The bold are but the instruments of the wise. Dryden. Devotion has often been found a powerful instrument in humanizing the manners of inen. Dr. Blair. Poor York! the harmless tool of others' hate, He sues for pardon, and repents too late. Swift. Tool (tol), v. t. 1. To shape with a tool.-2. To drive, as a mail-coach or other vehicle: generally said of a gentleman who undertakes the work for his own amusement. He could tool a coach." Lord Lytton. [Slang.] Tooling (töl'ing), n. Workmanship performed with a tool; specifically, (a) in masonry, stone-dressing in which the face shows the parallel marks of the tool in symmetrical order. (b) In bookbinding, ornamental embossing or gilding by heated tools upon the binding of books. (c) In carving, elaborate carving by chisels and gouges in stone or wood in architecture, Joinery, cabinet-work, furniture, &c. The fine tooling and delicate tracery of the cabinet artist is lost upon a building of colossal proportions, De Quincey, Tool-post (töl'post), n. In machine tools, that part of the tool-rest to or in which a cutting-tool is fixed. Called also Toolstock. Tool-rest (tölʼrest), n. In machine tools, that part of a machine supporting a toolpost or tool Tool-stock (tol'stok), n. See TOOL-POST. Toolye, Toolzie (töl'yi), n. [Probably from O Fr. touiller, to mix or mingle confusedly.] A broil; a quarrel. Written also Tuilyie, Tuilzie. [Scotch.] Toolye, Toolzie (töl'yi), v.i. To quarrel. Written also Tuilyie, Tuilzie. [Scotch.] Toom (tum or tüm), a. [A Scandinavian word: Icel. tómr. Dan. tom, empty.] Empty. [Scotch and provincial English] Ye shall have plenty of supper-ours is nae toom pantry, and still less a locked one. Sir IV. Scott. Toom (tum or tüm), v.t. To empty; to evacuate [Scotch and provincial English.] Toom (tum), n. A piece of waste ground where rubbish is shot. [Scotch.] Tooma (to'ma), n. A species of Mimosa used for tanning in India. Toon (ton), n. Town. [Scotch.] Toon, Toona (ton, tö'na), n. The wood of an East Indian tree, the Cedrela Toona, nat. order Cedrelaceæ. It is sometimes called Indian Mahogany, and also Indian Toon-wood (Cedrela Toona). lar. Another species (C. australis) yields the so-called cedar-wood of New South Wales. Toon-wood is highly valued as a furniture wood, and is used for doorpanels, carving, &c. See CEDRELA. Toorcoman (turko-man), n. A Turkoman. Tooroo (to'ro), n. A South American palm (Enocarpus Batawa), growing to the height of from 50 to 70 feet. Its woody outside is used for inlaid work, billiardenes, walking-sticks, &c. Toos, n. pl. Toes. Chaucer Toot (tot), vi. [A. Sax. totian, to project, Icel teta, a teat or teat-like protuberance, 393 Dan. tude, a spout.] 1. To stand out or be prominent.-2. To peep; to look narrowly; to seek; to look into; to look out. The Scotch form of the word in this sense is Teet, Tete. Toot (tot), v.t. To look into; to see. Piers Plowman. Toot (töt), v.i. [D. toeten, tuiten, G. tuten, Sw. tuta, to blow a horn, to toot. Also in form tote, toat. Imitative. To make a noise with the mouth somewhat similar to that of a pipe or other wind-instrument; to give out such a sound; to sound a horn in a particular manner. The tooting horns and rattling teams of mail-coaches.' Thackeray. Toot (tot), v.t. To sound; as, to toot the horn. Toot (töt), n. A blast; a note or sound blown on a horn; a similar noise. Tooter (tot'èr), n. One who toots; one who plays upon a pipe or horn. Tooth (toth), n. pl. Teeth (teth). [A. Sax. tóth, pl. teth (comp. foot, feet; goose, geese), D. Sw. and Dan. tand, Icel. tönn (for tond), G. zahn, Goth. tunthus; cog. W. and Armor. dant, Corn. danz, Lith. danti, L. dens, dentis, Gr. odous, odontos, Skr. danta -tooth. From an Indo-European root da, to divide, seen also in Gr. daio, to divide; L. damnum, loss.] 1. A bony substance growing out of the jaws of vertebrate animals, and serving as the instrument of mastication. The teeth are also very useful in assisting persons in the utterance of words, and when well formed and sound they are ornamental. Teeth generally consist of three distinct substances, ivory, enamel, and bone. Each tooth is divided into a crown, a neck, and a fang or fangs. The teeth of animals differ in shape, being destined for different offices. In man and higher mammals two sets of teeth are developed, the early, milk, or deciduous teeth, and the permanent set. In fishes the teeth fall off and are renewed repeatedly in the course of their lives. In the human subject the number of teeth is thirty-two, sixteen in each jaw. These consist of four incisors, two canines, four bicuspids, and six molars. (See Dental formula under DENTAL.) Teeth do not belong to the skeleton, but to the skin or exoskeletal parts of the body, and are homologous with hairs. They are formed within little sacs or bags of the dermis or true skin of the gum.-2. Taste; palate. These are not dishes for thy dainty tooth. Dryden. 3. Any projection corresponding to or resembling the tooth of an animal in shape, position, or office; a small, narrow, projecting piece, usually one of a set; as, (a) the tooth or teeth of a comb, a saw, a file, a harrow, a rake; (b) one of the tines or prongs of a fork; (c) one of the sharp wires of a carding instrument; (d) one of the projecting knobs on the edge of a wheel which catch on corresponding parts of a wheel or other body; a cog.-Tooth and nail (lit. by biting and scratching), with one's utmost power; by all possible means of attack and defence. A lion and bear were at tooth and nail which should carry off a fawn.' Sir R. L'Estrange-To the teeth, in open opposi tion; directly to one's face. That I shall live and tell him to his teeth.' Shak.-In the teeth, in direct opposition; directly in front. Nor strive with all the tempest in my teeth.' Pope. In the teeth of clench'd antagonisms To follow up the worthiest till lie die. Tennyson. -To cast something in one's teeth, to taunt one with something; to retort reproachfully. In spite or despite of the teeth, in open deflance of; in defiance of opposition; in opposition to every effort. In despite of the teeth of all rhyme and reason.' Shak.-To show the teeth, to threaten. When the law shows her teeth, but dares not bite.' Young.