حرم Chairman Work and by lack of utternce, thus far, of Mr. Hoover. Goveror Smith, by bringing both to the front, foolhardy-or sagacious beyond the ace of present-day politicians. The elecon will tend to prove, among other hings, whether caution or candor is the better political strategy. There is, however, caution in what may appear to be Governor Smith's ashness. He has avoided committing himself to a McNary-Haugen Bill. Comparatively few farmers have ever believed whole-heartedly in McNaryHaugenism. Many of those who have favored it have done so because, beyond the recommendations of a conference at the beginning of the Harding Administration, nothing else at all comprehensive was offered. Voluutary Compulsion PRACTICALLY all postmasters in Georgia make regular contributions, most of them paying monthly, to the Republican State organization. This fact was proved before the Senate investigating committee in session in Atlanta by introduction of a card index showing names and sums paid. John W. Martin, treasurer of the Republican State Committee, and Ben J. Davis, secretary of the State Committee and until recently Republican National Committeeman from Georgia, admitted on the witness-stand that contributions have been received from practically all postmasters. They insisted, however, that postmasters contribute voluntarily and wholly without solicitation. They were unable to explain how it came about that every postmaster's contribution was in direct ratio to the salary of his office. Senators Brookhart and Locher are directing the work of the Senate subdirecting the work of the Senate subcommittee. Probably these Senators, one from Iowa and the other from Ohio, do not know the story of the Negro farm-hand who, chaffed by other Negro farm-hands because he could not loaf around the general store on Saturday afternoons, said that he did not have to work on Saturday unless he wanted to— but that if he kept his job he had to want to. Compulsory voluntary contributions are not paradoxical in Southern Republican politics. Hoover's Handicap in the South CONDITIONS Similar to, if possibly less flagrant than, those in process of revelation in Georgia have been an important contributing cause through the past five decades to keeping the South solidly Democratic. Men in charge of Republican organizations in Southern States have frequently had fat-frying concessions which they would have lost if their States had by any chance gone RepubliLeaders of Republican organizations have had a greater pecuniary interest than Democratic leaders in keeping the Southern States Democratic. can. This situation is today the greatest handicap to Mr. Hoover's chances in the South, a condition which may be counted upon to offset a considerable part of the disaffection which is said to exist toward Governor Smith. Many practical Republican leaders in the South do not even now want to see their States go Republican. The Republican President-or Republican candidate-who finally cleans up this mess will be the benefactor, not merely of his party, but of his country. Perhaps it is too much to expect that a candidate, with all the limitations that are imposed upon him, will or can put a stop to the frying of malodorous fat. But there are signs not wholly unhopeful. Ben Davis, for instance, is no longer Republican National Committeeman from Georgia, though he is still secretary of the State Republican Commit tee. George E. Chamberlain THERE passed with the death of former Senator George E. Chamberlain, of Oregon, one of the tragic figures of our World War period-one of those who, having sat among the confidential advisers of Woodrow Wilson, finally had the outer door barred against them. Senator Chamberlain was Chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs when the war came on. He was one of the leaders in putting through in record time President Wilson's remarkable program of war measures. No man in either house of Congress rendered more efficient service during that period. Later on, Senator Chamberlain said in a speech in New York that "the War Department has ceased to function." He cited specific reasons for his belief. This came at a time when, as a fact, the War Department had fairly begun to function. There was never any explanation as to why Senator Chamberlain made the statement. course now. The Chinese Nationalists are seeking th President of the United States honore him by offering a United States war-shi to convey his body home. In Mexic thousands of workmen stood for fiv minutes in silent prayer in honor o heroic aviator. America by the tribute of its greatest airmen recognize hi spirit when to describe him they use the words "modest," "unassuming "courageous gentleman," and whe President pointed out that his chara ter united the qualities of daring an The Outlook's Washington correspon- enough to make withdrawal the wiser ing a day of national mourning dent was at that time in a position of close relationship with the Oregon Senator. He believes that the Senator deeply regretted the incident. But when PresiIdent Wilson asked him if he had not been misquoted Senator Chamberlain disdained to place the blame, as other men have done, on the newspaper reporters. His relationship with the President was ended and the break was shortly to terminate his career in the Senate, but he remained a stanch defender of most of the Wilson policies. When shortly When shortly afterwards there was a resignation from the Cabinet and many public men in Washington were criticising the President, Senator Chamberlain declared that "Wilson was righteously justified in kicking that fellow out." When Harding came to the White House, Chamberlain received one of those pitiable political rewards that were doled out to Democrats not in the good graces of the preceding Administration. He accepted, but resigned in a little while and ended his days laboriously practicing law in Washington. Between Acts in China WITHIN the Great Wall, having made themselves masters in the eighteen provinces of the great land stretching from Canton on the south to Peking on the north, the Chinese Nationalists are deliberating whether to try to push their power farther into Manchuria. Japan has warned them not to carry civil warfare into this region where she claims a special interest and where the youthful son of the dead dictator Chang Tso-Lin holds sway in Mukden under her protection. The Nationalists are said to be planning an expedition to clear the Mukden troops out of the Chahar and Sehol zones. They naturally want to hold Manchuria, where the population is overwhelmingly Chinese, as part of China; and they hope that in this way two of the three Manchurian provinces -Heilungkiang and Kirin-would come to their side, leaving the younger Chang's province of Fengtien to follow later. They can hardly envisage an open conflict with the Japanese. Japan has meanwhile ordered home her forces from Shantung Province, where she sent troops to protect her subjects and their property during the civil war, and where they clashed with the Nationalists at Tsinanfu. She is demanding apologies and indemnities for lives lost and damages suffered then; but has decided that her people are safe Venizelos Again Rules Greece RUMORS of a general strike and a naval Greece," emerged from a retirement of The Finance Minister resigned. The tuting the majority rule for proportional Mourned by Two Nations In his tragic death as well as in his he- Mexico honored Carranza by declar common sense. By the best judges who have studie the reason of Carranza's crash in Ne Jersey the first belief that the dis was caused by a stroke of lightning greatly doubted; the more ten theory seems to be that, overwhel sudden darkness and terrible storm, tried to land, but was dashed down in the trees. No possible fault attaches him. Nature in her most savage mod is not to be withstood by human skil courage. Junk ASSISTANT ATTORNEY-GENERAL TI OTHY J. SHEA, in charge of the ar of Securities of the New York Attorne General's office, estimates that the St investors have lost a billion dollars sin the war in "unlisted securities," stoc and bonds which do not enjoy tradi or t privileges on the Stock Exchange Curb Market. As a curb on the bution of worthless securities, he mends the formation of a third mark Nearly every organized excha trad vestigates all issues applying for privileges, and, while not guara the value of those admitted, it c toriously irresponsible companies least bar offerings of fraudulent and T unlisted market is open to whatever ju any one wants to put into it. Wheth or not the value of such junk amounted to as much as a billion dolla in the last ten years, it is obvious th market without the power of rejection completely effective discipline will be depository for plainly undesirable of ings. The third organized exchange p posed by Mr. Shea would widen area into which investors could vent with moderate safety, but it would close the unlisted market. Because of small outstanding supply, or for other reasons, there always will be leg imate securities which can change has only "over the counter," and, m with them, will be the junk. Th and the educational programs of d by FRANCE'S FLOATING AIR-FIELD One of the huge airplane carriers that took part in the recent French naval review off Le Havre INGLED with rejoicing at the safety of embers of the Italia's party and of me of the rescuers who have themElves been stranded we have now a tearer impression of the tragedy and of e all but mortal suffering of the surfavors. Most heartrending of all is the ory of the three men who left Nobile's randed party and tried to reach help the others. The horror is intensified the fact that false and emotional reorts had pictured the two Italians of is detachment (Mariano and Zappi) as aving devotedly stayed for many days the dead body of their Swedish comde, Dr. Finn Malmgren, scientist and rctic expert. Later there came from compass, requested us to give it to his mother. We plodded on slowly and in twenty-four hours were only 100 meters from Malmgren. We saw Malmgren raise his head. Hoping that, driven by hunger, he would go on with us, we waited. Realizing this, Malmgren cried: "Go! Go! At the price of my life you'll save all." We marched on, suffering great privation. One mile from Brock Island Mariano became blind, and again we drifted with the ice. During our wanderings we saw six airplanes only about a mile distant, but none save Chukhnovsky (Russian aviator aboard the Krassin) saw us, despite our frantic signals. For twelve days we did not eat anything. Mariano felt death approaching at the sight of Chukhnovsky's plane and begged me to place his body aboard the plane after death, should the flier land. The Krassin has not reached the base foscow a positive statement sent from ship, the Citta di Milano, at this writing. Krassin by the head of the Soviet lief party on the ice-breaker, Profesor Samoilovich, who reported Zappi's arrative in Zappi's own words. We give entire as of world-wide interest: In our march landward we suffered untold privation. For days we drifted on floating ice. Several miles