gave his estate to the cause; United States Senator 1789-1801; Governor of New Hampshire 1805-1809, 1810, 1811.

JOHN LANSING, N. Y., 1754-1829. Lawyer: Delegate to the Congress of the Confederacy, 1784-1788; Mayor of Albany; Justice of the New York Supreme Court, 1790-1798; Chief Justice, 1798-1801; Chancellor, 1801-1814; failed to sign the Constitution.

WILLIAM LIVINGSTON, N. J., 1723-1790. Lawyer; Delegate to the Continental Congress, 1774-1776; Governor of New Jersey, 17761790.

JAMES MCCLUNG, Va. Physician; had no use for state legislatures; director of the First Bank of the United States.

JAMES MCHENRY, Md., 1753-1816. Capitalist; Surgeon; opposed to representative institutions; Surgeon in the Revolutionary War; State Senator 1781-1786; Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation 17831786; Secretary of War, 1796-1801.

JAMES MADISON, Va., 1751-1836. Lawyer; "THE FATHER OF THE CONSTITUTION"; a student of politics and political theory; Notes on the Convention; Member of the Virginia Convention of 1776; Member of the Continental Congress 1780-1784; Member of the Virginia Assembly, 1784-1787; Member of the Alexandria Conference and Annapolis Conference; helped Hamilton with the Federalist; Congressman, 1789-1797; Secretary of State, 1801-1809; President of the United States, 1809-1817.

ALEXANDER MARTIN, N. C. Slaveholder and lawyer; failed to sign the Constitution or to take part in discussion; elected Governor of North Carolina, 1792; United States Senator, 1793-1799.

LUTHER MARTIN, Md., 1744-1826. Lawyer; Attorney General of Maryland; Member of the Congress of the Confederation, 1784-1785; failed to sign the Constitution and fought its ratification.

GEORGE MASON, Va., 1725-1792. Slaveholder; Member of the Virginia Assembly; slavery opponent in the Convention; refused to sign the Constitution and fought its ratification; elected United States Senator in 1789 but refused to serve.

JOHN FRANCIS MERCER, Md., 1759-1821. Lawyer; fought in the Revolutionary army; Delegate in the Congress of the Confederation, 1782-1785; Congressman, 1791-1795; Governor of Maryland, 1801-1803; opposed to the popular election of national officers; refused to sign the Constitution.

THOMAS MIFFLIN, Pa., 1744-1800. Merchant; Member of the Pennsylvania Legislature; Delegate to the First Continental Congress; Quartermaster General of the Revolutionary army; Member of the

Board of War; President of the Congress of the Confederation, 1783; Governor of Pennsylvania, 1790-1799.

GOUVERNEUR MORRIS, Pa., 1752-1816. Lawyer; Member of New York Provincial Congress; Member of the Continental Congress; Assistant Superintendent of Finance during the Revolution; Commissioner to England, 1789-1792; Minister to France, 1792-1799; United States Senator, 1800-1803; distrusted democratic institutions.

ROBERT MORRIS, Pa., 1734-1806. Banker and land speculator; Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Financier of the RevolutionSuperintendent of Finance; Organizer of the Bank of North America; 1789-1795, United States Senator; later imprisoned for debt.

WILLIAM PATERSON, N. J., 1745-1806. Lawyer; Delegate in the Continental Congress, 1780-1781; presented the New Jersey plan; 1789-1791, United States Senator; Governor, 1791-1793; Justice in the United States Supreme Court, 1793-1806.

WILLIAM PIERCE, Ga., 1740-1806. Merchant; served in the Revolutionary army; Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, 17861787; refused to sign the Constitution.

CHARLES COTESWORTH PICKNEY, S. C., 1746-1825. Lawyer; Attorney General of the Colony of South Carolina; Major during the Revolution; had little confidence in popular government; Special Envoy in France in 1796, XYZ affair; Major General in the American Army, 1798; Candidate for Vice-President, 1800; Federalist candidate for President in 1804 and 1808.