-To set the teeth on edge, to cause a tingling or grating sensation in the teeth. See TOOTH EDGE. Tooth (töth), v.t. 1. To furnish with teeth; as, to tooth a rake. The twin cards toothed with glittering wire.' Wordsworth.-2. To indent; to cut into teeth; to jag; as, to tooth a saw.-3. To lock into each other. Toothache (töth'ak), n. Pain in the teeth, technically called Odontalgia. Toothache was once supposed to be caused by a worm in the tooth. I am troubled With the toothache or with love, I know not whether; There is a worm in both. Massinger. Toothache-grass (töth'ak gras), n. Ctenium americanum, a singular kind of grass which TOOTH-SHELL grows in Florida and other parts of North America, having a very pungent taste. It affects the breath and milk of cows, and the root affects the salivary glands. Toothache-tree (töth'ak-tre), n. The common name of the species of plants which form the genus Xanthoxylum (or Xanthoxylon), but particularly applied to X. americanum, a native of North America. The bark and capsular fruit of this tree are much used as a remedy for the toothache. See XANTHOXYLUM. Called also Prickly-ash. Tooth-back (töth'bak), n. One of a family of moths (Notodontidae) belonging to Lepidoptera. Tooth-brush (töth'brush), n. A small brush for cleaning the teeth. Tooth-drawer (töth'dra-èr), n. One whose business is to extract teeth with instruments; a dentist. 'Worn in the cap of a tooth-drawer.' Shak. Tooth-drawing (töth'dra-ing), n. The act of extracting a tooth; the practice of extracting teeth. Toothed (tötht), p. and a. 1. Having teeth or jags.-2. In bot, having projecting points, remote from each other, about the edge or margin; dentate; as, a toothed calyx or leaf. -Toothed wheels, wheels made to act upon or drive one another by having the surface of each indented with teeth, which fit into each other. See TEETH, WHEEL. Toothedge (töth'ej), n. The sensation excited by grating sounds and by the touch of certain substances; tingling uneasiness, almost amounting to pain in the teeth, from stridulous sounds, vellication, or acid or acrid substances. Toothful (töth'ful), a. 1. Full of teeth. The toothfull harrow.' Sylvester.-2. Palatable; toothsome. What dainty relish on my tongue This fruit hath left! some angel hath me fed; If so toothful I will be banqueted. Massinger. Toothful (töth'ful), n. A small draught of any liquor. [Vulgar.] Toothing (töth'ing), n. In building, bricks or stones left projecting at the end of a wall that they may be bonded into a continuation of it when required. Toothing-plane (töth'ing-plan), n. A plane the iron of which, in place of being sharpened to a cutting edge, is formed into a series of small teeth. It is used to roughen a surface intended to be covered with veneer or cloth, in order to give a better hold to the glue. A dentist's instruTooth-key (töth'kë), n. ment for extracting teeth: so called because it is turned like a key. Toothless (töth'les), a. Having no teeth; deprived of teeth. Sunk are her eyes, and toothless are her jaws. Dryden. A little tooth; a Toothlet (töth'let), n. petty tooth-like projection. Toothletted (töth'let-ed), a. In bot. having toothlets; denticulate; having very small teeth or projecting points, as a leaf. Tooth-net (töth'net), n. A large fishing-net Tooth-ornament (toth-or'na-ment), n. anchored. [Scotch.] arch, one of the peculiar marks of the early English style. It consists of a square four Tooth-ornament. In leaved flower, the centre of which projects in a point. It generally inserted in a hollow moulding, with the flowers in close contact with each other, though they are not unfrequently placed a short distance apart, and in rich suits of mouldings are often repeated several times. Called also Dog's-tooth and Nail-head. Toothpick, Toothpicker (töth'pik, töth'pik-ér), n. An instrument for cleaning the teeth of substances lodged between them. Tooth-powder (töth'pou-dér), n. A powder for cleaning the teeth; a dentifrice. Tooth-rash (töth'rash), n. A cutaneous disease peculiar to infants, which occurs during the process of dentition. Tooth-shell, Toothed-shell (töth'shel, tötht'shel), n. The popular name of the gasteropodous molluses constituting the genus Dentalium, natives of Europe and the East and West Indies. The shells are symmetrical, tubular, conical, and generally carved. The animals are carnivorous, TOOTHSOME devouring foraminifers and minute bivalves, and live at a slight depth in the sand or mud of the shore, in which they bury themselves head downwards. Toothsome (töth'sum), a. Palatable; grateful to the taste. Though less toothsome to me, they were more wholesome for me. Fuller. Toothsomeness (töth'sumi-nes), n. State 394 -Top and butt, in ship-building, a method of working long tapering planks, by laying their broad and narrow ends alternately fore and aft, lining a piece off every broad end the whole length of the shifting. It is adopted principally for ceiling-Top and top-gallant, in full array; in full rig; in full force. He'll be here top and top-gallant presently. Merry Devil of Edmonton, 1608, or character of being toothsome; pleasant- Top (top), a. Being on the top or summit; ness to the taste. Toothwort (töth'wert), n. A name applied to several plants having rhizomes which resemble teeth, such as the Lathraea squamaria, various species of Dentaria, Corallorrhiza innata, &c. See LATHREA Toothy (töth'i), a. Toothed; having teeth. [Rare.] Top (top), n. [O.E. toppe, a top; A. Sax. top, a tuft or ball at the point or top of anything; Sc. tap, a tuft of hair on the head; D. and Dan. top, a top, a summit; Icel. toppr, a tuft or lock of hair, a top or extremity; G. zopf, a tuft, a crest. Tip is an allied form with a weakened vowel. See also TUFT.] 1. The highest part of anything; the most elevated or uppermost point; the summit; as, the top of a tree; the top of a spire; the top of a house; the top of a mountain.2. Surface; upper side. Such trees as spread their roots near the top of the ground.' Bacon.-3. The highest place or rank; the most honourable position; as, to be at the top of one's class. Home was head; his brilliant composition and thorough knowledge of the books, brought him to the top. Farrar. 