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the use of projectiles to spread suffocating gases and the employment of expanding bullets; and (7) the Hague convention number V of 1907, on the rights and duties of neutral powers and individuals in land warfare." Mr. Holland has expended much labor in the preparation of this little book, and the results are presented with the logic and precision which always characterize his work. The commentary accompanying each of the 140 articles into which this "Hague code of land warfare" has resolved itself in Mr. Holland's mind represents a wealth of learning compacted into small space.

M. Léonce Abeille's Marine française et marines étrangères (Paris, Armand Colin, 1906; 368 pp.) describes the fighting power and bureaucratic organization of eight navies-those of France, Germany, England, Italy, Austria, the United States, Russia and Japan. The author is "capitaine de frégate et sous-directeur de l'Ecole Superieure de Marine." In Book I, which deals with naval policy, England has thirty-two pages, Germany eighteen, Italy nine, Japan nine, while the United States, Russia and Austria-Hungary are thrown into a chapter of eight pages. Both England and Germany are regarded as models; but the United States has a grandiose policy of which the advantages are problematical. Book II, comprising over two-thirds of the volume, deals with the organization of navies, taking up budgets, command, recruiting, instruction, grades, advancement, arsenals, reserves, mobilization and coast defence. Some of this material is presented in tabular form, as is the strength of the various navies which is treated in a short third book. There is no index.

President D. S. Jordan of Stanford University has reprinted, under the title The Human Harvest (Boston, American Unitarian Association, 1907; 122 pp.), three addresses dealing with the cost of war in terms of human lives. The text for these eloquent pleas for peace is a quotation from Novicow, "la guerre a produit de tout temps une selection à rebours;" and Dr. Jordan makes eager use of Seeley and Seeck to show that Rome fell from lack of men, not from moral or religious or economic decline. In spite of the ardor of his polemic, we fear that there glows in these addresses a little of the enthusiasm for romance which lends to war its subtle and dangerous charm. The quotations from Kipling and Oscar Wilde send the blood tingling in a way which we suppose the author would condemn, but somehow we, who watch at a safe distance, care less for the poor orphan at home than for the glory at the gates of Kandahar. The peace of the world will not be materially affected one way or the other by such addresses. It is when those who suffer most, the working classes, learn wisdom that

war will become a thing of history. And they are apparently beginning to learn it.

The popular text-book on the Elements of International Law, by Judge-Advocate-General George B. Davis, has reached its third edition. (New York, Harper, 1908; 633 pp.). As the active counselor of the War Department for many years and a delegate of the United States to both the Geneva Conference of 1906 and the second Hague Conference, General Davis has had abundant opportunity to keep in touch with the later developments of international practice, and is fully qualified to appreciate such latter-day precedents as, from their relative significance, should find a place in a small volume "designed for the undergraduate students of American colleges and law schools." With those teachers who believe in the old-fashioned law text-book with its assertions, declarations, definitions and descriptions the work of General Davis will find favor. No attempt is made to analyze precedents or to introduce the student by processes of reasoning to the juridical The subject is so treated as to appeal primarily to the memory Copious foot

of the beginner rather than to his understanding. note references are given to the writings of several international law authors; at times one is surprised to find certain authorities cited rather than others, e. g., among the references given to the bibliographies of international law (page 30) no mention is made of Nys, Olivart or Stoerck. Though the work is free from excessive partiality, there is a pro-American tendency, e. g., no mention is made of the request of Spain for a joint inquiry, by means of arbitration, into the cause of the destruction of the Maine at Havana (page 78). Considering that the volume is intended for beginners it is a grievous slip to speak of the prize court of appeal (page 372) as though it were established by ratified treaties. Of the several books which have undertaken to discuss the Hague conventions hardly any have undertaken to indicate the extent to which the drafts prepared at the Hague have become conventions by ratification and promulgation.

Of the Two Studies in International Law by Coleman Phillipson, (London, Stevens and Haynes, 1908; 136 pp.), one deals with "The Influence of International Arbitration on the Development of International Law" and the other with "The Rights of Neutrals and Belligerents as to Submarine Cables, Wireless Telegraphy and Intercepting of Information in Time of War." The first study traces briefly a few of the leading events which have influenced the development of arbitration and points out in popular language some of the rules of law applied in some of the arbitration settlements. The author says, speak

ing of the future development of the law by means of arbitration, "only if delivered with strict impartiality, with deliberate judgment and after thorough investigation will decisions and awards be able to command general respect and help the growth of the law." He gives much credit to England and America for the development of arbitration "procedure "; this and their influence on the law of nations, he says, "have mainly been secured through the Anglo-Saxon race, with its political far-sightedness, practical skill and constant devotion to free institutions." In his discussion of the rights of neutrals and belligerents, Mr. Phillipson falls into the error of making impartiality rather than abstention the chief test of neutral obligation.

A dissertation by Arnold Bolle of the University of Zurich, bearing the title of Das interkantonale Recht (Imprimerie du National Suisse, 1907; 207 pp.), endeavors to present in compact form the interstate relations of the Swiss cantons. The work discusses not only the treaty relations which exist among the cantons, under powers granted to them by the Swiss federal constitution, but also the political and administrative organs through which the cantons coöperate with each other in the conduct of governmental affairs.

