Of this total number of persons employed (1,005,685) there were 61,209 boys and 64,677 girls under thirteen years of age. The average wages of the cotton operatives in Lancashire were estimated in 1860 at 18s. 6d. per week for men, 10s. 2d. for women, 7s. for boys, 5s. for girls. In the linen factories at Belfast wages vary from 5s. 6d. to £2 per week, according to the skill of the workman. The average wages paid in England and Scotland for work in the woolen factories were at the same time from 6s. to 7s. per week for spinning, and 9s. for weaving; these operations being mainly carried on with the assistance of women and young girls; the wages of men in the same factories averaged from 16s. to 26s. per week. Hardware. The manufacture of hardware, cutlery and machinery employs 530,000 workmen. The raw material is valued at £20,000,000, and the manufactured goods amount in value to over £100,000,000 annually, of which about twothirds are used in Great Britain and one-third exported. Until quite recently the hardware industry of Great Britain surpassed in magnitude that of all the rest of the world put together; and, though no longer without competitors, it is still advancing as rapidly as ever. Through the increase of the maufacture of cutlery, pins, and other hardware, such towns as Sheffield and Birmingham have quadrupled their population within seventy years. Sheffield..... Mauritius The annual product of the total manufactures of Siam Netherlands. British North America 10,445,689 10,725,739 5,106,479 15.832.218 British South Africa Brazil.. British West Indies. 7,294,273 2,762,799 10,057,072 3,233,591 4,983,676 8,217.270 1,275,882 983,093 -The following table shows the distribution of years 1866 and 1879, omitting the intervening the total amount of shipping into sail and steam, and also into home and foreign trade, for the years: Kingdom, 55,120,000 tons, or 88 per cent.; United States, 7,434,000 tons, or 59 per cent.; Canada, 5,673,000 tons, or 80 per cent.; France, 5,254,000 tons, or 36 per cent.; Australasia, 4,492,000 tons, or 93 per cent.; Netherlands, 3,790,000 tons, or 51 per cent.; Germany, 2,298,000 tons, or 36 per cent.; Italy, 1,887,000 tons, or 23 per cent.; South America, 1,200,000 tons, or 50 per cent.; West Indies, 1,180,000 tons, or 60 per cent.; Russia, 1,006,000 tons, or 34 per cent.; South Africa, 1,004,000 tons, or 86 per cent. The total carrying trade of Great Britain is therefore about 90,000,000 tons, which, at an average of 10s. ($2.40) per ton, yields an income of £45,000,000 per annum. The sum paid by British underwriters averages £1,500,000 yearly, being about £6 per ton on vessels and £8 per ton on cargoes. The total amount of marine insurance usually exceeds £450,000.Railways. From the opening of the first railway, in 1825, down to the end of 1850, the number of miles of railway constructed in the United Kingdom was 6,621; this was at the rate of 265 miles annually. In 1860 the length of lines was 10,433, the average rate of construction being 381 miles annually. At the end of 1879 the length of lines was 17,696, the annual average on the total length having increased to 402 miles. The principal recent railway statistics of Great Britain are comprised in the following table: BIBLIOGRAPHY. 44 66 66 4,782,000 8,708,000 12,941,000 20,083.000 11,688,000 5,350,000 | opment, 2 vols., London, 1874-5; Creasy, Rise Beda, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, published by Thorpe, 2 vols., London, 1861; Malmesbury, Historia novella and De gestis pontificum; Savile, Rerum Anglicarum scriptores post Bedam præcipui, London, 1596; Camden, Sup- | plementa, Frankfort, 1603; Gale, Historia Britica, Saxonica, Anglodanicæ scriptores XV., Oxford, 1691; Dugdale and Dodsworth, Monasticum Anglicarum, 3 vols., London, 1655-73; Stevens, History of Ancient Abbeys, 3 vols., London, 1722-3; Wilkins, Concilia Magna Britanniæ et Hiberniæ, 5 vols., London, 1737; Thorpe, Ancient Laws and Insti tutes of the Anglo-Saxon Kings, London, 1840, and Diplomatarium Anglicanum ævi Saxonici, London, 1865; De Thoyras, Histoire d'Angleterre, 9 vols., Hague, 1733; Hume, History of England, 6 vols., London, 1754-61; Jones, History of England during the Reign of George III., 3 vols., London, 1825; Henry, History of Great Britain, 6 vols., Edinburgh, 1771-93; Heinrich, Geschichte von England, 4 vols., Leipzig, 1806-10; De Molleville, Histoire d'Angleterre, 6 vols., Paris, 1815; Lin-ration of Charles II. to the Accession of the House gard, History of England, 13 vols., London, 1854; Lappenburg, Geschichte von England, 2 vols., Hamburg, 1834-7; Macgregor, History of the British Empire, 2 vols., London, 1852; Keightley, History of England, 3 vols., London, 1839, 2 vols., 1859; Hallam, Constitutional History of England, London, 1827, 3 vols., London, 1871; May, Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George III., 3d ed., 3 vols., London, 1871, and Constitutional History of England from 1760 to 1860, 3d ed., 2 vols., London, 1871; Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Devel¦ of Hanover, London, 1775; Macaulay, History of England from the Accession of James II., 5 vols., London, 1848-61, new ed., London, 1875; Earl Stanhope, History of England from the Peace of Utrecht to the Peace of Versailles, 1713-83, 5th ed., 7 vols., London, 1858; Massey, History of England during the Reign of George III., 4 vols., London, 1861-5, 2d ed., 1866; Martineau, History of England during the Thirty Years' Peace, 2 vols., London, 1848-50; Roebuck, History of the Whig Ministry of 1830, 2 vols., London, 1850–51; Pauli, Geschichte Englands seit den Freudensschlüssen von 1814 und 1815, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1864–75; Molesworth, History of England from 1830-74, to the Resignation of the Gladstone Ministry, new ed., 3 