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voir is controlled by a short inlet canal from Salmon Creek, and a concrete outlet work. Conconully Reservoir is controlled by means of an outlet tunnel discharging into Salmon Creek below the storage dam; it also includes a diversion dam, twelve miles below the reservoir, and a canal system watering lands between Okanogan and Riverside; also a pumping system to supplement the gravity supply by pumping from the Okanogan River to approximately 1,050 acres of land on the sandy portions of the project known as Robinson Flat. The power for the pumping is generated by two power plants constructed at drops Nos. 1 and 2 on the upper main lateral, and transmitted to the pumping station near the town of Omak by five and one-half miles of transmission line. This project when complete could supply water for 10,099 acres. In 1912, a board of engineers recommended that the capacity of Salmon Lake be raised from 2,000 acre-feet to 3,000 acre-feet, by raising the outlet structure and by building a low embankment across the lower end of the lake. The last had not been done by 1917, since the neighboring settlers feared damage to their property by seepage. The distribution system consisted of about forty miles of main canals and sublaterals and did not provide a direct delivery of water to each farm, except where the main canal traversed the land, but the ranchers found it unsatisfactory to construct their own farm ditches, and on a majority vote of the water users in their association, and the approval of the department, the Government constructed the laterals. By 1916, sixteen miles of small earth ditches of ten second-feet, twenty-four miles of iron pipe lines, thirteen hundred and thirty linear feet of steel flume and one thousand feet of minor wooden structures, as headgates, weirs, etc., had been built. What this project has done for that country would be hard to esti

nate.

The next great project carried on is that known as the Yakima Project. It divides itself into the following units: the Sunnyside, the Tieton, the Wapato and the Kittitas units.

The Sunnyside Canal System was acquired by purchase from the Washington Irrigation Company in December, 1905. The system consisted of a moveable diversion dam and wooden head works structure; a main canal about fifty-six miles long; two main laterals with a total length of about twenty-five miles; about fifty miles of smaller laterals; a wasteway on mile seventeen on the main canal known as the Zillah wasteway; together with other property. This the Government improved, enlarged and extended until today it consists of about sixty miles of main and fifty miles of branch canals with increased capacity. The old system could irrigate 65,000 acres, the present, 110,828

acres. The Government improved the Zillah wasteway and added the Sulphur Creek wasteway. The Snipes Mountain Canal was enlarged from ninety second-feet capacity to a hundred and ninety second-feet, main canal at mile fifty and twenty-three hundredths serves about main canal at mile fifty and twenty-three hundredths serrves about 10,000 acres lying on the opposite side of the Yakima River from the main project. It crosses the river by means of forty-eight inch diameter wood stave pipes placed beneath the river bed, operating under a maximum head of one hundred and seventy feet. The Prosser Canal, diverting from the main canal at mile fifty-five, serves 3,000 acres on the south side of the Yakima River, which it crosses in wood stave pipes on the steel bridge. October 6, 1914, the Sunnyside was agreed upon to be extended eastward to Benton City. This Benton Canal serves 4,600 acres and was completed by June, 1915. Other minor extensions were made from the Snipes Canal and Lookout District on the main canal.

Water is stored for the units taking water from the Yakima River, at Bumping Lake, which is at the head waters of Bumping River, a tributary of Naches River, which is itself a tributary of the Yakima. This was completed in 1915. It covers 1,300 acres and has a storage capacity of 34,000 acre-feet. The first attempt at this dam had been made by the Northern Pacific, Yakima and Kittitas Irrigation Company in 1894.

A second reservoir is formed by the Kachess Dam, located on the Kachess River, about seventeen hundred feet below the most southerly portion of Lake Kachess. It is an earthen dam fourteen hundred feet long; maximum height sixty feet. Surveys for the water storage at Lake Kachess were made by the Northern Pacific, Yakima and Kittitas Irrigation Company, but construction was not undertaken by that company. In May, 1903, the Cascade Canal Company commenced the construction of a crib dam at the mouth of the lake. This work was completed on June 1, 1904. By agreement, the Reclamation Service assumed control of this dam April 1, 1907.

The third reservoir adding to the flow of the Yakima River is formed by the Keechelus Dam, located at the foot of the lake, six thousand five hundred feet long, with a maximum height of sixty-eight feet. Earlier surveys of this were made, but no construction completed until taken up by the Reclamation Service in 1906.

The fourth is at Lake Cle Elum, at the outlet of the lake; a dam with a maximum height of twelve hundred feet, a crest length of seven hundred feet and a volume of four hundred and twenty-five thousand cubic yards. An outlet tunnel approximately two and one

half miles long is built from the lake to the Yakima River, thereby obtaining 117,500 acre-feet of substorage.

During the year 1905 the feasibility of the Tieton unit was investigated and approved by the Secretary, March 27, 1906. This system is designed to furnish water for 34,500 acres. This unit consists of a regulating reservoir, a diversion dam and headworks, main canal and distribution system. The regulating reservoir created by the Clear Creek Dam is on the North Fork of the Tieton River. The purpose of the reservoir is to equalize the diurnal flow of the Tieton River during the months of July and August. Construction was begun. on the dam April, 1914, and completed by November of the same year. The diversion dam is located on the Tieton River, approximately fifteen miles above its junction with the Naches River, about eight miles below the McAllister Dam site. It is a concrete weir three feet high and one hundred and ten feet long. At the end of the dam on the right side of the river is located the headworks structure of the main canal. This structure is built of reinforced concrete and contains three 4x5 foot gate openings, each controlled by a cast iron sluice gate operated by hand. The left end of the dam terminates in low retaining walls. The main canal of the Tieton unit runs along the south side of the Tieton Canyon for twelve miles, at which point it is five hundred feet above the river and passes through the rim of the canyon by way of a tunnel to the project lands below. The distribution system consists of three separate units, covering approximately 12,000 acres each, namely, the Naches Branch, which waters the lands between the Naches River and the North Fork of Cowiche Creek; the Cowiche-Yakima branch, which waters the lands in the Cowiche ;and the Wide Hollow branch, which waters the lands between the Cowiche Mountains and Ahtanum Creek. This would indicate the great length of laterals and sub-laterals, a total of three hundred and twenty miles. The Tieton Reservoir is to be located on the Tieton River at McAllister Meadows at an altitude of two thousand eight hundred feet. The dam is to be one hundred and ninety-five feet in height and one thousand feet long, and to contain nine hundred and ninety-one thousand cubic yards. The capacity of the reservoir is to be 185,000 acre feet. Work was begun on this in 1917, but because of the war work was suspended in the Spring of 1918.