4. The highest person; the chief. 'He which is the top of judgment.' Shak. Aspired to be the top of zealots.' Milton.-5. The utmost degree; the highest point. From my lowest note to the top of my compass." Shak. The top of my ambition is to contribute to that work. Pope. 6. The crown of the head, or the hair upon it; the forelock. To take the present time by the top.' Shak. From top to toe.' Shak. All the starred vengeance of Heaven fall On her ungrateful top. Shak. 7. The head or upper part of a plant; as, turnip tops. 'Heads or tops, as cabbage heads.' Watts.-8. pl. Top-boots. To stand in a bar, in a green coat, knee-cords, and tops.' Dickens. It was a kind of festive occasion and the parties were attired accordingly. Mr. Weller's tops were newly cleaned and his dress was arranged with peculiar care. Dickens. 9. In woollen manuf. the combed wool ready for the spinner, from which the noils, or shorts and dust, have been removed.10. Naut. a sort of platform, surrounding the of a cut gem which is between the girdle or extreme margin, and the table or flat face. E. H. Knight.-12. The eve or verge. [Rare.] He was upon the top of his marriage with Magdaleine the French King's daughter. Knolles. 13. A method of cheating at dice in vogue about the beginning of the eighteenth century. Both dice seemed to be put into the box, but in reality one was kept at the top of the box between the fingers of the person playing. The top of one's bent, the utmost that one's inclination and bias would permit; as, he was fooled to the top of his bent. -Top of the tree, the highest position in any profession or the like. [Slang.] I am certain to be at the top of the tree at last. highest. Setting out at top speed, he soon overtook him. Top (top), v. i. 1. To rise aloft; to be emi- The mare scarcely topped 15 hands. Lawrence. -To top over tail, to turn head over heels. Ascham.-To top up with, to finish with. What'll you drink, Mr. Gargery; at my expense, to top up with! Dickens. Top (top), v.t. pret. & pp. topped; ppr. topping. 1. To cover on the top; to cap. Mountains topp'd with snow.' Waller.-2. To rise above. A gourd climbing by the boughs twined about them, till it topp'd and covered the tree. Sir R. L'Estrange. 3. To outgo; to surpass. Shak. 4. To crop; to take off the top or upper part. Groves, being topp'd, they higher rise. Shak. Top your rose-trees a little with your knife near a leaf-bud. Evelyn. 5. To rise to the top of. Wind about till thou hast topp'd the hill. 6. To perform eminently. From endeavouring universally to top their parts, they will go universally beyond them. Jeffrey. 7. Naut. to raise one end of, as of a yard or boom, so that that end becomes higher than the other.-To top off, to complete by putting on the top or uppermost part of; as, to top off a stack of hay; hence, to finish; to complete. Top (top), n. [D. top, G. topf-perhaps same word as above, being named from whirling round on its top or point.] 1. A child's toy, shaped like a pear, made to whirl on its point by means of a string or a whip.-2. In rope-making, a conical block of wood with longitudinal grooves on its surface, in which slide the strands of the rope in the process of twisting. Toparch (top'ärk), n. [L. toparcha, from Gr. toparches, toparchos-topos, a place, and archō, to rule.] The principal man in a place or country; the governor of a toparchy. The prince and toparch of that country.' Fuller. Toparchy (top'är-ki), n. [Gr. toparchia. See above.] A little state, consisting of a few cities or towns; a petty country governed by a toparch; as, Judea was formerly divided into ten toparchies. Top-armour (top'är-mer), n. Naut. a railing on the top, supported by stanchions and equipped with netting. Topau (to'pa), n. The rhinoceros bird (Buceros rhinoceros). See HORNBILL. Topaz (to'paz), n. [Fr. topaze, L. topazus, from Gr. topazos, the yellow or oriental topaz; comp. Skr. tapus, fire. According to some the word is from Topazos, a small isle in the Arabic Gulf where the Romans obtained a stone which they called by this name, but which is the chrysolite of the moderns.] 1. A mineral, ranked by mineralogists among gems, characterized by having the lustre vitreous, transparent, translucent; the streak white; the colour yellow, white, green, blue, pale; fracture subconchoidal, uneven. Specific gravity, 3:499. It is harder than quartz. It is a silicate of aluminium, in which the oxygen is partly replaced by fluorine. It occurs massive, in imbedded and rounded crystals. The primary form of its crystal is a right rhombic prism. Fragments of topaz, exposed to heat, emit a blue, green, or yellowish phosphoric light. Topazes occur generally in primitive rocks, and in many parts of the world, as Cornwall, Scotland, Saxony, Siberia, Brazil, &c. &c. The finest varieties are obtained from the mountains of Brazil and the Uralian Mountains. Those from Brazil have deep yellow tints; those from Siberia have TOPEE a bluish tinge; the Saxon topazes are of a pale wine-yellow, and those found in the Scotch Highlands are of a sky-blue colour. The purest from Brazil, when cut in facets, closely resemble the diamond in lustre and brilliance.-2. In her. the name given to Or when borne by peers. Topazolite (to-paz'ol-it), n. [Topaz, and Gr. lithos, a stone.] A variety of precious garnet, of a topaz-yellow colour, or an olive green, found in Piedmont. Its constituents are silex, lime, iron, with slight traces of alumina, glucina, and manganese. Top-beam (top'bēm), n. The same as Collar-beam (which see). Top-block (top'blok), n. Naut. a large ironbound block hung to an eye-bolt in the cap. used in swaying and lowering the topmast Top-boots (top'böts), n. pl. Boots having tops of light-coloured leather, used chiefly for riding. Top-brim (top'brim), n. Same as Top-run. Top-chain (top'chan), n. Naut. a chain to sling the lower yards in time of action to prevent their falling when the ropes by which they are hung are shot away. Naut. a piece of Top-cloth (topkloth), n. canvas used to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the top in action. Top-coat (top'kōt), n. An upper or over coat. Top-dressing (top'dres-ing), n. A dressing of manure laid on the surface of land. Tope (top), n. [Said to be originally a Cornish word.] A fish of the shark kind, the Squalus galeus or Galeus canis, family Galeidæ. It attains a length of six feet, and is extremely troublesome to fishermen. Called also Miller's Dog and Penny-dog. Tope (top), n. [Hind.] In India, a grove or clump of trees; as, a toddy-tope; a canetope. Our camp was pitched under a fine tope of trees. W. H. Russell. Tope (top), n. [Skr. thûpa, stúpa, an accumulation, a mound, a tope.] The popular Great Tope at Sanchi, Central India. name for a species of Buddhist monument, many specimens of which occur in India and South-eastern Asia, intended for the preservation of relics or the commemoration of some event. When for the former purpose the tope is called a dagoba, when for the latter a stupa; the term tope having reference to their external shape only. The oldest topes are dome-shaped, and rest on a base either cylindrical, quadrangular, or polygonal, rising perpendicularly or in terraces. The distinctive feature of the tope is the apex structure, which is in the shape of a distended parasol and is known as a tee. A tope that has often been described is the tope at Sanchi in Central India, now in a partially ruined state. The principal building consists of a dome, somewhat less than a hemisphere, 106 feet in diameter and 42 feet in height. On the top is a flat space, in the centre of which once stood the tee. See DAGOBA, STUPA. Tope (top), v. i. [Probably a stronger form of tip; comp. to tip off, to pour out liquor; also to tip up, &c., and O. and Prov. E to top off, to empty at a draught.] To drink hard; to drink strong or spirituous liquors to excess. If you tope in form, and treat.' Dryden. But he still may tope on.' Hood. Topee (to-pe), n. In India, a covering for the head; the cork or pith helmet worn by the troops. Written also Topi Dickens. Toper (top'èr), n. TOPER One who topes or drinks to excess; a drunkard; a sot. 'I no topers envy. Cowley. Topet (top'et), n. [For toupet (Pennant calls it toupet-titmouse), from Fr. toupet, a crest, a tuft, from the German, the origin being the same as E. top.] A small bird, the crested titmouse (Parus bicolor). Top-filled (top'fild), a. Filled to the top; topful. Chapman. Topful (top'fyl), a. Full to the top or brim. 'Tis wonderful What may be wrought out of their discontent; Now that their souls are topful of offence. Shak. Topgallant (top'gal-lant), a. 1. Naut. being the third of the kind above the deck; situated above the topmast and below the royal mast; as, the topgallant mast, yards, braces, &c. Also used substantively:-Top and top-gallants. Bacon. The high top-gallant of my joy.' Shak.-2. Highest; elevated; splendid. I dare appeal to the consciences of topgallant sparks. Sir R. L'Estrange. Toph (tof), n. [L. tophus, tofus, tufa or tuff, a variety of volcanic rock of an earthy texture] 1. In surg, a soft tumour on a bone; also, a concretion in the joints. Dunglison. 2 In mineral. same as Tuf. Tophaceous (to-fa'shus), a. Pertaining to a toph or tophus; gritty; sandy; as, a tophaceous concretion. A tophaceous chalky matter. Arbuthnot. Top-hamper (topham-pér), n. Naut. any unnecessary weight, either aloft or about the top sides or upper decks. So encumbered with top-hamper, so over-weighted in proportion to their draught of water.' Motley. Top-heavy (top'he-vi), a. Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower. Top-heavy drones, and always looking down, As over-ballasted within the crown, Murt'ring betwixt their lips some mystic thing. Dryden. Tophet (to'fet), n. [Heb., lit. a place to be spit on; hence, a place of abomination, from tuph, to spit.] A place situated at the south-eastern extremity of Gehenna, or Valley of Hinnom, to the south of Jerusalem, where the idolatrous Jews worshipped the fire-gods and sacrificed their children. In consequence of these abominations the whole valley became the common laystall of the city, and symbolical of the place of torment in a future life. The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence As our high vessels pass their watery way, Prior. The topi Tophus (to'fus), n. Same as Toph. Topi (to-pe), n. Same as Topee. Topia (to'pi-a), n. [L] A fanciful style of mural decorations, generally consisting of landscapes of a very heterogeneous character, resembling those of the Chinese, much used in the Pompeian houses. Topiarian (tõ-pi-a'ri-an), a. Of, pertaining to, or practising topiary work. arian artist.' Sir W. Scott Topiary (to'pi-a-ri), a. [L. topiarius, pertaining to ornamental gardening, from topia (opera), ornamental gardening, from Gr. topos, a place ] Shaped by clipping or cutting; as, topiary work, which consists in giving all kinds of fanciful forms to arbours and thickets, trees and hedges. Though acquainted with what is called the topiary art, that of training or cutting trees into regular figures, he does not seem to run into its extravagance. Hallam. Topic (topik), n. [Fr. topiques, subjects of conversation, from L. topica, Gr. topika (pl.), the name of a work by Aristotle on the subject of topoi or commonplaces, from topos, a place, a commonplace, a topic (whence topography).] 1. In rhet. a general truth or statement applicable to a great variety of individual circumstances; a general maxim or dictum regarded as being of use in argument or oratory; thus, the proverbial 'a man is known by the company he keeps' is a kind of topic. Among the helps employed by the ancients in their favourite study of rhetoric was the collection and arrangement of a great variety of general truths or axioms, according to the several sciences or subjects to which they belonged. These the Greeks called topoi, or places, 395 or commonplaces, and considered that they might be advantageously used by public speakers in the selection and invention of arguments. The word was also used in the sense of a general head or department of thought to which any maxim belongs. These topics, or loci, were no other than general ideas applicable to a great many different subjects, which the orator was directed to consult in order to find out materials for his speech. Dr. Blair. 