and that the French claimants should then submit their | demands were rejected with scorn and defiance by Husdemands to him for adjustment.

sein, who added that if the Commodore did not within twenty-four hours land and treat with him on the subjects in dispute between the two nations, he should consider himself at war with France. The French Commander did not think proper to comply with this invitation, and declared the place in a state of blockade, under the expectation probably that the distress produced by such a measure, might occasion discontent and commotions which would either oblige the Dey to lower his tone, or lead to the destruction of so refractory an enemy. Recollecting however what had occurred at Bona in May 1816, he adopted the precaution of sending vessels to the various establishments in the Concessions, in order to bring away the Europeans who were there, under the protection of the French flag; these vessels succeeded in rescuing the people, who were transported to Corsica, but their dwellings and magazines were rifled by the Bey of the Province, who had just received orders to that effect, and the fortifications at Calle were entirely destroyed.

No notice having been taken of the Dey's letter, the Algerine cruisers began to search French vessels in a manner contrary to the terms of existing treaties, and to plunder those of the Papal States which were by a Convention to be respected as French. Besides these acts of violence the Dey shortly after issued a proclamation declaring that all nations would be permitted on the same terms to fish for coral near the coasts of his Regency. M. Deval complained of these proceedings at a public audience on the 27th of April, 1827; Hussein in reply haughtily declared that he had been provoked to them by the bad faith of the French, and that he should no longer allow them to have a cannon in his territories, nor to enjoy a single peculiar privilege; he then demanded why his letter to the French Ministry had not been answered, and when M. Deval stated that his Government could only communicate with that of Algiers through himself, he was so much enraged that he seized a large fan from one of the attendants, with which he struck the representative of France several times before he could leave the apart-to the war between France and Algiers, will be found

ment.

The preceding account of the circumstances which led

by comparison to vary considerably from those given As soon as the French Government was informed by the French historical writers, and to be defective and of this outrage, a schooner was despatched to Algiers unsatisfactory with regard to several important particuwith orders to M. Deval to quit the place instantly; a lars, which are stated by them with great apparent squadron was also sent in the same direction, under clearness and confidence. To these objections, only the command of Commodore Collet who was charged general replies can be made; this account has been to require satisfaction from the Dey. The schooner drawn entirely from original sources, and where they arrived in Algiers on the 11th of June, and M. Deval failed to supply the requisite information, silence has embarked in her on the same day, together with the been preferred to the introduction of statements on other French subjects resident in the place, leaving the doubtful authority. The only publications on the subaffairs of his office under the care of the Sardinian ject which may be termed official, are the declarations Consul. At the entrance of the bay the schooner met of the French Ministers contained in the Reports of the the French squadron, consisting of a ship of the line, Debates in the Legislative Chambers, and the articles two frigates and a corvette; M. Deval then joined the on the subject in question inserted from time to time in Commodore, and after consultation between them as to the Moniteur, the avowed organ of the Government. the nature and mode of the reparation to be demanded, From the Algerines we have nothing. The conventions the schooner was sent back to Algiers with a note con- of which the alleged non-fulfilment occasioned this ruptaining what was declared to be the ultimatum of the ture have been withheld by the French Ministry; no French Government. This note was presented to Hus- account has been given of the claims against Algiers sein on the 14th; in it the Dey was required to apolo- brought before the French Courts, of the causes which gize for the offence committed against the dignity of retarded the decisions respecting them, of the amount France, by the insult to its representative; and in demanded or awarded; without precise information as order to make the apology the more striking and com- to these particulars, it is impossible to form a correct plete, it was to be delivered on board the Commodore's judgment of the case. This silence and the vagueness ship, by the Minister of Marine, in the presence of M. and reserve so apparent in the communications of the Deval, and of all the foreign Consuls resident in Al- French Government, on the subject, are certainly calcugiers, whose attendance was to be requested; the lated to create suspicions, as to its sincerity in mainFrench flag was then to be displayed on the Casauba taining its engagements, and these suspicions are inand principal forts, and M. Deval was to receive a sa-creased by an examination of its conduct throughout the lute of one hundred and ten guns. whole affair. The policy as well as the generosity of requiring It would be incompatible with the character or plan such humiliating concessions from the Government of of these Sketches, to give a review of the proceedany country, may be questioned, but it is certainly ings of the French Government; the impression prohazardous to make the demand unless it be accompa-duced on the mind of the author, by a diligent study of nied by the display of a force calculated to insure immediate compliance. Decatur indeed with a force perhaps inferior to that of Collet, propounded terms to Omar Dey in 1815, which were really much more onerous to Algiers than those offered on the present occasion by the French; they were accepted, and it is therefore needless to inquire what would have been his course in the other alternative. Collet was not so fortunate; his