CHARLES PINCKNEY, S. C., 1758-1824. Lawyer; member South Carolina Legislature, 1779-1780; Delegate to Continental Congress, 1777-1778, and to Congress of the Confederation, 1784-1787; introduced Pinckney plan in the Convention; Governor, 1789-1792 and 1796-1798, 1806-1808; United States Senator, 1797-1801; Minister to Spain, 18031805; Congressman, 1819-1821; advocated in Constitutional Convention that a property qualification of $100,000 be set up for the President and $50,000 for members of Supreme Court.

EDMUND RANDOLPH, Va., 1753-1813. Lawyer; Member of the Virginia Constitution Convention of 1776; Attorney General of the State; Delegate to the Continental Congress; member of the Annapolis Convention; Governor of Virginia, 1786-1788; introduced the Virginia plan; refused to sign the Constitution but defended it and worked for its ratification; Attorney General of the United States, 1789-1794; Secretary of State, 1794-1795.

GEORGE READ, Del., 1733-1798. Lawyer; Member of the Legislature; Attorney General; Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Member of the Continental Congress; Member of the Annapolis Con

vention; United States Senator, 1789-1793; Chief Justice of Delaware, 1793-1798.

JOHN RUTLEDGE, S. C., 1739-1800. Lawyer; Member of the Stamp Act Congress; Member of the Continental Congresses; President of South Carolina, 1776; Governor of South Carolina, 1779-1782; Chancellor of the State of S. C., 1784; Chief Justice of S. C. Supreme Court, 1791-1795; Justice in U. S. Supreme Court, 1795.

ROGER SHERMAN, Conn., 1721-1793. Shoemaker; Lawyer; Member of the Legislature; Delegate to the Continental Congresses; Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Congressman, 1789-1791; United States Senator, 1791-1793.

RICHARD SPAIGHT, N. C., 1758-1802. Planter; Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, 1782-1784; Governor, 1792; Congressman, 1798-1801.

CALEB STRONG, Mass., 1745-1819. Lawyer; Member of the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence, 1774; Member of the General Court, 1776-1778; Member State Senate, 1780-1789; failed to sign the Constitution but favored its ratification; United States Senator, 1789-1796; Governor, 1800-1807 and 1812-1816.

GEORGE WASHINGTON, Va., 1732-1799. Planter; Major in Va. Colonial Army; General during the Revolution; President of the United States, 1789-1797; the richest man in the United States in his day, estimated by Professor Beard to be worth $530,000.

HUGH WILLIAMSON, N. C., 1735-1819. Merchant and physician; Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation; author of the "History of North Carolina"; Congressman, 1789-1793; owned two truckloads of paper currency.

JAMES WILSON, Pa., 1742-1798. Lawyer; born and educated in Scotland; knew more common and international law than any other man in the Convention; Delegate in Continental Congress; Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Associate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 1789-1798.

GEORGE WYTHE, Va., 1726-1806. Lawyer; Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 1754-1776; Delegate to Continental Congress; Signer of the Declaration of Independence; Judge of the High Court of Chancery, 1777-1786; Chancellor of the Court, 1786-1806; failed to sign the Constitution but favored its ratification.

ROBERT YATES, N. Y., 1738-1801. Lawyer; Member of the New York Provincial Congress, 1775-1778; refused to sign the Constitution and fought its ratification; Justice of the New York Supreme Court, 1776; Chief Justice, 1790-1798.

PART IX

LIST OF PERSONS NOMINATED AS CHIEF JUSTICE AND AS ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME

COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 1789-19251

[The dates of final appointment and nomination to the Senate and the figures as to the votes are taken from the official Executive Journals of the Senate, until 1901. The dates after 1901, are from the Congressional Record. The order is as follows: date of birth; date of appointment or nomination (the date of receipt of nomination by the Senate, when differing from the date of appointment, being inserted in parentheses); date of confirmation by the Senate; date of rejection; date of final postponement of consideration; date of withdrawal of the nomination; date of declination of office after confirmation.]

John Jay (Chief Justice), born Dec. 12, 1745; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed, Sept. 26, 1789.

