to California, Oregon and New Mexico by Major General Thomas S. Jessup, Quartermaster General of the United States Army.

The numerous reports of the exploration for a route near the 47th and 49th parallels fill Parts I and II of the remainder of

No 5 m S-72, contain the instructions of Stevens to oportion as to their organization, equipment at she artist and scientific man being instructed to Vw which was to be turned over as a part of its kharvestvidence giving an account of the progress spaarilean, and short reports from members of the survey consach shots of their work. In Part II, Chapter I, pp. 73Can the instructions of the Secretary of War in regard yen und auct of the survey. Chapter II, pp. 76-159, a white report of Gov. Stevens showing the progress pamte and the facts established in reference to the prac

a seccion route for a railroad. So clearly and graphAxavong written that the report served afterward as va gear what the Northern Pacific Railroad project rested sch Muling began. He gives a clear and vivid descripw sumered, showing its superiority in soil and as a fuel and building material, absence of snows, pana se ex devations. His remarkable grasp of engineers & Addicated by the correctness with which he A was a railroads and by the absolute accuracy with setiacta de work to be done on gradients and tunnels and ative consideration was given to wagon roads, adaptation to settlement, Indian tribes, and e ought to be established. Stevens speaks envas de macqualled and unparalleled good health of the pag pace an extent of eighteen hundred miles as being clear comprehension of the future possibiliA to Sound country are set forth in chapter X, pp. whow she wonderful insight of the projector of a great ea views are concisely given in his own words: "Puget A pstood hundred miles of shore line, many capacious harwati vssible, commodious and entirely landlocked. dig ted to steam navigation. Steilacoom, Seattle, hi Bay are good termini for the railroad; Seattle comgcacat number of advantages. . . . . The question of highon connection with the proposed railroad is the effect at have it securing for this country the control of the Nature has clearly indicated the northern pathway edcrce from the future mart of Asiatic trade to this counVepe. The road communicates on a direct line with the It intersects the Mississippi River, thus comClog with the Southern States; it is on the line of the great

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wheat producing region of America and on a direct line of shortest distance between centers of European and Asiatic population. A portion of European trade and nearly all travel to Asia must take a course across the continent and on the northern road, as the shortest route."

Following the report of Stevens are a number of papers written by the several officers and scientific men accompanying him. The most important of these with their paginations is as follows:

A 1. Report of the topography of the route from the Mississippi River to the Columbia, by Mr. John Lambert, topographer of exploration, Washington, D. C., June 1, 1854.

A 2. Medical reports by Dr. George Suckley and Dr. J. G. Cooper, pp. 177-180.

B 4. Railroad practicability of the Cascades and of the line of the Snoqualmie Pass by Captain G. B. McClellan, pp. 180-183. This report made in 1854 after a winter's exploration, gives a description of the Cascade range and estimates of the depth of the snows which were later proved incorrect. McClellan practically failed in his work on this part of the survey, depending too much on the accounts of Indians instead of actual investigation. In reference to the choice of a terminus on Puget Sound he says, "Seattle as a proper terminus for the road is far superior to other harbors on the eastern shore of the Sound, is nearest the Strait of Fuca, secure from heavy seas, has excellent holding ground of blue clay and a depth of thirty fathoms of water, the deep water coming close to the shore so that only short wharves are necessitated; the banks are suitable for a town."

B 5. Railroad practicability of the Snoqualmie Pass by Mr. A. W. Tinkham, pp. 184-186. This fearless engineer succeeded in penetrating the pass, reaching Seattle in ten days after McClellan's failure. This incident was the cause of bitter feeling on the part of the latter and was brought out later during the Civil War.

B 6. Report on the practicability of the Columbia River pass by Mr. F. W. Lander, pp. 186-187.

C 7. General report of Captain G. B. McClellan in command of the western division, pp. 188-202.

C 8. Topographical report of Lieut. J. K. Duncan of the western division, pp. 203-219.

C 9. Natural history report by Dr. J. G. Cooper, naturalist of the western division, pp. 219-221.

D 11. Report of Mr. F. W. Lander, assistant engineer, of the

crossings of the Mississippi and the length of the bridges required, pp. 224-225.