the case, is that the parties in the dispute mistrusted the intentions of each other. The French were anxious to make permanent establishments on the coast of Northern Africa, which Hussein who had much more definite ideas of policy than perhaps any of his predecessors, determined from the commencement of his reign to oppose; before resorting to violent measures however, he wished to secure the payment of the large debt

due to himself and his subjects. The French having | States, merely in order to place them on a level with good reason from his conduct, to apprehend that as other nations. As the British Government had thought soon as he had received the whole of the sum, which they had engaged to pay, he would find some pretext to expel them from his dominions, may have had recourse to the old expedient of withholding a part, in order that he might be restrained from aggressions by the fear of losing it. We have no means of ascertaining the share which M. Deval may have had in producing or increasing the difficulties, but there is reason to believe that it was not inconsiderable; his conduct is admitted to have been highly imprudent and indeed improper, even by the best French authorities, and it was condemned as dishonorable by the Dey, as well as by the most respectable portion of the Consular body at Algiers.

proper to make the inquiry, it is strange that it should have been satisfied with such an answer; however, under the condition of things then existing and the probabilities with respect to the future, it was certainly not | worth while to press the matter further.

Before entering upon the events of this war it will be proper to advert to the situation of the other Barbary States, and to notice the principal occurrences which transpired in them about this period.

The Pasha of Tripoli, notwithstanding the treaties made with Lord Exmouth in behalf of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies in 1816, and his protestations to the English and French Admirals three years after, sent out armed vessels to cruise against the commerce of the Italian States. When complaint was made of these depredations, Yusuf replied that the treaties were no longer binding, and that if those nations wished to remain at peace with him, they must pay him an annual tribute. To this insolent and unreasonable pretension, the King of Sardinia replied by fitting out a squadron composed of two frigates, a corvette and a brig, which sailed from Genoa in September 1825, and arrived before Tripoli on the 25th of that month.

Before relating the proceedings of this expedition it will be proper to give some account of the place against which it was sent.

The town of Tripoli stands on a rocky point of land projecting northwardly into the Mediterranean; it is surrounded by a high and thick wall, forming an unequal pentagon or figure of five sides of different lengths,

It would be uninteresting to recount all the attempts made by the inferior powers of Europe to preserve peace with the Barbary Regencies; sufficient has been said to demonstrate the vainness of the expectation that the rulers of those states would be restrained from any course which promised to be immediately beneficial to their interests, by regard for engagements however solemnly taken. The King of the Netherlands by a judicious display of firmness in 1824, succeeded in pre-of which the two northern are washed by the sea, the venting his country from being rendered tributary to Algiers; but he, as well as the sovereigns of Sweden and Denmark, continued to pay large annual sums to Tunis and Tripoli.

other three looking upon a sandy plain but partially cultivated. The circumference of the place is about three miles, and the area enclosed within the wall does not exceed one thousand yards square.

In Tunis, no events of much importance transpired The shore on the north-western side of the town is during the reign of Mahmoud, which have not been bordered by rocky islets, which render it almost unapalready mentioned. The Regency continued at peace proachable by vessels; but in order to secure the place with foreign nations, and its situation was in general effectually from attack on that quarter, a battery has prosperous, notwithstanding the desolation produced been erected on one of the islets called the French fort. by a plague in 1818, an extensive conspiracy headed The harbor is on the north-eastern side; it is about two by the Prime Minister in 1820, and the frequent con- miles in length and a mile in width, and is partially tests between the adherents of Hassan and Musta-enclosed by a reef of rocks extending for some dispha the two sons of the Bey. Mahmoud at length died quietly on the 28th of March 1824, and Hassan succeeded without opposition.

tance into the sea; on these rocks are situated the principal fortifications, and by filling up the space between them, which could be done with but little labor, the reef might be converted into a continued mole. The depth of water in the harbor no where exceeds six fathoms, and great care must be taken by vessels to avoid the numerous shoals and hidden dangers which beset the entrance; the frigate Philadelphia struck in fourteen feet water on one of these shoals distant three miles and a half northeast of Tripoli, and one mile north of Kaliusa Point at the eastern extremity of the harbor.

