Mohammed Mohammedanism seems to have had from his youth a pro- Jewish tribes followed, many Arabian pensity to religious contemplation, for he tribes submitted themselves, and in 630 was every year accustomed, in the month he took possession of Mecca as prince and Ramadhan, to retire to a cave in Mount prophet. The idols of the Kaaba were Hara, near Mecca, and dwell here in sol- demolished, but the sacred touch of the itude. Mohammed began his mission in prophet made the black stone again the the fortieth year of his age by announcing object of the deepest veneration, and the himself to his own family as the apos- magnet that attracts hosts of pilgrims to tle of a new religious mission. His wife the holy city of Mecca. The whole of Arwas one of the first to believe in him, abia was soon after conquered, and a sumand among other members of his family mons to embrace the new revelation of the who acknowledged his mission was his divine law was sent to the Emperor Heraccousin Ali, the son of Abu Talib. Of great lius at Constantinople, the King of Persia, importance was the accession of Abu and the King of Abyssinia. Preparations Bekr, a man of estimable character, who for the conquest of Syria and for war with stood in high respect, and persuaded ten the Roman Empire were begun, when Moof the most considerable citizens of Mecca hammed died at Medina (632). His body to join the believers in the new apostle, was buried in the house of Ayesha, where They were all instructed by Mohammed he died, and which afterwards became in the doctrines of Islam, as the new re- part of the adjoining mosque, and a place ligion was styled, which were promul- of pilgrimage for the faithful in all time gated as the gradual revelations of the to come. Of all his wives, the first alone divine will, through the angel Gabriel, and bore him children, of whom only his daughwere collected in the Koran (which see). ter Fatima, wife of Ali, survived him. After three years Mohammed made a more There is no doubt that Mohammed was public announcement of his doctrine, but a man of extraordinary insight and deep for years his followers were few. In 621 reflection. Though without book-learnMohammed lost his wife, and the death of ing, he had a deep knowledge of man, was Abu Talib took place about the same time. familiar with Bible narratives and eastDeprived of their assistance, he was com- ern legends, and possessed a grasp of the pelled to retire, for a time, to the city of eternal ground of all religion, though Taïf. On the other hand, he was readily tinged and modified by his vivid poetic received by the pilgrims who visited the imagination. See Koran, MohammedanKaaba (which see), and gained numerous ism. adherents among the families in the neigh Mohammed, the name of five Otto Mohammed Ali. See Mehemet Ali. borhood. Mohammed now adopted the man sultans, of whom resolution of encountering his enemies the careers of Mohammed I and II are with force. Only the more exasperated at treated under Ottoman Empire (which this they formed a conspiracy to murder see). Mohammed (or Mahomet) III him. Warned of the imminent danger, he (1568-1603), and IV (1649-91) were left Mecca, accompanied by Abu Bekr feeble rulers. Mohammed (or Mehmed) alone, and concealed himself in a cave not V succeeded April 27, 1909, on the depofar distant. Here he spent three days un- sition of his brother Abdul-Hamid in condiscovered, after which he arrived safely sequence of a revolution. He was born at Medina, but not without danger (A.D. in 1844, and had spent many years in se622). This event, from which the Mo- clusion before he was taken from his virhammedans commence their era, is known tual prison to ascend the throne of Turkey. under the name of the Hejra, which signi- Mohammed Ahmed. See Mahdi. fies flight. In Medina Mohammed met with the most favorable reception; thither he was followed by many of his adherents. He now assumed the sacerdotal and regal Mohammedanism (mo-ham'e - dandignity, married Ayesha, daughter of Abu izm), the name Bekr, and as the number of the faithful commonly given in Christian countries to continued to increase, declared his resolu- the creed established by Mohammed. His tion to propagate his doctrines with the followers call their creed Islam (entire subsword. In the battle of Bedr (623), the mission to the decrees of God), and their first of the long series of battle by which common