2. The subject of a discourse, argument, or literary composition, or the subject of any distinct portion of a discourse, &c.; the matter treated of: now the usual meaning of the word. In their sermons they were apt to enlarge on the state of the present time, and to preach against the sins of princes and courts; a topic that naturally makes men popular. Bp. Burnet. 3. [Fr. topique, from Gr. topikos, pertaining to a place, topos, a place.] In med. an external remedy; a remedy to be applied outwardly to a particular part of the body, as a plaster, a poultice, a blister, and the like. Topic, Topical (top'ik, top'ik-al), a. [Gr. topikos, pertaining to a place, or to a commonplace or topic. See above.] 1. Pertaining to a place or locality; local. 'All ye topic gods that do inhabit here.' Drayton. The men of Archenfeld in Herefordshire claimed by custom to lead the vanguard; but surely this priviledge was topical and confined to the Welsh 2. In med. pertaining to a particular part of the body; as, a topical remedy.-3. Pertaining to a topic or subject of discourse. 4. Pertaining to or proceeding from a topic or maxim; hence, merely probable, as an argument. Evidences of fact can be no more than topical and probable. Sir M. Hale. -Topical colouring, in calico-printing, a process in which the colour or mordant is applied to specific portions of the cloth forming the pattern. Topically (top'ik-al-li), adv. In a topical manner; locally; with limitation to a part: with application to a particular part; as, a remedy topically applied. To-pinch (to-pinsh'), v. t. To pinch severely. See intensive particle To. Then let them all encircle him about And, fairy-like, to-pinch the unclean knight. Shak. Top-knot (top'not), n. 1. A crest or knot of feathers upon the head or top, as of a bird; also, an ornamental knot or bow worn on the top of the head, as by women. 'A great, stout servant-girl, with cheeks as red as her top-knots.' Sir W. Scott.-2. A name of fishes of the genera Zenogopterus and Scophthalamus, family Pleuronectidæ (flatfishes), found in the British seas. Top-lantern (top'lan-térn), n. A large lantern or light in the top of a vessel; a toplight. Topless (top'les), a. 1. Having no top; very lofty. Pitch'd on the topless Apennine.' Beau. & Fl.-2. Having no superior; supreme. Shak. Sometime, great Agamemnon, Thy topless deputation he puts on. Top-light (top'lit), n. Same as Top-lantern. Top-lining (top'lin-ing), n. Naut. (a) the lining on the after part of the top-sail, to prevent the top-brim from chafing the top. sail. (b) A platform of thin board nailed upon the upper part of the cross-trees on a vessel's top. Topman (top'man), n. 1. The man who stands above in sawing; a top-sawyer.2. Naut. a man standing in the top; a tops man. Topmast (top'mast), n. Naut. the second mast from the deck, or that which is next above the lower mast, main, fore, or mizzen. Top-maul (top'mal), n. A maul kept in a ship's top, for driving out and in the fid. Topmost (top'most), a. Highest; uppermost; as, the topmost cliff; the topmost branch of a tree. Behind the valley topmost Gargarus Stands up and takes the morning. Tennyson. Topographer (to-pogʻraf-ér), n. [See ToPOGRAPHY.] One who describes a particular place, town, city, tract of land, or country; one skilled in topography. All the topographers that ever writ of... a town or country.' Howell. Dante is the one authorized topographer of the medieval hell. Milman. Topographic, Topographical (top-o-graf'ik, top-o-graf'ik-al), a. Pertaining to or consisting in topography; descriptive of a place or country. The topographic descrip TOP-SAIL tion of this mighty empire.' Sir T. Herbert. -Topographical surveying. See under SURVEYING.-Military topography, the minute description of places with special reference to their adaptability to military purposes. Topographically (top-o-graf'ik-al-li), adv. In the manner of topography. Topographist (to-pog'raf-ist), n. Same as Topographer. Topography (to-pogʻra-fl), n. [Gr. topos, place (hence topic), and graphs, to describe.] The description of a particular place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land; the detailed description of any country or region, including its cities, towns, villages, castles, &c.; the minuter features of a region or locality collectively; as, to be well acquainted with the topography of a place. Topography is distinguished from geography in being descriptive and more detailed. Topolatry (to-pol'a-tri), n. [Gr. topos, a place, and latreia, service, worship.] Worship of or excessive reverence for a place or places; adoration of a place or places. [Recent.] This little land (Palestine) became the object of a special adoration, a kind of topolatry, when the Church mounted with Constantine the throne of the Cæsars. Macmillan's Mag. Topology (to-pol'o-ji), n. [Gr. topos, a place, and logos, discourse.] The art of or method for assisting the memory by associating the objects to be remembered with some place, the parts of which are well known, as a building. Toponomy (to-pon'o-mi), n. [Gr. topos, a place, and onoma, a name.] The placenames of a country or district, or a register of such names. Ency. Brit. Topper (top'èr), n. One who tops or excels; anything superior. [Colloq.] Toppice, Tappice (top'is, tap'is), v.t. or i. [See TAPISH.] To cover; to lie hid; to hide. [Old English and Scotch.] Like a ranger, May toppice where he likes. 'Lady Alimony,' 1659. Topping (top'ing), p. and a. 1. Rising aloft; lofty; eminent. Ridges of lofty and topping mountains.' Derham.-2. Pre-eminent; surpassing; great. The toppingest shopkeepers in the city.' Tom Brown. The great and flourishing condition of some of the topping sinners of the world. South. 