A short time previous to the death of Mahmoud, some alterations not very material indeed, yet favorable on the whole to the United States, were made in the treaty concluded between their Government and that of Tunis in 1797. One of the amended articles provides-that no American merchant vessel shall be detained against the will of her captain in a Tunisian port, unless such port be closed for vessels of all nations, and that no American vessel of war should The fortifications of Tripoli on the land side are of be so detained under any circumstances. This was no value, and could not for an instant withstand an considered by the British Government at variance attack from a well appointed force; the wall, said to with the terms of the engagement made with Ad- have been built by Dragut, is of great height and thickmiral Freemantle in 1812, by which the armed ves-ness, and provided with a rampart on which are mounted sels of nations at war with Great Britain were not to be suffered to leave a Tunisian port within twenty-four hours after the sailing of a British vessel; and the Consul was directed to ask for explanations on the subject from the Bey. Hassan who had by this time succeeded to the throne replied positively, that there was nothing contradictory in the two stipulations, and that this agreement had been made with the United

some guns, but these pieces are generally useless from rust and want of carriages. Towards the harbor the defences are more respectable, and have on many occasions as already shown, preserved the place from capture or destruction. On the shore forming the southeastern side of the harbor, are two forts called the Dutch and English forts, and opposite them on the reef of rocks are two others, much larger and stronger,

called the New and English forts; these have been all constructed by European engineers, and are kept in tolerable order.

There is but little appearance of wealth in Tripoli; the Moorish population amounting to about fourteen thousand are in general very poor, the trade being almost exclusively in the hands of the Jews, whose number is about two thousand. The palace contains some apartments possessing a certain degree of grandeur and furnished in a costly manner principally with French articles; in the town there are a few good stone buildings, with courts and arcades in the Italian style; these are however chiefly occupied by the foreign Consuls and merchants, the greater part of the inhabitants dwelling in mere hovels of mud but one story high. The roofs of the houses are all flat, and great care is taken to have the rain conveyed from them into cisterns, as there is not a well or spring of❘ fresh water in the place.

A triumphant arch, the inscription on which denotes that it was erected in honor of the Roman Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus, is the only remarkable monument of antiquity in the place. It is much defaced, nearly buried in the ground and encumbered with mean houses; but as far as can be ascertained, it exceeds in beauty of design, proportion and parts, any other similar relique of Roman art.

The immediate environs of Tripoli are desert; about two or three miles to the eastward is a rich and highly cultivated plain called the Messeah where the Foreign Consuls and the wealthy inhabitants of the town have their villas.

The King of the Two Sicilies was less fortunate in his attempt to bring the Pasha of Tripoli to reasonable terms. Yusuf had suspended his demands on Naples for some time after the attack made on him by the Sardinians, and it was supposed that he had abandoned them; however in the beginning of 1828, he suddenly required from His Sicilian Majesty payment of one hundred thousand dollars immediately, and an annual tribute of five thousand more, as the price of continuance of peace. King Francis considered the honor of his country too precious, or the sums demanded by the Pasha too great, for he refused to pay either present or tribute and even sent a squadron to Tripoli to bear his reply. The Sicilian force consisted of a ship of the line, two frigates, two corvettes, a brig, a schooner, and twelve gun and mortar boats, and arrived off Tripoli on the 22d of August, 1828, under the command of Baron Alphonso Sosi de Caraffa, who was authorized to treat with the Pasha respecting the future relations between the two countries. The Commander instantly landed under proper assurance of safety, and held a conference with the Pasha, in which he endeavored to induce him to adhere to the treaty of 1815; Yusuf however remained firm to his purpose, and rejected all propositions of adjustment on other terms than those he had already offered. The Sicilian flag was in consequence taken down from the Consulate, and the Consul retired with the Baron on board the squadron.

