REVIEW BY DATES.

Continue the CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD from page 247, according to the following suggestions. Use as a review in the manner heretofore directed.

Map, p. 254.-Bound the United States as constituted at the close of the Revolutionary War. What territory was organized in 1787? What states have been formed out of the Territory North-west of the Ohio, and in what years respectively? From what did the Ohio River separate the Territory North-west of the Ohio? What states were formed out of the Territory South of the Ohio, and when? Out of what were Mississippi and Alabama formed? When and how was Florida obtained, and when did it become a state?

What was the largest tract obtained by the United States by purchase? Describe the situation and extent of the Louisiana Purchase. What states have been formed from it? What states have been formed from the Mexican Cession? What territories? What river separates the original Mexican Cession from the Gadsden Purchase? What territories were formed in part from the Gadsden Purchase? When did Minnesota become a state? From what was it formed? When did Colorado become a state? what was it formed?

From

CHAPTER XXX.

THE CIVIL WAR, 1861-1865.

President Lincoln was a self-made man. Born in Kentucky in 1809, and brought up in Indiana to farm-labor which left him few opportunities for obtaining an education, he had finally settled in Illinois, studied law, and attained political eminence. He called Wm. H. Seward, of New York, to the department of state; Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, to the treasury; and to the war department Simon Cameron,

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FALL OF FORT SUMTER.

265

of Pennsylvania, succeeded within a year by Edwin M. Stanton. Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, was vice-president.

Fall of Fort Sumter.—Of the national posts within the limits of the seceded states, President Lincoln found in possession of the government only Fort Pickens at Pensacola, the works at the Florida Keys, and Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. The last-named post, held by Major Anderson with seventy-nine men, Buchanan had tried to re-enforce, but the vessel he sent had been turned back by Confederate batteries. Lincoln renewed the attempt, but with no better success. The Confederates, regarding the intention to supply the fort by force as a declaration of war, summoned Major Anderson to surrender. He declined, and Gen. Beauregard (bo're-gard), who was in command of 6,000 Confederate volunteers that had gathered at Charleston, on the 12th of April commenced a furious bombardment. Major Anderson replied to the fire, but after thirty-four hours was obliged to give up the unequal contest and capitulate.

The Consequences.-News of the fall of Sumter created intense excitement both north and south. President Lincoln at once called for 75,000 men, to serve for three months, and in the non-slaveholding states his appeal met with a hearty response. Not so, however, in the remaining southern members of the Union or the border states. Virginia formally seceded, April 17th; and this step was immediately followed by the seizure of the armory at Harper's Ferry and of the navy-yard at Norfolk. Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee, were not long behind "the Old Dominion," making eleven states arrayed against the Federal government.

The people of Maryland were divided in sentiment, some of the residents of Baltimore sympathizing so strongly with the Confederates that they assailed a body of Massachusetts troops passing through that city for the defence of Washington (April 19th). The decided course of Captain (afterward General) Lyon, who commanded the U. S. arsenal at St.

Louis, checked the secession movement in Missouri; while Kentucky, though not taking part against the Union, refused at first to furnish troops for its support.

OPERATIONS OF 1861.

First Movements. -Immediately after the secession of Virginia, large bodies of southern troops were thrown up into that state, and Richmond was made the capital of the Confederacy. On the Union side, volunteers rapidly flocked in, and Gen. Scott assumed command. The authorities at Washington acted with promptness and energy. Steamers were bought, and fitted up as gunboats to blockade the southern ports. The government factories and founderies were driven to the utmost to produce arms and ordnance, particularly improved rifled cannon, the northern arsenals

having been nearly emptied of their supplies during the preceding administration. The president, beginning to appreciate the magnitude of the struggle that was at hand, called for additional men to serve during the war; and Congress, summoned for an extra session, made ample appropriations for the expenses to be incurred.

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EARLY BATTLES IN VIRGINIA.

267

Operations in Virginia.-A large body of Federal troops having thus been brought into the field, forward movements were made in Virginia about the same time at several different points. Gen. Butler, in command of Fortress Monroe, near the mouth of the James River (see Map, p. 273), sent out a detachment to surprise a Confederate post at Little Bethel; but the attempt failed, and the troops, having gone on to Big Bethel, were there repulsed.

Colonel Wallace was more successful in a dash which he made on Romney (June 11th) with a division of Gen. Patterson's army, which had been in camp in Pennsylvania; and shortly after the main body marched up the Shenandoah Valley, the Confederates retiring before them to Winchester. Farther west, decisive advantages were gained for the Union cause--by Gen. Morris, at Philippi;* by Gen. George B. McClellan, at Rich Mountain and Carrick's Ford; by Gen. Rosecrans, at Carnifex Ferry; by Gen. Kelly, near Romney-and in subsequent minor engagements; so that, by the end of the year, Federal authority was completely established in western Virginia.

BULL RUN.-The great battle of 1861, however, was to be fought nearer Washington. To prevent an advance of the Federal troops from the direction of this city, the Confederates had concentrated their principal force under Beauregard near Manassas Junction, twenty-seven miles west of Alexandria. Gen. McDowell, sent to dislodge them, with a large army of volunteers, found them posted in force at Bull Run, and a desperate battle took place (July 21st).

The Unionists at first had the advantage; but Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, having withdrawn most of his army from Winchester without the knowledge of Patterson, who had been sent expressly to prevent him from joining Beauregard, reached the field just in time to turn the tide of bat*The precise dates of the different battles will be found in the Abstract at the close of the chapter.

tle. Victory almost won was changed into a defeat, a panic, a rout, which, according to official figures, cost the Federals 2,952 men. By their success in this first great battle, the cause of the Confederates was materially strengthened in the border states. Washington

was now in dan

ger; and, the

aged Scott desiring to transfer the responsibilities of his position to

younger shoulders, Gen. McClellan, fresh his suc

from

cesses in western Virginia, was intrusted with the command of the Army of the Potomac. Regiments were hur

ried forward, and the Federals were soon sufficiently strong again to attempt aggressive movements. On the 21st of October, they met with a sanguinary defeat at Ball's Bluff, on the Potomac above Washington, but two months later were encouraged by an important advantage gained at Dranesville, Virginia.

The Struggle in Missouri.-Meanwhile, though Missouri had determined to remain in the Union, her governor and some of the state troops had taken up arms for the Confed