John Rutledge, born,

1739; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed, Sept. 26, 1789; resigned, March 5, 1791.

William Cushing, born, March 1, 1732; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed, Sept. 26, 1789.

Robert Hanson Harrison, born,

confirmed, Sept. 26, 1789.

1745; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789;

James Wilson, born, Sept. 14, 1742; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed, Sept. 26, 1789.

1732; appointed, Sept. 24, 1789; confirmed, Sept.

James Iredell, born, Oct. 5, 1751; appointed, Feb. 9, 1790; confirmed, Feb. 10, 1790.

Thomas Johnson, born, Nov. 4, 1732; appointed, Aug. 5, 1791, Oct. 31, 1791 (Nov. 1, 1791); confirmed, Nov. 7, 1791.

William Paterson, appointed, March 4, 1793; confirmed, March 4, 1793. John Rutledge (Chief Justice), born,

1739; appointed, July 1, 1795

(Nov. 5, 1795); rejected, Dec. 15, 1795 (10-14).

William Cushing (Chief Justice), born, March 1, 1732; appointed, Jan. 26, 1796; confirmed, Jan. 27, 1796; declined, Feb. 2, 1796.

This list is taken mainly from Warren's Supreme Court in United States History, Vol. III, pp. 479-483.

Samuel Chase, born, April 17, 1741; appointed, Jan. 26, 1796; confirmed, Jan. 27, 1796.

Oliver Ellsworth (Chief Justice), born, April 29, 1745; appointed, March 3, 1796; confirmed, March 4, 1796 (21-1).

Bushrod Washington, born, June 5, 1762; appointed, Sept. 29, 1798 (Dec. 19, 1798); confirmed, Dec. 20, 1798.

Alfred Moore, born, May 21, 1755; appointed, Oct. 20, 1799 (Dec. 6, 1799); confirmed, Dec. 10, 1799.

John Jay (Chief Justice), born, Dec. 12, 1745; appointed, Dec. 18, 1800; confirmed, Dec. 19, 1800; declined, Jan. 2, 1801.

John Marshall (Chief Justice), born, Sept. 24, 1755; appointed, Jan. 20, 1801; confirmed, Jan. 27, 1801.

William Johnson, born, Dec. 27, 1771; appointed, March 22, 1804; confirmed, March 24, 1804.

Henry Brockholst Livingston, born, Nov. 26, 1757; appointed, Nov. 10, 1806, Dec. 13, 1806 (Dec. 15, 1806); confirmed, Dec. 17, 1807.

Thomas Todd, born, Jan. 23, 1765; appointed, Feb. 28, 1807; confirmed, March 3, 1807.

Levi Lincoln, born, May 15, 1749; appointed, Jan. 2, 1811; confirmed, Jan. 3, 1811.

Alexander Wolcott, born, Nov. 12, 1775; appointed, Feb. 4, 1811; rejected, Feb. 13, 1811 (9-24).

John Quincy Adams, born, July 11, 1767; appointed, Feb. 21, 1811; confirmed, Feb. 22, 1811; declined, April, 1811.

Joseph Story, born, Sept. 18, 1779; appointed, Nov. 15, 1811; confirmed, Nov. 18, 1811.

Gabriel Duval, born, Dec. 6, 1752; appointed, Nov. 15, 1811; confirmed, Nov. 18, 1811.

Smith Thompson, born, Jan. 17, 1768; appointed, Sept. 11, 1823 (Dec. 8, 1823); confirmed, Dec. 19, 1823.

Robert Trimble, born,

May 9, 1826 (27-5).

1777; appointed, April 11, 1826; confirmed,

John Jordan Crittenden, born, Sept. 10, 1787; appointed, Dec. 17, 1828 (Dec. 18, 1828); postponed, Feb. 12, 1829 (27-17).

John McLean, born, March 11, 1785; appointed, March 6, 1829; confirmed, March 7, 1829.

Henry Baldwin, born, Jan. 14, 1780; appointed, Jan. 4, 1830 (Jan. 5, 1830); confirmed, Jan. 6, 1830 (41-2).