The next morning the 23d, the Sicilian squadron sailed into the harbor, and commenced an attack on the Tripoline vessels of war, twenty in number, which were drawn up in front of the reef of rocks, under the guns of the New and Spanish forts. The large ships of the squad

and mortar boats approached near enough to produce any effect by their fires. The injury sustained by either party was thus very slight, and a storm coming up,

proper to withdraw his forces, and put to sea. The storm continued for the two succeeding days; on the 26th the attack was resumed, but in the same in

As soon as the Sardinian squadron arrived before Tripoli, the Cavaliere Sivori who commanded it im-ron kept aloof from the batteries and only a few of the gun mediately landed with some of his officers on the guaranty of the British Consul, and had an audience with the Pasha. Yusuf at first assured him that every thing would be accommodated, but on the day suc-after a desultory contest of three hours, Caraffa thought ceeding he presented a note in which his demand for tribute was unequivocally stated, accompanied by other proposals equally insulting. The Cavaliere on this took his leave, and having recommended the sub-efficient manner; it was renewed on the 27th and 28th, jects and interests of his master to the care of the Bri- during which the Sicilians expended a great deal of tish Consul, he retired to his ships determined to assert ammunition, but to very little purpose on account of the rights of his country by force. The sea was too the great distance at which their ships remained from the rough at the time to permit the approach of the ships object of attack. At length on the 29th, the Commoto the town, without danger of their being stranded; dore concluded that his attempts were likely to prove but Sivori wished to lose no time, and to effect if possi- fruitless, and therefore resolved to return to Naples. ble immediately the destruction of the Pasha's shipping; The Tripolines behaved with great gallantry throughhe accordingly manned a number of boats which enter-out the affair, their own boats advancing frequently toed the harbor at midnight in three divisions, command-wards the enemy; their loss was trifling, and only two ed by Lieutenant Mamelli. The expedition was per- or three shots from the Sicilians reached the town, where fectly successful; a brig of twelve guns and two schoon- they caused no damage. Immediately on the retreat ers of six guns each were boarded and set on fire, dur- of the squadron, Yusuf sent out his cruisers which ing a heavy cannonade from all the surrounding batte- took several Sicilian vessels, but the French Governries; the men then landed from the boats, and endea- ment interfered, and its Consul at Tripoli was orvored to force the gates of the dock-yard and custom dered to negotiate in favor of Naples. The Pasha could house, but this being found impracticable, they retreated not refuse such a mediation, and a Convention was in in good order to their ships. "The next day the weather consequence signed on the 28th of October, by which proving more favorable, preparations were made for an the former treaty was renewed, the King of Naples attack on the town; but Yusuf finding that he had mis-however engaging to pay immediately twenty thousand taken the character of his assailants, and not wishing to subject himself to further loss, agreed to an adjustment, and signed a convention renewing the engagements made to Lord Exmouth in 1816.

dollars to Tripoli as indemnification for the expenses occasioned by the war.

Yusuf had by this time become an old man, and the decay of his body was accompanied by corresponding

his eldest son Mohammed in 1816 to obtain possession of the throne has been already noticed; this wretch continued for ten years after his pardon in a species of exile, as Governor of Derne, while his next brother Ahmed enjoyed the title of Bey of the Regency, and was regarded as the probable successor to the crown. Ahmed however dying suddenly, Mohammed organized another conspiracy in his province, with a view to the overthrow of his father, which attempt proving like the former one unsuccessful, he again fled to Egypt where he died in 1829. Mohammed left in Tripoli a son named Emhammed who would have been the regular heir to the crown according to the customs of succession in Europe; but primogeniture is for various reasons little regarded in Oriental countries, and the reigning sovereign usually favors the pretensions of the son to whom he is the most attached, or whom he considers most capable of maintaining possession of the inheritance. For one or both of these reasons, Yusuf thought proper to set aside Emhammed, and to designate his own next surviving son Ali as the future Pasha of Tripoli; this prince was accordingly on the death of Ahmed, invested with the title of Bey, which gave him command of the troops, and in order to increase his wealth and influence, he was married to the daughter of the Chief Minister D'Ghies. These marks of favor only served to render Ali more impatient to enjoy the prize which they were intended to insure to him, and while waiting an opportunity to seize it, he gratified his own avarice by extorting as much money as he could from the people, through the aid of his myrmidons. The inhabitants thus suffering from the violent and arbitrary exactions of the Bey, in addition to the taxes and duties imposed on them by the Pasha, were frequently driven into rebellions, the suppressions of which by increasing the public expenses increased the miseries of the country.