formula of faith is, "There is no Islamism was established over a large por- God but Allah, and Mohammed is his protion of the earth, he defeated Abu Sofian, phet.' The dogmatic or theoretical part of the chief of the Koreishites. He in turn Mohammedanism embraces the following was defeated by them at Ohod, near Me points:-1. Belief in God, who is withdina, soon after, and in 625 they unsuc- out beginning or end, the sole Creator cessfully besieged Medina, and a truce of and Lord of the universe, having absolute ten years was agreed on. Wars with the power. knowledge, glory and perfection. Mohammedanism Mohilev 2. Belief in his angels, who are impecca- cessor, but disputes immediately arose, a ble beings, created of light. 3. Belief in party holding that Ali, the son-in-law of good and evil Jinn (genii), who are cre- Mohammed, was by right entitled to be ated of smokeless fire, and are subject to his immediate successor. This led to the death. 4. Belief in the Holy Scriptures, division of the Mohammedans into the which are his uncreated word revealed to two sects known as Shiites and Sunnites. the prophets. Of these there now exist, The former, the believers in the right of but in a greatly corrupted form, the Pen- Ali to be considered the first successor, tateuch, the Psalms, and the Gospels; and constitute at present the majority of the in an uncorrupted and incorruptible state Mussulmans of Persia and India; the latthe Koran, which abrogates and surpasses ter, considered as the orthodox Mohamme all preceding revelations. (See Koran.) dans, are dominant in the Ottoman Em5. Belief in God's prophets and apostles, pire, Arabia, Turkestan and Africa. The the most distinguished of whom are Adam, propagation of Mohammedanism by conNoah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Mo- quest took place with extraordinary rahammed. Mohammed is the greatest of pidity and in a very brief period it spread them all, the last of the prophets and the widely through Southern Asia and Northmost excellent of the creatures of God. ern Africa and made its way into Spain. 6. Belief in a general resurrection and The total Mohammedan population of the final judgment, and in future rewards and world is estimated at over 220,000,000. punishments, chiefly of a physical nature. See Caliph, Shiites, Sunnites, etc. 7. Belief, even to the extent of fatalism, Mohammera (mo-ham'er-a), a town in God's absolute foreknowledge and preof Western Persia, destination of all events both good and province Khuzistan, at the junction of the evil. Karun with Shat-el-Arab. Pop. 15,000. The practical part of Mohammedanism Mohave (mo-hä'va), the name of an inculcates certain observances or duties, Indian tribe of Yuman stock, of which four are most important. The living along the lower Colorado River, in first is prayer, including preparatory puri- Arizona and California. They are agrifications. Prayer must be engaged in at cultural, and make pottery and baskets. five stated periods each day. On each Mohave Desert is a basin, with little of these occasions the Moslem has to offer water or vegetation, chiefly in the S. E. up certain prayers held to be ordained by of California, and extending into Arizona. God, and others ordained by his prophet. The Mohave River rises in San BernarDuring prayer it is necessary that the dino range, and finally disappears in the face of the worshiper be turned towards Mohave Sink. the kebla, that is, in the direction of Mecca. Prayers may be said in any clean place, but on Friday they must be said in the mosque. Second in importance to prayer stands the duty of giving alms. Next comes the duty of fasting. Moslem must abstain from eating and drinking, and from every indulgence of confederacy of the Five (afterwards Six) the senses, every day during the month of Nations. (See Iroquois.) They originally Ramadhan, from the first appearance of inhabited the valley of the Mohawk River. daybreak until sunset, unless physically With the rest of the confederacy they adincapacitated. The fourth paramount re- hered to the British interests during the ligious duty of the Moslem is the perform- Revolution, and many left the country on ance at least once in his life, if possible, its termination for Canada. of the pilgrimage (el-Hadj) to Mecca, Mohicans (mo-hi'kanz), after which he becomes a Hadji. CircumGANS, a tribe of Indians cision is general among Mohammedans, of the