3. Fine; noble; gallant. The topping fellow I take to be the ancestor of the fine fellow. Tatler. Topping (top'ing), n. 1. The act of one who Shakes the old beldame earth, and topples down Toppling (top'ling), p. and a. Falling forward; ready to fall. Tall and toppling.' George Eliot. Top-proud (top'prond), a. Proud in the highest degree. This top-proud fellow.' Shak. [Rare.] Top-rail (top'rāl), n. In carp. the uppermost rail of a piece of framing or wainscoting. Top-rim (top'rim), n. Naut a thin piece of board bent round a vessel's top, giving it a finish, and covering in the ends of the cross-trees and trestle-trees, in order to prevent the top-sail from being chafed. Top-rope (top'rop), n. Naut. a rope to sway up a topmast, &c. Top-sail (top'sal), n. Naut, the second sail above the deck on any mast (main, fore, or mizzen). See SAIL.-Gaff-topsail. See under GAFF. TOPS-AND-BOTTOMS Tops-and-bottoms (tops'and-bot-omz), n. pl. Small rolls of dough baked, cut in halves, and then browned in an oven, used as food for infants. Simmonds. 'Tis said that her tops-and-bottoms were gilt. Hood. Top-sawyer (top'sa-yer), n. The sawyer See-saw is the fashion of England always, and the 396 counsel or instruction proceeding from a According to the traditional view, the Word of Je- Torc (tōrk), n. (b) A first-rate man in any line; an eminent Torch (torch), n. [Fr. torche, It. torcia, from man; an aristocrat. [Slang.] They have got a top-sawyer from London there, who addresses them every evening, and says that we have a right to four shillings a day wages, eight hours' work, and two pots of ale. Disraeli. Top-shell (top'shel), n. One of the shells of the various species of the family Turbinidæ. Topside-turvy (top-sid-tér'vi), adv. Upside down; topsy-turvy. My system turned topside-turvy." Sterne. Topsiturn (top'si-têrn), v. t. [See TOPSYTURVY.] To upset; to overthrow. By his travail topsiturneth them.' Sylvester. Topsman (tops'man), n. 1. Same as Topman, 2.-2. A chief or head cattle-drover. Top-soil (top'soil), n. The upper part or surface of the soil. Top-soiling (top'soil-ing), n. The act or art of taking off the top-soil of land, before a canal, railway, &c., is begun. Top-stone (top'ston), n. A stone that is placed on the top, or which forms the top. Topsy-turvy (top'si-tér-vi), adv. [A word of which the origin is not yet satisfactorily explained. Mr. Fitzedward Hall, after commenting on the various old spellings of it, and the different etymologies suggested, remarks: 'It seems, then, that in topsy-turvy we have the words top and set; while its latter half may or may not have originated from turn, modified so as to form a balanced jingle to its first half.'] In an inverted posture; with the top or head downward and the bottom upward; as, to turn a carriage topsy-turvy. If we without his help can make a head To push against a kingdom, with his help We shall o'erturn it topsy-turvy down. Shak. God told man what was good, but the devil surnamed it evil, and thereby turned the world topsytury, and brought a new chaos upon the whole South. creation. Topsy-turvy (top'si-tér-vi), v.t. To turn upside down; to upset. Then is it verily, as in Herr Tieck's drama, a verkehrte welt, or world topsy-turvied. Carlyle. Topsy-turvy (top'si-tér-vi), v.i. To turn upside down; to invert one's posture. The topsy-turvying course of time. Southey. Topsyturvyfication (top'si-tér-vi-fi-ka"shon), n. An upsetting; a turning upside down. [Ludicrous.] 'Valentine' was followed by Lelia,.. a regular topsyturvyfication of morality. Thackeray. Top-tackle (top'tak-1), n. Naut. a large tackle hooked to the lower end of the topmast top-rope and to the deck. Top-timber (top'tim-bêr), n. Naut, one of the highest timbers in the side of a vessel. -Long top-timber, the timber above each of the first futtocks.-Short top-timber, the timber above each of the second futtocks. Toque (tok), n. [Fr., a cap, Sp. toca, It. tocca; from the Celtic; Armor. tôk, W. toc, a hat or bonnet.] 1. A kind of bonnet or head-dress. His velvet toque stuck... upon the side of his head.' Motley. Mrs. Briggs forthwith mounted a toque, with all the patterns of the kaleidoscope. Dickens. 2. A name given to the bonnet-macaque Toquet (to'kā), n. Same as Toque. L.L. tortia, from L. torqueo, tortus, to twist, They light the nuptial torch. Milton. It is clearly his (Mr. Swinburne's) belief that he has TORMENTIL with Latin termination.] Growing in bogs Torgant, a. In her. see TARGANT and TOR- Torgoch (tor'goch), n. [W., lit. red-belly- Torify (to'ri-fi), v.t. To make a Tory of; to convert to conservatism. [Humorous.] him. He is liberalizing them instead of their torifying Sir G. C. Lewis. Torilis (to'ri-lis), n. [Derivation uncertain.] A genus of umbelliferous plants, the species of which are known by the name of hedgeparsley. They are herbaceous, mostly annual plants with much-divided leaves covered with short adpressed hairs. The general involucre is one- to five-leaved, and the involucel many-leaved. The calyx has five triangular-lanceolate acute persistent teeth, and the petals are obcordate with an inflexed point, the outer ones radiant and bifid. The fruit is laterally compressed, the carpels having five bristly primary ridges, and four intermediate ones occupying the whole of the interstices, and covered with numerous The species are indigenous in Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Treas. of prickles. Torch-bearer (torch'bär-èr), n. One whose Fair Jessica shall be my torch-bearer. Shak. Torchert (torch'èr), n. One that gives light Ere twice the horses of the sun shall bring torch or of torches. Shak. Statilius show'd the torch-light. Torch-staff (torch'staf), n. The staff of a The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks Shak. Torcular (tor'kû-lėr), n. [L., from torqueo, Tordylium (tor-dí'li-um), n. [Gr. tordylion.] Bot. Torment (tor'ment), n. [0. Fr. torment, Mod. Fr. tourment; from L. tormentum, an engine for hurling missiles, a rack, torture, lit. an engine of which twisting is a characteristic, from torqueo, tortum, to twist (whence torture, which see).] 1. Extreme pain; anguish; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind; torture. The more I see Pleasures about me, so much more I feel Not sharp revenge, not hell itself, can find They brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseases and torments. Mat. iv. 24. 3. An engine of war for casting stones or darts. All torments of war, which we call engines, were Art thou come hither to torment us before the 2. To pain; to distress; to afflict. 