The Kittitas unit consists of those mains and laterals diverted from the Yakima River in the vicinity of Ellensburg. The 62,000 acres lying on both sides of the river are made productive through this

unit.

The Wapato unit consists of those mains and laterals which carry

water from the west bank of the Yakima River, near Parker, to the reservation, irrigating 106,000 acres of land by gravity and 14,000 acres by panning with power generated at drops in the canal. These projects are considered very successful and the purpose of reclamation, i. e., "to make homes for the homeless" has been accomplished to the extent of hundreds, and the increase in land values is shown in every report.

The future work of the Reclamation Service will be to complete the Sunnyside and the Wapato units as officially approved: Kittitas High Line, Pomona High Line, Naches High Line, Roza High Line, Kennewick Extension of the Sunnyside Canal and the Benton or Leadbetter Canal.

Mr. R. P. Tule gives 48,799 acres as under irrigation in 1889, 135,470 acres in 1899, and 334,378 acres in 1909, in Washington. June 30, 1914, $6,555,299.73 was the reclamation fund in Washington.

The entering into irrigation activities by the Federal Government by no means lessened the interest of private concerns, and these have continued to increase in numbers, in capital, and in extensiveness of project until that part of the State west of the Cascades, too, may boast of its irrigation projects.

In 1900, construction work was begun by the Spokane Valley Land and Water Company. Liberty Lake is the head of this canal. It was built four miles long and watered 600 acres, ten miles east of the Spokane City limits. It was later extended to twenty-two miles, serving 10,000 acres. In 1901 fields were put into alfalfa and a fiveyear old orchard was ditched and put into shape for irrigation. The results were so satisfactory that the "practicability was thoroughly established."

The Fish Lake Canal was completed in 1902. It distributes water from Fish Lake over 5,000 acres of rich land between Houser Junction and Rathdrum, near Spokane. The canal is seven miles long and eight to twelve feet in width, and carries nine cubic feet per second.

George Otis Smith, of the United States Geological Survey, said, in 1896, that Kittitas County is still irrigated by canal ditches, but by 1902 this was no longer true; for in 1902 the Cascade Canal Company was formed to succeed the Inter-Mountain Irrigation Association, with a capital of $150,000. It proposed to build two canals, one to irrigate 15,000 acres, the other 30,000 acres of Kittitas Valley land. It began its work August 29, 1903, on the lower canal, which has its intake on the north bank of the Yakima, five miles west of Thorpe. It is ten feet wide at the bottom, five feet deep, and has a

capacity of one hundred and seventy cubic feet per second. Within the first eight miles of its course it passes through a 600-foot tunnel, and just north of Ellensburg it passes through another tunnel of three hundred and eighty-eight feet. The canal is forty-two miles long and supplies 14,000 acres. The company built a dam at Lake Kachess, storing a body of water twelve feet deep and covering twenty-one square miles. The water was turned into the canal May 13, 1904. This is claimed to be one of the best in the State and is strictly a Kittitas County project, since all the capital stock is held by persons residing in that county. Altogether there are 70,000 acres of land under irrigation in the egg-shaped valley, twenty-five miles by twenty miles, and if the Kittitas Reclamation District Canal be constructed as planned, it will put nearly all the land under water.

The largest private project in the Okanogan country is the West Okanogan District Project, which is located along the river between Oroville and Tonasket. This project furnishes water for 5,000 acres. The Pleasant Valley Irrigation Project, comprising the Boston-Okanogan Orchard tracts, serves about 2,000 acres, and the Okanogan Power Irrigation Company's project furnishes Brewster Flat with water.

The Pasco Reclamation Company in Franklin County irrigates 10,000 acres, the waters for which are taken from the Snake River by electrically operated turbine pumps and carried through pipe line, thirty-two to thirty-six inches in diameter.

One of the greatest projects of the Twentieth Century undertakings is the High Line Project of Wenatchee. This was attempted in 1892, but nothing came from it except that two farmers near the point of diversion constructed a small ditch to water their farms of fifty acres. In 1901, F. M. Scheble and L. MacLean were sent by the Wenatchee Commercial Club to interview W. T. Clark, of Yakima, who had built and operated the Selah Moxee Canal. Marvin Chase, present State Hydraulic Engineer, made a preliminary investigation, and a survey the following October, and on May 26, 1902, construction was begun. This project was financed by Robert Livingston, Portland, Oregon. On May 10, 1903, water was turned into the canal. The intake is on the north side of the river, which is spanned by pipe line in order to water the lands around the Wenatchee. This covers

about 6,500 acres. In 1906, assisted by stockholders of the Great Northern Railroad, the Company extended the project into Douglas County by carrying the water across the Columbia River by a pipe line 12,000 feet long, having constructed the first bridge across the Columbia. This extension watered about 6,000 acres. Since 1906,

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