great Algonquin family, formerly but is not absolutely obligatory. The dis occupying the country now forming the tinctions of clean and unclean meats are southwestern parts of New England and nearly the came as in the Mosaic code. New York State east of the Hudson. Wine and all intoxicating liquors are Mohilev (mo'hi-lef), a town in Russtrictly forbidden. Music, games of sia, capital of a government chance, and usury are condemned. Im- of the same name, on both banks of the ages and pictures of living creatures are Dnieper, 212 miles w. s. w. of Moscow. It contrary to law. Charity, probity in all has spacious streets and a large octagonal transactions, veracity (except in a few square occupied by the principal build cases), and modesty, are indispensable ings, among others the palace of the virtues. After Mohammed's death Abu Greek archbishop and the bazaar. The Bekr, his father-in-law, became his suc- staple manufacture is tobacco: and the Mohawk (mo'hak), a river of the United States, the principal tributary of the Hudson in the state of New York; affords abundant water-power, and flows through beautiful scenery. The Mohawks, Indians, belonging to the a tribe of North American or MOHE Mohilla Mold trade with Riga, Memel, Dantzig and Mojarra de Las Piedras Odessa, chiefly in leather, wax, honey, potash, oil and grain, is very extensive. (mo-har'ä), a fish found on the west Pop. 43,106.-The government has an coast of Mexico and Central America area of about 18,545 square miles. Pop. from Mazatlan to Panama. 4,708,041.-There is another Mohilev in the government of Podolia, on the left bank of the Dniester, 60 miles E. S. E. of Kamenetz, with a pop. of 22,100. Mohilla. See Comoro Islands. Mohur (mo'hur), an Indian gold coin, value fifteen rupees. Moidore (moi'dor; from the Portuguese, moeda d'ouro, literally, coin of gold), a gold coin formerly used in Portugal (from 1690-1722), of the value of 4800 reis, or about $6.75. Moir, DAVID MACBETH, better known by his pseudonym of Delta, poet and miscellaneous writer, born at Musselburgh, Scotland, in 1798. He adopted the medical profession, as a practitioner of which in his native town the whole of his life was spent. He early showed a turn From Bulletin 47, U. S. Nat. Museum. for literary composition, both in prose and Mojarra de las Piedras (Pomacanthus zonipectus). verse, and became a frequent contributor, first to Constable's and afterwards to Blackwood's Magazine, where his more Mokanna (mo-kan'na), AL, HAKEM serious effusions were subscribed by a A. In the latter magazine most of his writings in prose and verse, including the inimitable Autobiography of Mansie Waugh, Tailor in Dalkeith, first appeared. He died in 1851. IBN HASHEM, styled the Veiled Prophet, a Mohammedan impostor of Persia in the eighth century. He attributed to himself divine powers, and gained many foliowers, so that at last the caliph was compelled to send an armed Moiré (mwa-ra), the French name force against him. He retired to a fortgiven to silks figured by the ress in Trasoxiana, where he first poiprocess called watering. The silks for soned and burned his family, and then this purpose, though made in the same burned himself. His followers continued way as ordinary silks, are of double width, to pay him divine honors after his death. and must be of a stout, substantial make. He is the hero of Moore's Veiled Prophet They are folded and subjected to an enor- of Khorassan. mous pressure, of from 60 to 100 tons, generally in a hydraulic machine, and the air in trying to escape drives before it the small quantity of moisture that is used, and hence is effected the permanent marking called watering, which is for the most Molar Teeth. part in curious waved lines. The finest kinds of watered silks are known as Molasse (mu-las'), a soft greenish moirés antiques. Woolen fabrics to which the same process has been applied are called moreen. tin-plate show Moirée Métallique, trystal lized surface through the action of acids; also, iron-plate coated with tin, and having the coating more or less removed by acids, so as to give it a variety of shades. Moissac (mwås-åk), a town of France, dep Tarn-et-Garonne, on the Tarn. Pop. 4523. Mola-di-Bari (mo'la-de-ba're), a sea- sandstone which occupies the country between the Alps and the Jura. Molasses (mu-las'ez), the uncrystalmanufacture of sugar. It differs from lized syrup produced in the treacle, as