E 14. Report of Lieutenant A. J. Donelson, corps of engineers, of his survey of the Missouri to Ft. Union and of his reconnaissance of the country in the vicinity of Ft. Union, pp. 231-247.

E 15. Survey of the upper Missouri by Lieutenant C. Grover, pp. 247-249.

E 16. Report of Lieutenant Saxton of his trip in a keel-boat from Fort Benton to Ft. Leavenworth and of the navigability of the Missouri River by steamer, pp. 249-250.

F 17. Report of the route of Lieutenant R. Saxton from the Columbia Valley to Ft. Owen and thence to Ft. Benton, pp. 251-269. He speaks of the region as being rich in agricultural and mineral resources, abounding in timber and all other materials necessary for the construction of a railroad.

F 18. Report of Lieutenant A. J. Donelson as to railroad practicability from Fort Benton across the plain of the Columbia to Wallah Wallah, pp. 269-273.

H 27-84. Itineraries of the routes, pp. 352-389.

J 39. Report of Mr. George Gibbs to Captain G. B. McClellan on the Indian tribes of the Territory of Washington, pp. 402-434.

He remarks upon the great difference in the geographic features of eastern and western Washington Territory and states that the "inhabitants differ not less than the geographic features. He names the tribes of each section, giving the modes of life, habits and characteristics of each. From the Yakimas he learned the legends connected with Mount St. Helens and Mount Adams. A visit to the Clallam tribe revealed the influence of the whites in giving names to the families of distinction.

"The head chief of the Clallams was Lachka-nam, or Lord Nelson, but has abdicated in favor of S'Haiak, King George. Most of the principal men of the tribe have received names either from the English or 'the Bostons;' and the genealogical tree of the royal family presents as miscellaneous an assemblage of characters as a masked ball in carnival. Thus, two of King George's brothers are the Duke of York and General Gaines. His cousin is Tom Benton; and his sons by Queen Victoria are General Jackson and Thomas Jefferson. The queen is daughter to the Duke of Clarence, and sister to Generals Scott and Taylor; as also to Mary Ella Coffin, the wife of John C. Calhoun. The Duke of York's wife is Jenny Lind; a brother of the Duke of Clarence is John Adams; and Calhoun's sons are James K. Polk, General Lane and Patrick Henry. King George's sister is

the daughter of the late Flattery Jack. All of them have papers certifying to these and various other items of information which they exhibit with great satisfaction."

J 40. Indian tribes of eastern Washington by Lieutenant John Mullan, pp. 437-441.

J 41. Indian tribes of the Blackfoot nation by Mr. James Doty, pp. 441-446.

J 42. Visit to the Piegan camps at Cypress Mountain by J. M. Stanley, pp. 446-449.

A. Reconnaissance of the country lying upon Shoalwater Bay and Puget Sound, by George Gibbs, pp. 465-473.

B. Geology of Washington Territory by George Gibbs, pp.

473-486.

C. Final report of Lieutenant Grover on his survey of the Missouri, from thence to the dalles of the Columbia, pp. 488-515.

For a complete list of the papers accompanying Stevens' report the reader is referred to the table of contents, p. v, preceding the report.

Upon the completion of the preliminary report which was made as soon as the governor had satifactorily solved the questions of mountain snows and climates, Stevens reported to the Secretary of War urging further examinations of the mountain passes. Hazard Stevens in his biography of the governor throws some interesting light on the attitude of Davis in regard to the northern route. The following facts are quoted from Vols. I and II of the biography:

“Davis sent a curt order to Governor Stevens to disband the winter parties and bring his operations to a close. Acknowledging the receipt of the order, Feb. 13, Stevens declared that it should be promptly obeyed but made a plea for the continuation of the surveys. He called the attention of the department to the peculiar circumstances of the exploration which necessitated the exceeding of the appropriation. The field was totally new, rendering it impossible to form an estimate. Much work of reconnaissance had to be done, which had previously been done for all other routes, before a direction could be given to the railroad examinations and estimates proper. Unforeseen expenses in the way of presents had to be incurred to conciliate the Indian tribes and an investigation of the question of snow was a vital and fundamental one, essential to making any reliable report at all. Stevens took the course which he believed Congress and the department would have taken under the circumstances. The Secretary's order arrived too late to frustrate the governor's thoroughgoing measures for determining the snow question. Subsequent ex