vols., London, 1874; Bagehot, The English Constitution, London, 1867, 2d ed., 1872; Gneist, Das englischen Verwaltungsrecht mit Einschluss des Heers, der Gerichte und der Kirche, 2d ed., 2 vols., 1866-7, and Selfgovernment, Communalverfassung und Verwaltungsgerichte in England, 3d ed., Berlin, 1871; Baxter, The Taxation of the United Kingdom, London, 1869; Burrows, Constitutional Progress, London, 1869; Clode, History of the Administration and Government of the British Army from the Revolution of 1688, 2 vols., London, 1869-70; Freeman, The Growth of the English Constitution from the Earliest Times, London, 1873; Hearn, The Government of England, London, 1870; Holms, The British Army in 1875, London, 1876; Noble, National Finance, London, 1875; Palgrave, The Local Taxation of Great Britain and Ireland, London, 1871; Reed, Our Ironclad Ships, London, 1869; Scott, The British Army, 2 vols., London, 1868; Stephens, New Commentaries on the Laws of England, 4 vols., London, 1868; Todd, On Parliamentary Government in England, 2 vols., London, 1867-9; Young, Imperial Federation of Great Britain and Her Colonies, London, 1876. (See IRELAND, SCOTLAND.) JOHN FISKE. GREECE, a kingdom in the southeast of Europe, consisting of old Middle Greece (Hellas), the Peloponnesus (Morea) and the islands Euboea, the Cyclades, the Northern Sporades, and, since Nov. 14, 1863, of the Ionian islands, which up to that time had been an independent state under the protection of England. The kingdom of Greece has an area of 19,941 English square miles, and a population (1879) of 1,679,775, of which number 37,598 are Albanians, 1,217 Wallachians, a total of 29,126 foreigners, i. e., Germans, French, English, Italians, and comers from the Ionian islands. The rest of the population are modern Greeks; that is, descendants of the ancient Hellenes, with a mixture of Slave blood. They speak the Greek language. The majority of the population belongs to the orthodox Greek Catholic Church. In 1870 there were 12,585 Roman Catholics and 2,582 Jews in the kingdom. The capital is Athens, with a population of 68,677. Greece won her independence, after a long struggle, from Turkish rule, and was declared a sovereign kingdom by the London protocol of Feb. 3, 1830. A treaty between England, France, Russia and Bavaria procured for Prince Otto the Grecian kingly crown; and he continued to reign until Oct. 22, 1862, when a provisional government constituted at Athens declared him deposed. On Dec. 22, 1862, the constitutive national convention assembled at Athens, on the motion of the protecting powers, chose Prince William (George), second son of the present king, Christian IX. of Denmark, (Schleswig-Holstein-SonderburgGlücksburg,) king of the Hellenes, under the title 80 VOL. II.-27 | of Georgios I. But the constitutive national assembly established, in 1864, a new constitution of the monarchy, a constitution which King George swore to support, Nov. 26, 1864. According to the provisions of this constitution, the crown shall be hereditary in the male line of the king's posterity; it passes eventually to the younger brother of the latter; but in no case can the crowns of Greece and Denmark belong to the same monarch. The executive power is in the king, and in the legislature. The national assembly consists of a single chamber of 187 deputies. This chamber has taken the place of the former estates assembly, with two chambers. The members of the national assembly are elected at general elections, and by direct election. Elections for members of the assembly take place every four years. The supreme executive board consists of the council with the ministers of foreign affairs, of justice, of the finances, of worship, public instruction, war, the navy, and of the interior. For the purposes of administration the country is divided into thirteen nomarchies (government districts), at the head of which stands a nomarch (president): Attica and Beotia; Euboea; Phthiotis and Phocis; Acarnia and Ætolia; Achaia and Elis; Arcadia; Laconia; Messenia; Argolis and Corinth; Cyclades; Corfu; Cephalonia; Zante. The subdivisions of the nomarchies are the eparchies, governed by an eparch. There are fifty-nine eparchies. The capital is under a special prefect of police. In the administration of justice the areopagus is the highest court. There are, besides a court of cassation at Athens, courts of appeal at Athens, Nauplia, Patras and Corfu. Subordinate to these are the sixteen courts, and courts of assize, besides which there are 175 “justices of the peace" for lesser civil cases and lesser criminal offenses. The metropolitan of the Greek Catholic church resides at Athens. There are fourteen archbishops and sixteen bishops. Roman Catholic archbishops are located at Romas and Corfu. There are four bishops under their jurisdiction.- By a statute of Jan. 15, 1867, a law of military duty, applicable to all, was introduced into Greece. The time of service, according to this law, begins with a person's twentieth year. He must remain six years in the reserve corps and ten in the landwehr.- According to the budget of 1880, the receipts of the Grecian state were estimated at 46,716,857 drachmas. The state debt amounted, in 1880, to 315,209,011 drachmas. — BIBLIOGRAPHY. Brockhaus, Griechenland, geographisch, geschichtlich und cultur-historisch von der ältesten zeit bis auf die Gegenwart, 8 vols., Leipzig, 1870; Gervinus, Geschichte des 19 Jahrh.,4 vols., Leipzig, 1859–60; Schmeidler, Geschichte des Königreichs Greichenlands, Heidelberg, 1876; Bernardakis, Le présent et l'avenir de la Grèce, Paris, 1870; Campbell, Turks and Greeks, London, 1877; Carnarvon, Reminiscences of Athens and the Morea, London, 1870; Cusani, Mémorie storico-statische sulla Dalmazia, sulle isole Ionie e sulla Grecia, Milan, 1862; Digenis, Quelques notes statis |