molasses comes from sugar in Mojanga (mo'jun-ga), a seaport on mines, mineral oil works, limestone quar agascar. the northwest coast of Mad- ries and potteries in the neighborhood. Pop. 4875. Moldau Bohemia, which, after passing Molière al), a small mar Moldau (mol'dou), the chief river of Mole-marsupial (mol' mär-su-pithrough Prague, joins the Elbe; length, supial inhabiting the desert region of 260 miles. South Australia. It has the habits and appearance of a small mole. Its color is Moldavia. See Roumania. Mole (mol), a name given to insectivorous animals of the genus Talpa, family Talpidæ, which, in search of worms or insect larvæ, form burrows just under the surface of the ground, throwing up the excavated soil into a little ridge or into little hills. The common mole (T. europea) is found all over Europe, except in the extreme south and north. It is from 5 to 6 inches long; its head is large, without any external ears; and its eyes are very minute, and concealed by its fur, which is short and soft. Its forelegs are very short and strong, and its Mole, of large stones laid in the sea so a mound or massive work formed as to partially inclose and shelter a harbor or anchorage. Mole-marsupial (Notoryctes typhlops). snout slender, strong and tendinous. pale yellow and the nose has a horny Another species (T. cæca, or blind mole) is shield; the tail is bare and leathery. found in the south of Europe. It has its The species is very rare. See Marsuname from its eye being always covered pialia. by its eyelid. able mole (Chrysochloris capensis), is The Cape mole, or change Mole-rat, a name given to rodents of "the genus Spalax, family remarkable as being the only mammal Spalacidæ. They are dum pish stoutthat exhibits the splendid metallic reflec- bodied rodents, with short, strong limbs, tion which is thrown from the feathers of a short or scarcely any tail, and minute many birds. The 'star-nosed moles' of or rudimentary eyes and ears. They make North America (Condylura macrura) are tunnels and throw up hillocks like the so-named from the star or fringe-like ar- mole, but their food appears to consist rangement of the nasal cartilages. The wholly of vegetable substances. All the shrew moles (Scalops) of North America species belong to the Old World, S. typh are more properly included among the lus inhabiting the south of Russia and shrews. some parts of Asia. Moleskin (möl'skin), a strong twilled cotton fabric (fustian), cropped or shorn before dyeing; much used for workmen's clothing. So called Mole-cricket, tain insects from the mole. a name given to cer- from its being soft, like the skin of a peculiar similarity of the anterior extremi- Molfetta (mol-fet'ta), an Italian port ties of the species, and from the resemon the Adriatic, on the railblance in their habits, to those of the way from Ancona to Brindisi, 15 miles mole. The best-known species (Gryllo- W. N. W. of the city of Bari. It has talpa borealis), common in the United a cathedral and several other churches States, is about 11⁄2 inches long and of a and a college; manufactures of linen and brown color. In making its burrows it saltpeter; a harbor, well sheltered except cuts through the roots of plants and on the north; and a considerable trade. commits great devastation in gardens. A Pop. 42.363. larger species is found in South America. Molière (mo-lvar), the assumed name of JEAN BAPTISTE POQUELIN, Molecule (mol'e-kül), the smallest quantity of any elementary a French comic dramatist, born at Paris substance or compound which is capable in 1622. His father was a tradesman of existing in a separate form. It differs connected with the court, and he received from atom, which is known to us only as a conception, inasmuch as it is always a portion of some molecular aggregate of atoms. Molecular attraction is that species of attraction which operates upon the molecules or particles of a body. Cohesion and chemical affinity are instances of molecular attraction. See Chemistry. a good education. He studied law, but gave it up for the career of an actor, assuming in this profession the name of Molière. After obtaining great success in the provinces he settled in Paris in 1658, having previously produced his two comedies. L'Etourdi and Le Dépit Amoureux. In the following year his reputation was greatly advanced by the production of the Molina Mollusca Précieuses Ridicules, a delicate satire on motor