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the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

SECTION 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or holding any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

SECTION 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

SECTION 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen original States in the following order:

Delaware, December 7, 1787, unanimously.
Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787, vote 46 to 23.
New Jersey, December 18, 1787, unanimously.
Georgia, January 2, 1788, unanimously.
Connecticut, January 9, 1788, vote 128 to 40.
Massachusetts, February 6, 1788, vote 187 to 168.
Maryland, April 28, 1788, vote 63 to 12.
South Carolina, May 23, 1788, vote 149 to 73.
New Hampshire, June 21, 1788, vote 57 to 46.
Virginia, June 25, 1788, vote 89 to 79.
New York, July 26, 1788, vote 30 to 28.

North Carolina, November 21, 1789, vote 193 to 75.
Rhode Island, May 29, 1790, vote 34 to 32.

RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENTS.

I. to X. inclusive were declared in force December 15, 1791. XI. was declared in force January 8, 1798.

XII., regulating elections, was ratified by all States except Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, which rejected it. It was declared in force September 28, 1804.

XIII., the emancipation amendment, was ratified by 31 of the 36 States; rejected by Delaware and Kentucky, not acted on by Texas; conditionally ratified by Alabama and Mississippi. Proclaimed December 18, 1865.

XIV., reconstruction amendment, was ratified by 23 Northern States; rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States, and not acted on by California. The 10 Southern States subsequently ratified under pressure. Proclaimed July 28, 1868

XV., negro citizenship amendment, was not acted upon by Tennessee; rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky, Mary. land, New Jersey, and Oregon; ratified by the remaining 30 States. New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 1870. Proclaimed March 30, 1870.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

For an exhaustive bibliography of the period covered by this volume, see Vol. VII. of Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America.

GENERAL HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS, 1783-1817.

George Bancroft: History of the United States. (Vol. VI. of the author's last revision, 1783-89.)

George T. Curtis : Constitutional History of the United States, Vol. I. (1783-89). (Originally published in 2 vols., and entitled A History of the Constitution.)

John Fiske: Critical Period of American History (1783-89). James Schouler: History of the United States, Vols. I. and II. (1783-1817).

John B. McMaster: History of the People of the United States, Vols. I.-III. (1784-1812).

Richard Hildreth; History of the United States, Vols. III.-VI. (1773-1821).

George Tucker: History of the United States, Vols. I.-III.

Timothy Pitkin: Political and Civil History of the United States (1763-1797), 2 volumes.

George Gibbs: Administrations of Washington and John Adams, 2 volumes.

Tench Coxe: A View of the United States of America (17871794).

Adam Seybert: Statistical Annals (1789-1818).

A. Bradford History of the Federal Government (1789-1839).
H. von Holst: History of the United States, Vol. I. (1750-1832).
Henry Adams: History of the United States (1801-1817), 9 vol-

umes.

Histories of the War of 1812 by C. J. Ingersoll, 4 volumes; B. J. Lossing: Theodore Roosevelt (naval).

Edward Stanwood: History of Presidential Elections.

The articles on American History in Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science, etc. (3 volumes), especially those by Alexander Johnston; most of them are accompanied by bibliographical references.

WORKS OF A LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL CHARACTER.

John Fiske: Civil Government in the United States (elementary). T. M. Cooley: Principles of Constitutional Law.

Joseph Story: Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, 2 volumes.

J. I. C. Hare: American Constitutional Law, 2 volumes.

H. von Holst: Constitutional Law of the United States.
J. C. Hurd: Theory of our National Existence.

B. J. Sage: The Republic of Republics.

J. A. Jameson: Treatise on Constitutional Conventions.

J. F. Jameson (editor): Essays on the Constitutional History of the United States (1775-1789).

C. E. Stevens: Sources of the Constitution of the United States. P. L. Ford (editor): Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States (1787-1788).

P. L. Ford (editor): Essays on the Constitution of the United States (1787-1788).

And particularly The Federalist (Editions by Dawson, Lodge, and others).

S. F. Miller: Lectures on the Constitution of the United States.
H. L. Carson: History of the Celebration of the 100th Anniver
sary of the Promulgation of the Constitution, 2 volumes.
H. L. Carson: The Supreme Court of the United States, 2 vol-

umes.

Francis Wharton: State Trials of the United States during the Administration of Washington and John Adams.

Constitutional History of the United States as Seen in the Development of American Law. Lectures by T. M. Cooley, H. Hitchcock, and others.

WORKS.

George Washington, edited by Jared Sparks, 12 volumes; by W. C. Ford, 14 volumes.

Benjamin Franklin, edited by Jared Sparks, 10 volumes; by John Bigelow, 10 volumes.

Alexander Hamilton, edited by J. C. Hamilton, 7 volumes; by
H. C. Lodge, 9 volumes.

Thomas Jefferson, edited by H. A. Washington, 9 volumes; by
P. L. Ford, 10 volumes (now in course of publication).
John Adams, edited by C. F. Adams, 10 volumes.
John Jay, edited by H. P. Johnston, 4 volumes.

Albert Gallatin, edited by Henry Adams, 3 volumes.

Diary and Letters of Gouverneur Morris, edited by Anne C. Mor. ris, 2 volumes.

Memoirs of J. Q. Adams, edited by C. F. Adams, Volumes I.-III. (12 volumes in all).

Papers of James Madison, 3 volumes.

Letters and other Writings of James Madison, 4 volumes.

Writings of John Marshall (some of his most important opinions as Chief Justice).

Fisher Ames, edited by Seth Ames, 2 volumes.

BIOGRAPHIES.

George Washington, by John Marshall, 5 volumes; Washington Irving, 5 volumes; Jared Sparks; H. C. Lodge, 2 volumes. Alexander Hamilton, by J. C. Hamilton, 2 volumes; J. T. Morse, 2 volumes; H. C. Lodge; W. G. Sumner.

John Adams, by J. Q. and C. F. Adams, 2 volumes; John T. Morse.

Thomas Jefferson, by H. S. Randall, 3 volumes; George Tucker, 2 volumes; James Parton; John T. Morse; James Schouler; Sarah N. Randolph.

James Madison, by W. C. Rives, 3 volumes; S. H. Gay.

Samuel Adams, by W. V. Wells, 3 volumes; J. K. Hosmer.

Patrick Henry, by W. W. Henry, 3 volumes (including correspondence and speeches); M. C. Tyler.

Gouverneur Morris, by Jared Sparks, 3 volumes (with selections from his writings); Theodore Roosevelt.

Benjamin Franklin, by Jared Sparks; James Parton, 2 volumes; J. T. Morse; J. B. McMaster.

John Jay, by William Jay, 2 volumes; George Pellew; W. Whitelock.

Robert Morris, by W. G. Sumner, 2 volumes (Financier and Finances of the American Revolution).

Timothy Pickering, by O. Pickering and C. W. Upham, 4 volumes.

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