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Influence ; "Course of Trade from 1885 to 1894 ; "Renewal of the Anti-Foreign Movement and Recent Economic Changes"; "Annotated Bibliography". There are several statistical diagrams and tables and a careful estimate of the various statistical reports. The volume is well indexed and the discussion throughout is fair and dispassionate. To every serious student of Chinese problems the work of Mr. Sargent will furnish indispensable aid.

In his Making of the English Constitution, (New York, Putnams, 1908; 410 pp.) Professor Albert Beebe White, of the University of Minnesota, has written an excellent book. It discusses the growth of the constitution until 1845, and sets forth the results of the latest and best scholarship pertaining to the pericd. It is especially full and satisfactory on the development of the judicial system. The material contained in the volume is ample for the needs of the most advanced college classes, and it will be found a most convenient treatise for the law student.

President Woodrow Wilson's lectures on American government delivered in 1908 on the Blumenthal foundation at Columbia University have been published under the title of Constitutional Government in the United States (New York, Columbia University Press, 1908; 236 pp.); and if the volume does not at once take rank with his classic on Congressional Government it will be solely because discourses given before popular audiences must have a method of their cwn. The volume is characterized by the same qualities of imagination and style which enable President Wilson to illuminate (for the layman) with equal deftness Quia Emptores or a party caucus. Two of the lectures are devoted to the problem of the elements of constitutional government and the place of the United States in constitutional evolution; four cover the president, the House of Representatives, the Senate and the courts; two deal with the position of the states in the federal system and the function of parties in our scheme of politics. The tone of the work is conservative; President Wilson is not among those who long for some fundamental changes in our system of government; he believes that the Senate "represents the country, as distinct from the accumulated population of the country, more fully and much more truly than the House of Representatives does"; and he thinks that lawmaking is too complex a thing to leave to the popular device of counting heads. The text of the volume is primarily concerned with old and familiar themes, but it is shot through with keen and suggestive comment which will give the book a place of its own in our political literature.

With the publication of his third volume, Professor H. A. Cushing has completed his collection of the Writings of Samuel Adams (New York, Putnams, 1908; 431 pp.). This includes the correspondence of the years 1778 to 1802. Before the earlier of these dates Adams had passed the culmination of his career. The interest and importance of his letters vary, and no public papers or newspaper articles of special value appear in this volume. The efforts of the royal peace commission of 1778 are severely condemned, to Arthur Lee is repeatedly awarded the strongest praise, while at intervals warnings are uttered about the decay of morals and of the spirit of liberty. A number of letters appear which were written to John Adams during the residence of the latter in England. The work closes with selections from Adams's letters and state papers while he was at the head of the government of Massachusetts.

Teachers of modern history have not as many tools at their disposal, as those who teach ancient or mediaeval history. We are glad to see that one very valuable collection of documents is being kept up to date. Professor F. M. Anderson of the University of Minnesota has published a second edition of his Constitutions and Select Documents illustrative of the History of France, 1789-1907 (Minneapolis, H. M. Wilson and Company, 1908; xxvii, 693 pp.). The translation of the documents is not faultless, and the selection has been governed somewhat too closely by purely political interests to meet the needs of classes attempting to understand the real significance of recent French history. But the book is already a large one, and along the political line one has few suggestions to offer. The new edition has included the eight most important sources with reference to the struggle over the separation of church and state. The law of January 2, 1907 is given in sufficient fullness, and this alcne renders the new edition worth while. There is a good index and a helpful bibliography. Those who write historical manuals maintain that it is much more difficult to write a short history than a long one, owing to the difficulty of deciding what shall be included and what left cut. If this be true, what harder task can be attempted by a historian than that of writing a short history of Egypt? This doubly difficult enterprise, however, has been accomplished with remarkable success by Professor J. H. Breasted in his History of the Ancient Egyptians (New York, Scribners, 1908; ix, 468 pp.). The book is a model of its kind. The narrative is lucid, simply told, yet crowded with incident and rich with description. The main difficulty in such a history is that the reader, set adrift amid the hieroglyphic names, might easily lose his bearings in the

long stretch of those distant centuries.

The author has surmounted this at the outset. Before the reader is permitted to embark upon the perilous journey, he receives a chart in the form of a preliminary survey, in a score of pages, of the route he is to follow. This short plan, with its clear chronological outline, will prove of the utmost value to the uninitiated. It is well, however, that these should be warned that, while many Egyptologists accept the shorter chronology given by Professor Breasted, there are still some who cling to the old. The book is excellently gotten up, with maps and plans.

Excerpta Cypria, Materials for a History of Cyprus, by Claude D. Cobham, late commissioner of Larnaca (Cambridge University Press, 1908; 523 pp.), is a collection of extracts from the writings of about eighty authors, representing a dozen languages. A few are from English writers, the rest are careful translations. It is to be regretted that Mr. Cobham has left unnoticed the long, interesting period preceding the birth of Christ, when the island was ruled by Egypt or Assyria or Persia or was coveted by the Athenians as the key to the eastern Mediterranean or formed a dependency of the Roman republic. His earliest author is Strabo, who lived at the opening of the Christian era; his last selection is a charter issued by the Sublime Porte to Sophronius, archbishop of Cyprus in 1866. Most of the material is medieval and modern. There are accounts of the geographical features, the climate, soil and natural history of the island, of the manners, customs and religious views of the inhabitants, of interesting persons and events, of church buildings and public works and of economic and political conditions at various times. The volume, which closes with a considerable bibliography and a brief index, will undoubtedly prove of great value to all who wish to make themselves acquainted with Cyprus.