truck and many other factories. the prevailing affectation of the character Pop. (1910) 24,199; (1920) 30,709. of bel esprit, on the pedantry of learned Molinos (mo-le'nos), MIGUEL, a Spanfemales, and on affectation in language, ish mystic and theologian, thoughts and dress. It produced a gen- born in 1627; died in 1696. In 1675 he eral reform when it was brought forward published the Spiritual Guide, an ascetical in Paris. Continuing to produce new plays, treatise, which promulgated the new reand performing the chief comic parts him- ligious doctrine known as Quietism. In self, he became a great favorite both with 1685 he was cited before the Holy Office, the court and the people, though his ene- and in 1687 the Inquisition condemned his mies, rival actors and authors, were nu- works. He spent the rest of his days as merous. Louis XIV was so well pleased a prisoner in a convent of the Dominicans. with the performances of Molière's com- Mollah (mola), an honorary title acpany that he made it especially the royal corded to any one in Turkey company, and gave its director a pension. who has acquired respect from purity of In 1662 Molière made an ill-assorted mar- life, or who exercises functions relating to riage with Armande Béjart, upwards of religion or the sacred or canon law. The twenty years younger than himself, a title is not conferred by any special union that embittered the latter part of authority, but springs spontaneously his life. Among his works other than those from public respect. It is nearly equivamentioned may be noted: L'Ecole des lent to master, excellency, in English. Maris, L'Ecole des Femmes, Le Mariage Mollendo (mol-en'do), a small seaport Forcé, Don Juan, Le Misanthrope, Le on the coast of Peru, dep. Médecin Malgré lui, Le Tartufe, L'Avare, Arequipa, with a considerable trade. Pop. George Dandin, Les Fourberies de Scapin, about 2200. Le Malade Imaginaire, etc. Molière died Mollusca (mol-us'ka), an animal subin 1673 of an apoplectic stroke, a few kingdom, comprising those hours after playing in the latter. As a soft-bodied animals known as slugs, snails, player he was unsurpassed in high comic limpets, oysters, cockles, etc. In some parts; and in the literature of comedy he the body is naked and unprotected, in bears the greatest name among the mod- others it is enclosed in a muscular sac, erns after Shakespere. He borrowed but the great majority are provided with freely from Latin, Spanish and Italian an exoskeleton or shell. The shell-bearing writers, but whatever materials he appro- molluses are popularly divided into unipriated he so treated them as to make the result entirely his own and original. The Archbishop of Paris at first refused him burial as being an actor and a reviler of the clergy; but the king himself insisted on it. Molina (mo-lē'na), LUIS, a Jesuit and professor of theology at the Portuguese university of Evora, was born at Cuenca, in New Castle, in 1535, and died in 1601 at Madrid. He has become known by his theory of grace. In order to reconcile man's free-will with the Augustinian doctrine of grace, he published a work in which he undertook to reconcile the free-will of man with the foreknowledge of God and predestination. It caused lengthened discussion, and passed subsequently into the Jansenist controversy. Molina was attacked by Pascal in the Provincal Letters. 1 2 3 MOLLUSCA AND MOLLUSCOIDA. 1, Sepia officinalis (cuttle-fish) and cuttle-boneclass Cephalopoda. 2, Nerita albicella-a gaster opod. 3, A pteropod. 4, Terebratula diphyaclass Brachiopoda. 5. Cyrithea maculataclass Lamellibranchiata. 6, Cynthia papillosaclass Tunicata. Moline (mo-len'), a city of Rock Isl valves, bivalves and multivalves. The and County, Illinois, on the univalves are those whose shell consists east bank of the Mississippi River, about of only a single piece, often open and cup4 miles above Davenport, Iowa, on the shaped, as in the limpet, or more comChicago, Rock Island and Pacific and monly of a long cone wound spirally round other railroads, and is an important man- a real or imaginary axis, as the gardenufacturing center, having abundant wa- snail, the whelk or periwinkle. The biter-power. Here are large plow and corn- valves are those of which the shell is planter factories; also steel and iron formed of two pieces joined by a hinge. works, railroad shops, an elevator factory. as the cockle and oyster. The multivalves |