changes in his character and mental faculties. The father, could with an ill grace recommend fraternal firmness which had so long sustained him under the affection among his children, or require of them obepressure of heavy difficulties, gave place to a disposi-dience to his own authority. The attempt made by tion to temporize, inclining him to sacrifice prospects of future advantage, in order to avert a present evil; the energy which had caused him to be viewed with a certain degree of respect, notwithstanding his repeated acts of treachery and violence, now exhibited itself in undignified bursts of passion, and an insatiable desire to increase his treasures was the only remnant of his former ambition. The condition of the Regency had indeed been improved in many respects during his reign; its productiveness was increased, the communications were more easy and secure, and the affairs of internal administration, as well as the intercourse with foreign nations, were conducted with greater regularity and precision than before his accession. These reforms however served as they were intended, only to advance the personal interests of the sovereign; and the people became more wretched as the means of oppression were thus rendered more effectual by system. To obtain money had become the sole object of Yusuf's plans: if he repressed the ravages of the wandering tribes, it was only that he might levy greater contributions himself; and if the caravans traversed his dominions with unwonted security, this advantage was more than counterbalanced by the augmentation of duties on their merchandize. In imitation of the Viceroy of Egypt, whom he seems to have adopted as his model, he likewise engaged in commercial speculations, which were productive of serious evils to his subjects. These enterprises were generally carried on by the Pasha in conjunction with foreigners resident in Tripoli, or through their agency; and in order to affect the value in the market of articles which he might wish to buy or sell, the duties on their export or import were on several occasions suddenly raised or lowered, to the ruin of regular merchants. Notwithstanding these arbitrary measures, or perhaps in consequence of them, the speculations were generally unsuccessful, and the Pasha became indebted on account of their failure for immense sums, principally to subjects of France and England; these creditors, when unable to obtain settlement of their claims in any other way, were in the habit of applying to their own Governments for relief, and the unfortunate Pasha after having been long dunned by an overbearing Consul, was occasionally obliged to open his treasury on the summons of an Admiral.

In addition to these difficulties, Yusuf was tormented by the quarrels and jealousies of the Foreign Consuls residing in his capital, and by their interference in the affairs of his Government. Quarrels and jealousies are naturally to be expected among the members of a diplomatic corps, particularly of one in which all bear the same title and are nominally equal, while the influence possessed by each is generally commensurate with the power of the country which he represents. Thus the Consuls of France and England in Barbary have ever considered themselves superior to the representatives of other states, and have ever been rivals, each demanding the precedence on public occasions, and claiming a host of exclusive privileges either on the strength of treaties,

These and other troubles affected the Pasha the more deeply as he could place little confidence in those who surrounded him. Mohammed D'Ghies whose kindness and integrity were worthy of being employed in a better cause, still lived and bore the title of Chief Minister; but age and blindness had long rendered him inca-or of custom. Their claims to superiority both in rank pable of attending to business, and the duties of his office were performed by his eldest son Hassuna, of whom more will be said hereafter. The other ministers and agents of the Pasha, were persons of whose unscrupulous character he must have received too many evidences, to have supposed them attached to him by any other ties than their interests.

In the members of his own family Yusuf could place but little reliance; he whose youth had been signalized by the murder of his brother and rebellion against his

and privileges have been generally allowed by their European colleagues who according to circumstances range themselves under the banner of one or the other of these potentates; the Consuls of the United States have however uniformly refused to admit any inferiority on their own part, demanding for themselves the enjoy ment of every substantial right granted to the representative of any other power, and abstaining from appearance on occasions of ceremony, in which a preference unfavorable to themselves may be manifested.