Völkerrecht (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1908; 555 pp.) by Professor E. von Ullman of the University of Munich is an expanded revision of his article on international law published ten years ago in the Handbuch des Öffentlichen Rechts. The author, differing from most continental writers, recognizes that the doctrine of conditional contraband, so long favored by Great Britain and the United States, has gained acceptance in modern practice (page 531). He disapproves of Russia's position in the early part of the Japanese war in prohibiting the carriage of rice to Japan. On the other hand he criticises the Anglo-American doctrine of continuous voyage as applied by American prize courts in the case of the "Springbok" and the "Peterhoff" and by Great Britain in the Boer war. He believes that goods should not be considered contraband when destined for a neutral port. He indicates his preference for the dictum of Sir William Scott that the alleged contraband must be taken in delicto. He cites with approval the extreme view of Holland (Manual of Naval Prize Law, paragraph 72) that it matters not if the papers themselves show an ulterior destination. The views of Holland, as there expressed, were specifically relied on in 1900 by the German Foreign Office in demanding the release of the "Bundesrath"; and as the Manual was an official publication of the British Admiralty Count Hatzfeldt laid great emphasis upon its statements as a sort of admission against interest. Lord Salisbury denied that the doc

trine of neutral destination could apply where the enemy's country had no seaboard, but satisfied the German demands by a release of the ship after examination. The point has never been decided, but the present work would seem to show that German authority is against the doctrine of continuous voyage.

Ueber die völkerrechtliche clausula rebus sic stantibus (Duncker and Humblot, Leipzig, 1907; 226 pp.), is a posthumous publication of a study by Dr. Bruno Schmidt, Professor at Heidelberg University. With very meager reference to the precedents and little or no analysis of them, he attempts by means of speculative discussion to discover the conditions under which a treaty may be modified or abrogated when a state of things which was the basis of the treaty and one of its tacit conditions no longer exists.

In commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of Paul Laband's doctorate the customary Festgabe has appeared, made up of essays on subjects of public law. Two of these have also been published as separate pamphlets. In Die Organisation der Welt (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1908; 79 pp.), by Walter Schücking, professor of law at the University of Marburg, which was first given as a lecture before the Bar Association of Vienna, the author seeks to reconcile the ideals of dynastic legitimacy with those of national democracy. Beginning with the world-state of the ancients, he traces briefly the different forms of international organization and reaches the conclusion that the future improvement of the relations among states will be characterized by a general assimilation of the ideals and practices which now prevail in respect to dealings among the subjects of the modern state. He thinks that unless Germany adapts her foreign policy to this inevitable tendency she is in danger of finding herself in an unenviable position, not unlike that which the dynastic state bore to the development of the modern state. The other reprint from the Festgabe is Völkerrecht und Völkercourtoisie (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1908; 41 pp.), by the late Professor Felix Stoerk of the University of Greifswald. The author's thesis is summed up when he says: "As a matter of doctrine and precedent, I am prepared to propose that in the future there be substituted in German technical phraseology for the terms comitas and courtoisie the term Verkehrssitte," i. e. customs of intercourse. takes the position that in international private law the reason impelling states to recognize the application of a foreign law to the administration of justice in cases in which there is a foreign element is not comity but a sense of justice to the litigants. In international public law he does not consider that comity has been a powerful motive in influencing

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the conduct of states; his view is that justice and a "sense of decency" have tended to produce certain standards of state conduct. This sense of justice and of decency is cultivated by the increasing frequency and regularity of contact between different states and their subjects. Dr. Stoerk sees in the policy of the "open door," in the reluctance of parliamentary bodies and other state officers to criticize adversely foreign governments, in the reception of military, naval and agricultural attachés of legation, in the lessened number of secret treaties and in various other directions developments of customs of intercourse which may some day become rules of intercourse.

In a work apparently representing much experience and evidently written with great care, Mr. James Harry Scott has set forth the Law Affecting Foreigners in Egypt (Edinburgh, Green and Sons, 1908; 390 pp.). Mr. Scott is a lecturer at the Khedival School of Law, Cairo. In undertaking to unravel the present complications which exist in the Egyptian legislative and judicial systems, he describes the origin and development of all the capitulations and points out many of the evils they have produced. To cure these abuses he considers it inadvisable to abolish the capitulations, as some have advocated, for it is by the capitulations alone that the most valuable privileges are secured to Europeans in Egypt. He contends, however, that they should be modified, in the interest both of the Egyptians and of the Europeans; and he devotes the last chapter of his volume to "The Future Reform of the Capitulations." The book contains a concise statement of the existing governmental arrangements in Egypt and also pertinent observations respecting their actual operation.

Anglo-Chinese Commerce and Diplomacy (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908; 332 pp.) by A. J. Sargent, teacher of foreign trade in the University of London, is a scholarly and well-written work prepared from original sources. The author disavows any attempt to analyze the present conditions and tendencies of Chinese commerce, and confines himself to an orderly explanation of the history of British trade with China. In so doing he has wisely omitted the details of political changes and military operations. The scope and content of the book are shown by the chapter titles: " Rule of the [East India] Company"; "Course of Trade to 1834"; "From the Opening of Trade to the Treaty of Nanking"; "From the Treaty of Nanking to the Treaty of Tientsin"; "Course of Trade from 1834 to 1864"; "Interpretation of the Treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of 1869"; "From the Massacre at Tientsin to the Chifu Convention"; "Course of Trade from 1865 to 1884"; "Development of the Policy of Spheres of