3. To tease; to vex; to harass; as, to be tor- Milton. Then, soaring on main wing. Tormented all the air. Tormenter (tor-ment'èr), n. One who or that which torments; a tormentor. Tormentful (torʼment-ful), a. Causing torment. [Rare.] Malice, and envy, and revenge are unjust passions, and in what nature soever they are, they are as veratious and tormentful to itself as they are troublesome and mischievous to others. Tillotson. Tore (tor), n. [Comp. W. tór, a break, a Torfaceous (tor-fa'shus), a. [From turf, Common Tormentil (Termentilla erecto). men-til'la), n. [Fr. tormentille, It. tormentilla, from L. tormentum, pain-because it is said to allay the pain of the toothache ] TORMENTING A genus of plants, nat order Rosacea, by most botanists included under Potentilla (which see). Common tormentil (Tormentilla erecta or Potentilla Tormentilla) is common in Britain in heathy or waste places, and over the greater part of Europe. Its large woody roots are sometimes used medicinally as an astringent and also in tanning leather. It has small yellow flowers. Tormenting (tor-ment'ing), p. and a. Causing torment; as, a tormenting pain. Tormentingly (tor-ment'ing-li), adv. In a tormenting manner, in a manner tending to produce distress or anguish. Tormentor (tor-ment'èr), n. 1. One who or that which torments; one who inflicts penal anguish or tortures. Let his formentor, conscience, find him out. Milton. 2. In agri, an instrument for reducing a stiff soil. It is somewhat like a harrow, but runs on wheels, and each tine is furnished with a hoe or share that enters and cuts up the ground. Tormentress (tor-ment'res), n. A female who torments. Fortune ordinanly cometh after to whip and punish them, as the scourge and tormentress of honour. Holland. Tormina (tor'mi-na), n. pl. [L.] Severe griping pains in the bowels; gripes; colic. Torminous (tor'mi-nus), a. Affected with tormina; characterized by tormina; griping. Torn (torn), pp. of tear. Same Tornado (tor-na'dó), n. pl. Tornadoes (torna'dōz) (Pg., from tornar, to turn. origin as turn.] A violent whirling wind, or a tempest: more especially applied to those whirlwind hurricanes prevalent in the West Indies and on the western coast of Africa about the time of the equinoxes, and in the Indian Ocean about the changes of the monsoons. It is, however, frequently applied to any tempest or hurricane, and in this sense may be looked upon as signifying, in reference to the localities above named, what typhoon means in the seas of China and the Eastern Archipelago. Tornadoes are usually accompanied with severe thunder, lightning, and torrents of rain; but they are of short duration and limited in area. Tornatellidæ (tor-na-tel'li-dě), n. pl. [L. tornatus, turned in a lathe.] A family of molluscs belonging to the tectibranchiate section of the order Opisthobranchiata, and distinguished from all the other members of the order by their regularly spiral external shell. The typical genus is Tornatella. They are closely allied to the Bullidæ, or bubbleshells. Torne,tv.t. To turn. Chaucer. Torneament (tor'né-a-ment), n. Tournament. Milton Torosity (to-ros′i-ti), n. The state of being torous. Torous, Torose (tõrʼus, tõr'ōs), a. [L. torosus, from torus, a round swelling place, a protuberance. ] 1. In bot. protuberant; swelling in knobs, like the veins and muscles; as, a torous pericarp.-2. In zool. swelling, as a surface, into protuberances or knobs. Torpedinidæ (tor-pe-din'i-dē), n. pl. A family of fishes of which the genus Torpedo is the type. See TORPEDO. Torpedinous (tor-pe'din-us), a. Of or belonging to the torpedoes; resembling a torpedo; exerting a benumbing influence. Fishy were his eyes, torpedinous was his manner. De Quincey. Torpedo (tor-pe’do), n. pl. Torpedoes (torpe doz). [L, from torpeo, to be stiff, numb, or torpid] 1. An elasmobranchiate fish, allied to the rays, forming the type of the family Torpedinidæ, which are noted for their power of discharging electric shocks Spotted Torpedo (T. narke). when irritated. The family is distinguished by the body being rounded in front, the back being also round and destitute of scales. The tail fin is three-cornered in shape, and the teeth are pointed; the edges of the spirales or breathing apertures are serrated. The torpedoes occur in typical perfection 397 in the Mediterranean (including the common torpedo or Torpedo vulgaris, and T. narke) and in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, stray specimens being now and again found on the British coasts. The fish may sometimes measure 4 feet long, and weigh from 60 to 70 lbs. It owes its remarkable electric power to two special organs, which consist of two masses placed on each side of the head, and consisting each of numerous vertical gelatinous columns, separated by membranous septa, and richly furnished with nervous filaments derived from the nervi vagi, or eighth pair of nerves, the entire apparatus presenting a resemblance to the voltaic battery. The production of electricity by these fishes is readily enough explicable, on the ground of the conversion of an equivalent of nerve force into electric force through the medium of the electric organ; just as, under other circumstances, nerve force is converted into motion through the muscles. The power of the discharge varies with the health and size of the fish; but there is little doubt of the exceedingly potent nature of the apparatus, especially under excitement. The numbing power of the torpedo was well known to the Greeks and Romans. It also receives the names of Cramp-fish and Numbing-fish. The torpedo, or cramp-fish, came to hand; a fish, if Pliny writes truth, that by hiding itself with mud and dirt catches lesser fish very strangely; for, by his frigidity he benumbs such fish as swim over or lodge near him, and so preys upon them. Sir T. Herbert. 