southeast of Brock Island Malmgren was unable to march on and told us to go ahead and take all the provisions. Before leaving, Malmgren asked us to dig a grave in the ice, and he lay down. Quietly he stretched out his hand, bidding us adieu, and, handing us his July 25, 1928 She has on board the two members of the Malmgren party, five members of the party from which Nobile had already been rescued, and Chukhnovsky and four other aviators who located the Malmgren party in a flight from the Krassin but had to make a forced landing at Cape Platen. Two members of the Sora expedition, which tried to reach the remnant of the Nobile party, have been rescued by a Finnish plane. Still unlocated are the great Norwegian explorer Amundsen and his party. Hopes are entertained that they may be found in the search of the Krassin for those men of Nobile's party who were carried away by the Italia after the cabin containing Nobile and others was shorn off. Some ill feeling has been expressed in Russia and Sweden against the two Italians who "deserted" Dr. Malmgren, but, as they say, at his own urgent request. It is evident that the entire history of the Italia flight and disaster must be thoroughly sifted and all its living members and all the rescuers questioned in detail, not only to settle charges and countercharges, but to throw light on polar research and aviation, It is now two months since the Italia crashed, and there are still men in peril and news to be gathered. The Duce Fights Malaria THERE seem to be several things that a dictator can do more efficiently than a parliament. Mussolini has all but wiped out the Mafia-a feat deemed quite impossible when Marion Crawford was writing "Corleone" not so many years ago. Now the dictator is pressing forward war against another pest of Italy malaria; to uproot it means not only to improve health but to raise standards of living and to open for cultivation enormous tracts of heretofore unlivable country. Great strides have been made in the last two years in Italy's anti-malaria campaign. Two and a half million acres have already been reclaimed; plans are on foot for saving at least as large an area. Not far from a twelfth of Italian Underwood & Underwood TO INVADE HOLLAND The American Olympic team leaving for Amsterdam aboard the President Roosevelt soil has been or will be rescued and improved. The human side of this vast undertaking is as important as its economic side is valuable. The conditions in the past among those who tried to live in the malarious regions were all but indescribably degrading and filthy. Thanks to quinine, malarial fever has vastly decreased; the so-called "Roman fever" has become a legend; Italy consumes thirty tons of quinine a year-it is given away or sold at very low prices by the Government-and as the swamps are reclaimed it is safe to say that the mortality rate and the consumption of quinine will go down in proportion. Flappers and Peeresses THERE seems to be a rivalry for publicity between England's flappers and her peeresses. Properly a flapper is a fluttering young thing, but in today's talk she is a woman between twenty-one and thirty. She wants the vote now denied her, and she is going to get it. The revolt of the peeresses-that is, those women who are peeresses in their own right-is for seats in the House of Lords. They have tried for it two or three times, and came close to success; now they say that if the flappers win the peeresses certainly must have a House of Lords and Ladies. Why the one thing should be supposed to balance the other is beyond American ken. There are eighteen peeresses in their own right-not to count four Scottish peeresses, who in fact don't count-one duchess (the Duchess of Fife), two viscountesses, two countesses, and thirteen baronesses. Oddly enough, one baroness (Baroness Ravensdale) is the sister of Lady Cynthia Mosley, the Socialist, who hopes for a seat in the House of Commons and openly regrets her possession of a title. Baroness Ravensdale, on the other hand, is a proponent of seats for ladies. Both sisters are half-American by descent, daughters of Viscount Curzon, who married Mary Leiter. Baroness Ravensdale, the other day, spoke at the yearly service at Runnymede in honor of Magna Charta and said, "I am proud of being in the ranks of those very barons who gave us our rights." Morbid Missionaries A PSYCHIATRIST has come back from China to tell the National Committee for Mental Hygiene that there is an unusual amount of mental disturbances prevalent among the missionaries in that country. Dr. J. L. McCartney, who brings the report, has been studying mental diseases at the Peking Union Medical College and, as visiting psychiatrist, at St. Luke's Hospital, Shanghai. P He reports that out of 203 worke invalided home from a single mission, 2 per cent were tagged as "neurasthenic 8.8 per cent as "insane," and 2.9 cent as suffering from other neuroses. It is customary, says Dr. McCart to place the blame for these condi on the food, the weather, the econom situation, and the natives. He dis of such diagnoses as "rationalization people out of adjustment with their vironment and unaware of the psych logical sources of their difficulties. He finds that most missionaries sponded to the "call" during the im sionable period of adolescence, young people are naturally suscepti religious fanaticism. Many of them away from home for the first time. So are out there because a girl or a boy home preferred another lover, times it is because life on Main Str had become humdrum. "On arriving on the foreign mi field," the