In Algiers and Tunis, these disputes seldom attracted | but generally surrender the fugitive, if a native of the the notice of the Government, and the influence which country, to the Government, or oblige him to quit their a Consul could exercise in either of those Regencies, dwelling, rather than subject themselves to the hazard was scarcely worth the sums which must be paid for it. of having it invaded by force; those of Great Britain In Tripoli however, and especially since 1815, the and France on the contrary, make it a point of honor agents of Great Britain and France have each endea- not to yield, except in cases where the fugitive has invored to obtain a degree of control in the affairs of the jured some one of their colleagues or his guilt is clearly state. Colonel Warrington who has represented Great proved; and even then they have frequently required Britain during that period, is well calculated by his assurances that he should be pardoned, or that his general intelligence and the inflexible resolution of his punishment should be mitigated. A circumstance of character to acquire this superiority; and having been this nature occurred in 1829 which brought these two always supported by his Government, many of his de- parties in direct and open collision, and for a time inmands have been instantly complied with, which would volved the Consul of the United States in difficulties otherwise have been regarded merely as the ebullitions with the Government of Tripoli; the affair was origiof arrogance and presumption. On the slightest re-nally of a private nature, but has ultimately produced sistance to his wishes, the ships of war of his nation the most serious changes in the situation of the Reappeared in the harbor, the Minister who offendedgency. him sat uneasy in his place, and every aggression It is well known that many efforts have been made committed by a Tripoline upon the honor or interests during the last forty years, by individuals and by some of Great Britain, was speedily and severely punished. European Governments, to obtain information respectThe possession of such powers by the representative ing the interior of the African Continent; we are all of Great Britain, would certainly not be regarded with familiar with the names and adventures of Ledyard, indifference by France; as it is not so convenient how-Parke, Burckhardt, Denham, Clapperton, Laing, Lanever, to send squadrons on all occasions to the aid of der and others, whose labors have been important from the Consul, he is obliged to rely the more on his own the light thrown by them on the subject of their reresources. The French Consuls in Barbary and the searches, and still more so as exhibiting instances of East are generally persons who have been educated for perseverance and moral courage with which the annals the purpose, either in the embassy at Constantinople, of warfare offer few parallels. Several of these heroic or at some consulate in those countries. With regard travellers took their departure from Tripoli, as the to the propriety of such selections, experience seems to communications between that place and the regions have shown that the advantages of acquaintance with which they desired to explore are comparatively easy the customs and languages of the Eastern nations, are and safe; and the Pasha, whether actuated by the exmore than counterbalanced by the loss of honorable pectation of obtaining some advantage from their disfeelings, and the disregard of moral restraints which coveries, or by more laudable motives, appears from frequently result from this mode of acquiring them. their accounts to have used every exertion to facilitate Whether Baron Rousseau who was for many years their movements. They likewise concur in expressing Consul of France in Tripoli, was trained in one of their gratitude and respect for Mohammed D'Ghies, these schools, it is needless to inquire, but he appears to who entertained them all hospitably in Tripoli and furhave displayed during his residence in that Regency, a nished them with letters of credit and introduction, talent and a disposition for intrigue, which would have which, says Denham, "were always duly honored done honor to the most accomplished drogaman of Pera. throughout Northern Africa.” Between him and Warrington there was a constant struggle for influence, and the Pasha was alternately annoyed by the overbearing dictation of the British Consul, and the wily manœuvres of Rousseau.

Hassuna and Mohammed D'Ghies the two sons of this respectable person, are also mentioned in terms of high commendation by many who visited Tripoli. Hassuna the elder was educated in France, and afterOne of the most frequent causes of difficulties between wards spent some time in England where he was much the Governments of Barbary and the Consuls of Foreign noticed in high circles, notwithstanding the assertion Powers, is the right claimed by the latter to protect all of the Quarterly Review to the contrary; on his return persons within the walls of their residence. In those to his native country, he for some time conducted the countries it is absolutely requisite for the security of affairs of his father's commercial house, and afterwards the Consul and for the discharge of his duties, that the those of his ministerial office, in which he was distinpersons in his employ should not be subjected to the guished for his attention to business and his apparent despotism of the Government, nor to the doubtful deci- desire to advance the welfare of his country. Mosions of the tribunals; and provisions to that effect are hammed the younger son was brought up under the generally inserted in the treaties between Christian na-eye of his father at home; Captain Beechy of the Britions and those of Barbary. The Consuls however in-tish Navy who spent some time at Tripoli in 1822 sist that the privilege should extend to the protection not only of their families, servants and countrymen, but also of all other persons under their roof; and the most abandoned criminals having entered such a sanctuary, are thus frequently screened from punishment. This privilege is productive of inconvenience not only to the Government but also to the Consuls whom it frequently involves in difficulties; the representatives of the inferior powers therefore seldom attempt to maintain it,

while employed in surveying the adjacent coast, describes him as "an excellent young man," and as "an admirable example of true devotion to the religion of his country, united with the more extended and liberal feelings of Europeans. He daily visits the public school where young boys are taught to read the Koran, and superintends the charitable distribution of food which the bounty of his father provides for the poor who daily present themselves at his gate. Besides his acquaint