2. A term applied to two distinct classes of submarine destructive agents used in war, namely, torpedoes proper, which are propelled against an enemy's ship; and more or less stationary chambers or mines, placed where a hostile vessel would be likely to come in contact with them. Of the first class. called also offensive torpedoes, there are three principal types: (a) the 'locomotive,' of which the Whitehead is the best known form; (b) the 'towing' torpedo of Captain Harvey; and (c) the 'spar' or 'outrigger' torpedo. The Whitehead, or fish torpedo, may be described as being a cigar-shaped vessel, varying from 14 to 19 feet in length, and from 14 to 16 inches in diameter. It is Whitehead Torpedo. made of specially prepared steel, and is divided into three compartments; the head contains the gun-cotton which forms its charge and the fuse for exploding it when it comes in contact with a vessel. The central part contains the engines by which it is propelled, and which are worked by compressed air, a sufficient supply of which for driving the torpedo the required distance is stored in the third, or tail compartment. The propeller is a three-bladed screw, which can move the largest sized torpedoes at a speed of 24 knots for the distance of 220 yards, the distance of 1000 yards being reached at a slower rate of progress. By means of a horizontal balance rudder it can be made to sink and to remain during its run at any required distance below the surface of the water, so that it may be discharged from the deck of a ship or from a tube opening into the sea below the water line. At close quarters this is a very destructive weapon against ironclad vessels, striking them beneath their armour. The Harvey torpedo is constructed to be pulled through the water something in the fashion of a ship's log. It is of such a form as to pull the line out at a considerable angle to the keel of the towing vessel, which endeavours to manœuvre so as to draw the torpedo under the stern of an enemy, and explode it on contact by a trigger bolt. The spar or outrigger torpedo consists simply of a metal case containing the explosive substance (gunpowder, gun-cotton, dynamite, &c.). and fitted with a fuse constructed so that it can be fired at pleasure, or exploded by contact with a ship's side. It is screwed on to a long spar, which is usually fixed in the bow of a swift boat or steam-launch, which endeavours to reach and push the TORQUE Sta torpedo against the hostile vessel. tionary or defensive torpedoes, such as one placed in channels or coasts to prevent the approach of the enemy's vessels, usually consist of a strong metal case containing an effective explosive, such as gun-cotton, &c., and having a fuse or cap which will explode the charge on the slightest contact; or the explosion may be effected by means of electricity, the operator firing it at will from the shore.-3. A name sometimes applied to various other explosive agents, such as a shell buried in the path of a storming party, having a percussion or friction device which explodes the charge when the ground over the torpedo is trod on; a fog-signal laid on the metals of a railway and exploded by the wheels of a passing train; a kind of firework or toy in the shape of a small ball, which explodes on being dashed against a hard object. Torpedo-boat, Torpedo-vessel (tor-pē’dōbot, tor-pe'dō-ves-el), n. A vessel carrying one or more torpedoes, and exploding them against another vessel. The torpedo-boat is usually a small, swift steamer, lying low in the water, and meant to approach the enemy either by surprise or under the cover of darkness. See TORPEDO, 2. Torpent (tor'pent), a. [L. torpens, torpentis, ppr. of torpeo, to be numb.] Having no motion or activity; incapable of motion; benumbed; torpid. A comprehensive expedient to assist the frail and torpent memory." Evelyn. Torpent (tor pent), n. A medicine that diminishes the exertion of the irritative motions. Torpescence (tor-pes'ens), n. The state of being torpescent; a becoming torpid, insensible, or benumbed. Torpescent (tor-pes'ent), a. [L. torpescens. torpescentis, ppr. of torpesco, to grow stiff or numb, inchoative from torpeo, to be numb.] Becoming torpid or numb, or incapable of motion or feeling. Of gold tenacious, their torpescent soul Torpid (tor'pid), a. [L. torpidus, from torpeo, to be numb, motionless; connected with A. Sax. theorf, unfermented.] 1. Having lost motion or the power of exertion and feeling; numb; as, a torpid limb. Without heat all things would be torpid. Ray. 2. Dull; stupid; sluggish; inactive; as, the mind as well as the body becomes torpid by indolence. Torpid (tor'pid), n. A second-class racingboat at Oxford, corresponding to the slogger of Cambridge. [University slang.] D. was bent on training some of the torpids for next year. Macmillan's Mag. Torpidity (tor pid'i-ti), n. 1. The state of being torpid; numbness. Torpidness may amount to total insensibility or loss of sensation.-2. Dulness; inactivity; sluggishness; stupidity. 'Genius likely to be lost in obscurity, or chilled to torpidity in the cold atmosphere of extreme indigence.' Dr. Knox. Torpidly (tor'pid-li), adv. manner; numbly; dully. Torpidness (torpid-nes), n. pidity. The exercise of this faculty.. and torpidness. In a torpid Same as Tor keeps it from rust Sir M. Hale. Torpify (tor'pi-fi), v. t. pret. & pp. torpified; ppr. torpifying. [L. torpeo, to be torpid, and facio, to make.] To make torpid, dull, insensible, or stupid. (Sermons) are not harmless if they for pify the understanding. Southey. Torpitude (tor'pi-tūd), n. State of being torpid; torpidity; torpidness. (Insects) able to exist in a kind of torpitude or sleeping state without any food at all.' Derham. Torpor (tor'por), n. [L. 1. Loss of motion or of the power of motion; torpidity; numbness; inactivity. Torpor may amount to a total loss of sensation or complete insensibility. It may, however, be applied to the state of a living body, or any part of it, which has not lost all power of feeling and motion. 2. Dulness; laziness; sluggishness; stupidity. Torporific (tor-po-rif'ik), a. [L. torpor, and facio, to make.] Tending to produce torpor. Torquated (tor'kwat-ed), a. Having or wearing a torque. Torque (tork), n. [From L. torques, a twisted neck-chain, from torqueo, to twist] In archæol. a personal ornament worn by certain ancient nations, as by the ancient Britons, Gauls, and Germans. It consisted of a stiff collar, formed of a number of gold |