report continues, "the ⚫ worker finds himself or herself in a tally foreign moral environment, with radically divergent system of sexual personal ethics. The possibilities for stimulation and gratification of the ual side of the psychic Occidental more numerous in the Orient, and continual flaunting of the erotic ma its impression on the unstable person ity. If he evades it, he callouses his ture; if he succumbs to its wiles, erodes him. In either case he may thrown into a morbid mental conditi "Many of the young missionaries fer from the desire to be free from dictates of a narrow moral standard, missi the intolerant attitude of many toward their workers tends to br down the morale of the strongest and women. "The responsibility placed upon yo men and women American missiona often is colossal. The feeling that t relating to their... work, that the are the final court of appeals in mat few to whom they can go for hel counsel, . . . may necessitate a psy neurotic escape. Naturally, such p tend to become hypersensitive and bic, or, what is more common, supe tively egotistical. Dr. McCartney advises mission to choose their personnel more car "The question of the ability newcomer to withstand the foreign vironment is one of no small mome he observes, "when it is realized tha failure to adjust means wasted ab and that the hundreds of dollars pended in sending out such an ur to personality might just as well have been omas thrown away." Ed ૧૩ inate says weather natives the sy Raising the Cost of Credit FOR the third time this year, Federal Reserve banks have raised rediscount rates, thereby indirectly raising the cost of all credit. The latest increases have been from 42 to 5 per cent. Sometimes the reasons for these changes are not entirely clear, but the last two raises certainly, and probably the first, this year have been aimed at the stock market. At least as many of the public as even lance at the financial pages know the aim of the Federal Reserve authorities, but the grounds for their action have been widely misunderstood. The authorities may well have felt that further pyramiding of prices might set the stage for a terrific reaction, but they would Le have hesitated to intervene solely to preent the psychological unsettlement that thewould follow the pricking of a specularive bubble. As guardians of commerce W and industry, however, they have been fully justified in trying to wring out of the stock market the abnormally large supply of credit which it has been using. With the crop-moving season close at and and industrial activity picking up, (an increasing amount of this credit will needed for legitimate business. By Costing the price of loans, the Reserve uthorities hope to make the stock marpet disgorge. If the speculative community does cut down its borrowings materially, the Fedal Reserve System presumably will be only too glad to reduce its rediscount tates. At their present levels they not nly raise the expenses of the average business man, but they threaten to bring back here the gold which other countries eed and which we do not want. But the authorities believe that the necessity reducing the swollen total of brokers' ans as quickly as possible overrides ther considerations. If the present reiscount rates do not accomplish this purpose, they probably will go still higher. gnorance Breeds Disease WHY should Great Britain have more than twice as many cases of smallpox in the year 1927 as the whole of Contiental Europe? That is what the Health Commission of the League of Nations (C) Keystone HELEN WILLS IN ENGLAND where she carrried off the victory at Wimbledon in the women's tennis singles ease conditions is: Opposition to vacci- There never was a clearer case of Sometimes one feels that ignorance Helium Without Red Tape HELIUM, until recently husbanded by Not that there has been an absolute has just reported; 14,931 in Great Brit- scarcity of helium, for it is contained to ain, 6,841 in the rest of Europe, and so far in 1928 there have been 7,000 cases Great Britain. the extent of one part in about 150 in The answer generally accepted by trouble which has made helium scarce is July 25, 1928 it from the inflammable gases with which it comes commingled. On this account we waste six or seven hundred million cubic feet of helium every year in the United States. In order to unscramble helium from other gases it is necessary to liquefy these other gases. This involves reducing their temperature to about 330° (Fahrenheit) below zero, a process requiring large amounts of energy. The stubbornness of the helium itself in the matter of liquefying-it liquefies only at about 400° below zero-is taken advantage of in the same manner as in the endeavor to split grain and wood alcohols: one substance is inherently a liquid at a temperature at which another is a gas. In actual practice the natural gas containing helium is highly compressed, cooled, and allowed to expand again. The rapid expansion produces a cooling effect identical with the one employed as the working principle of the usual domestic electrical refrigerator. Two years ago Professor Keesom, of Leyden, succeeded in actually solidifying helium at a temperature less than three degrees above no temperature at all or three degrees above the absolute zero of the physicist, 456° below "zero." It looked like ice. One of the most promising uses of helium is for divers. It has been discovered that by substituting helium for the nitrogen in the nitrogen-oxygen mixture called air divers can work to far greater advantage than ordinary air permits. |