VII. The ideal of the "Open Door":

A. This ideal, meaning equality of commercial opportunity, was first urged by John Hay against the nations threatening the dismemberment of China.

B. The conventions concerning China concluded at the recent conference on the Limitation of Armament and Far Eastern Affairs definitely guarantee to China and the rest of the world that commercial arrangements and transactions will be on the basis of equality.

C. At the conference on Near-Eastern Affairs at Lausanne, the unofficial American delegate urged the application of an "open door" policy to the territory and waters in and about the Straits, and to Turkish territories generally, especially those under mandate to foreign powers. The recent Turkish treaty embodies this ideal.

VIII. The ideal of world peace:

A. The United States was for a long time neither a colonizing nor a sea power, and therefore has lacked the two sources of international strife and misunderstanding, namely, a desire to control the backward peoples of the world and their territories, and a desire to control the seas.

B. The American people are impatient with large standing
armies. The army of the United States has, in time of
peace, been limited to a nominal strength.

C. The United States has at different times proposed the limita-
tion of naval armament by positive agreement between the
naval powers. The treaties of the Washington conference
embody the ideal inspired by the American government.
D. With the President as commander in chief of our military
forces, and with the power to declare war lodged in the
Congress, the makers of the Constitution fixed for all time
the control of the military departments by the civil author-
ities.

E. Mr. Roosevelt led in movements toward peace, notably in
Central America, in the Russo-Japanese war, and at the
second Hague Conference.

F. The Bryan treaties provide a waiting period of one year, during which the signatory powers engage to resort to measures short of war in the settlement of any dispute.

G. American participation in the League of Nations, a league to keep the peace of the world, was frustrated by a conflict over questions of constitutional rights and sovereignty.

H. The policy of the United States today is to support movements toward peace through independent action, and to deal with the situation as it may arise, without pledging action in advance of the contingency.

IX. The ideal of democracy in foreign relations:

A. Under our constitution the control of foreign relations was removed from the people and the popular branch of the legislature, and lodged in the President and Senate.

B. It is a tradition to demand an accounting in regard to domestic questions, but to reserve judgment on questions of foreign policy.

C. There is an increasing agitation for a more democratic method of declaring war, in order that the people may not be led into unnecessary and undesirable conflicts.

D. Treaty negotiation, formerly regarded as a secret proceeding, has lost this quality due to the demand of the people to be informed at all stages of the proceedings.

E. The conflicts between the President and Senate over the control of foreign relations has led to the demand for a more direct and democratic control of the nation's foreign affairs. F. The liberal clauses of the Treaty of Versailles were inspired by the American delegation, notably the mandate system, the covenant of the League of Nations, provisions protecting religious, linguistic and racial minorities and small states, and the clauses dealing with labor.

G. The war messages of President Wilson inspired a demand for democratic institutions throughout the world, and for the abandonment of the old diplomacy.

H. Questions of foreign policy are today regarded as importanț as domestic questions by the people and the political parties.

REFERENCES

I. Historical Background:

H. L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 4 vols.

E. CHANNING, History of the United States, vol. II.

C. BECKER, The United States, an Experiment in Democracy. A. C. MCLAUGHLIN, The Confederation and the Constitution. II. American Ideals as Found in American Political Philosophy: C. E. MERRIAM, History of American Political Theories.

C. H. MCILWAIN, The American Revolution.

R. G. ADAMS, Political Ideas of the American Revolution.

C. F. ADAMS, The Works of John Adams, 10 vols.

III. American Ideals as Institutionalized in Fundamental Law:

M. FARRAND, The Making of the Constitution.

BRYCE, The American Commonwealth.

C. A. BEARD, American Government and Politics.

W. B. MUNRO. Government of the United States.

The Federalist, Lodge's Edition.

IV. American Ideals as Expressed in the Foreign Relations of the United States.

J. B. MOORE, Principles of American Diplomacy.

C. C. HYDE, International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States, 2 vols.

R. L. BUELL, The Washington Conference.

W. E. WEYL, American World Policies.

W. WILSON, War Messages.

Addresses Delivered on the Western Tour.

PART II

THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT

In ye name of God Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyall subjects of our dread Soveraigne Lord King James by ye grace of God, of great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland king, defender of ye faith, &c.

Haveing undertaken, for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye christian faith and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye Northene parts of Virginia. Doe by these presents solemnly & mutually in ye presence of God, and one of another, covenant, & combine our selves togeather into a Civill body politick; for our better ordering, and preservation & furtherance of ye ends aforesaid; and by Vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for ye generall good of ye Colonie: unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap-Codd ye .11. of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne Lord King James of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth and of Scotland ye fiftie fourth. An°: Dom. 1620.