Everything that A. E. H. Lecky wrote bears the marks of his philosophic spirit, lending some permanent value even to essays dealing with topics of the day. One welcomes, therefore, the publication in book form of a group of articles contributed by him from time to time to various reviews. The collection bears the title Historical ana Political Essays, (New York, Longmans, Green and Company, 1908; 324 pp.). Lecky was always the cultured English gentleman, essentially sane, intellectually alert and emancipated, yet frankly conservative and out of sympathy with the drift toward radicalism which he saw in England in the last years of his life. There is little of the inspired in his work, yet little that is not profitable. His style is as straightforward as his thought. His essay on Carlyle is a good example of common sense in judgment upon genius. His "Thoughts

upon History" are a reasonable protest against the pernicious influence of the unimaginative compiler who dreams the impossible dream of a synthesis without injecting his personality into it. "Ireland in the Light of History" is a plea for the use of the historical imagination in judging the motives of men as well as in the description of incident. There are as well biographical studies, including one on Queen Victoria; and the collection closes with a characteristically Leckian attack upon the Old Age Pensions.

Dr. Heinrich Rauchberg, in an interesting pamphlet entitled, Die Bedeutung der Deutschen in Österreich (Dresden, von Zahn and Jaench, 1908; 42 pp.) compares the social, political and economic position of the Germans in Austria with that of their fellow-countrymen belonging to other nationalities. His conclusions are supported by valuable statistical tables printed in an appendix.

In introducing into the Austrian parliament in 1906 his revolutionary suffrage reform bill, Baron von Gautsch declared that a mathematical division of representation according to external signs was simply an impossibility, because there was no precise statistical standard for measuring the forces of representation. Dr. Heinrich Rauchberg, however, contends that it is possible to make a fairly correct distribution of voting power according to provinces, town and country, nationality and economic conditions, as measured by taxation. This contention he sustains in his Statistische Unterlagen der Österreichischen Wahlreform (Brunn, F. Irrgang, 1907; 70 pp.), which is a detailed statistical study of the distribution of representation under the new electoral reform law.

In his Principles of Anthropology and Sociology in their Relations to Criminal Procedure (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1908; 410 pp.) Mr. Maurice Parmelee briefly reviews the progress of criminal procedure, from the time of Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau to the present day, and gives a careful and comprehensive summary of the positions taken by the three foremost scholars of the so-called Italian school of criminal anthropology and sociology, Lombroso, Garofalo and Ferri. In the light of the discovery of these and later writers, a strict individualization of punishment is advocated. In the remaining chapters of the work, the existing methods of procedure and various suggested reforms are compared, and the writer's own theories are advanced. Among other things he advocates a police force sufficiently trained in criminal anthropology to detect and investigate crime; a public defender for the accused; the examination of witnesses by an expert in psychology before their testimony is taken; the abolition of

the jury, except in certain technical cases, where it should be composed of experts; criminal lawyers who have studied criminal anthropology and sociology in law schools; and judges who have been trained in the same branches and in psychology, who must also have served a definite period of time as public prosecutors and as public defenders. In addition to these reforms, an indeterminate sentence is advocated with occasional revision of sentence at the discretion of the judge. This work will be particularly welcome to the student of comparative criminal procedure.

Alderman W. Thompson of Richmond, Surrey, England, has made another valuable contribution to the body of information on rural and city housing in Great Britain and European countries in his Housing Up-to-Date (London National Housing Reform Council, 1907; 306 pp.). This volume, as its title suggests, is written to bring up to date the facts and figures in the author's Housing Hand Book, published in 1903, and to include information on recent developments in housing administration and legislation. Like his preceding works, it is a comprehensive reference book, packed full of facts and figures, and is intended for interested students, legislators, taxpayers, investors, managers of housing enterprises and public-spirited men desirous of improving the living conditions of the working people. The present situation in regard to housing Mr. Thompson considers definitely encouraging because of the general awakening of the public conscience on the subject, but he thinks the work already done only a tithe of what must be accomplished. He summarizes existing housing conditions, housing laws and housing needs. He describes the wiping-out of slum areas by purchase and reconstruction by public authorities and by compelling owners to make improvements. He defends municipal housing against the charge of checking private initiative. He describes in detail public and private enterprises in tenement and cottage building and the results obtained. He discusses town and site planning, considers transit in its relation to the housing problem and takes up comprehensively the cheap cottage exhibits and garden cities. For full, reliable and carefully classified information on the special subjects treated, the book can scarcely be surpassed.

A Counterfeit Citizen (New York, Broadway Publishing Company, 1908; 346 pp.), by "Sam" Scudder is a tirade in the form of a poorly written novel against " the indiscriminate immigration which ", it is alleged," has been flooding this country for the last fifty years. It claims to be founded upon actual occurrences" and "from the pen of one who was for many years in the service of the government in a high and confidential capacity."

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