Pennsylvania Pensacola The coal strata of both these fields con vania by German settlers and their detain many valuable seams of ironstone, scendants. and both the smelting and working of Pennsylvania State College, iron have long been regarded as the most important interest of the state. a State coeducational institution, at State An accession of immense value was the College, Pa., near Bellefonte, opened in discovery of petroleum in 1859. Pennsyl- 1859. It has schools of Liberal Arts, vania surpasses all other states in the Agriculture, Engineering, Natural Scivalue of its mineral products, while in the ence, etc. Students (1920) 2936. production of coal, it still stands pre- Penny eminent, the state producing about one (pen'i), a British coin (formerly of copper, since 1860 of third the coal of the entire country. bronze) and money of account, the 12th Other mineral products are pig iron, ce- part of a shilling, equal to two cents in ment rock, copper, feldspar, flint, glass, American money. The American cent is sand, graphite, etc. There are a number referred to locally as a penny.' of noted mineral springs. In the amount Penn Yan (pen yan), a village, of its manufactures the state is second county seat of Yates Co. only to New York. The city of Philadel- New York, picturesquely situated on Lake phia is one of the world's great manufac- Keuka, 45 miles s. E. of Rochester. It is turing centers, Pittsburgh is unsurpassed the home of Penn Yan Academy. Has in the country for its iron and glass in- fruit and farm interests. Pop. 5215. terests, and several other cities are prom- Pennyroyal (pen'i-roi-al), a species inent in iron and steel products. In maof mint (Mentha Pulechine-shop products Pennsylvania takes gium) formerly in considerable repute first rank, as also in textile and carpet as a medicine, but now almost totally manufactures and shipyard products. Its neglected. See Mint. trade is also large, both foreign and in- Penobscot (pe-nob'skot), the largest river of Maine. It flows land. In railroad facilities it stands third, with 11,290 miles, being surpassed 300 miles s. by w. to Penobscot Bay. a tribe of In only by Texas and Illinois. Its canals, Penobscot Indians, dians living in formerly over 1000 miles in length, have been largely abandoned in consequence of American colonial times in what is now railroad rivalry. Education is well ad- the state of Maine. In language they vanced, the higher institutions of learn- were Algonkin and at one time were part ing including the University of Pennsyl- of the Abnaki confederacy. Most of the vania, State College, University of Pitts- Penobscot Indians now living are in Oldburgh, Bryn Mawr College, Lafayette Col- town, Maine. nent institutions. The first settlement in Pennsylvania, UNIVERSITY OF, an lege, Lehigh University, and other promi- Penology (pe-nol'o-gi), the name ap plied to penitentiary scithe state was made by a company of ence, being that department of sociology Swedish emigrants in 1638. The Dutch concerned with the processes devised and afterwards gained possession, but it was adopted for the repression and prevention wrested from them by the English in of crime. The study of penology has at1664. A subsequent settlement was made tracted wide attention within recent years, in 1682 by William Penn. The capital is and much has been done through legislaHarrisburg; largest city, Philadelphia. tion and awakened public sentiment to Pop. (1900) 6,302,115; (1910) 7,665,111; improve penal systems generally. (1920) 8,720,017. Penrith (pen'rith), a market-town of England, in the county of institution for higher Cumberland, 17 miles south by east of learning, in Philadelphia, Pa., founded in Carlisle. Pop. (1911) 8612. 1740 as a charity school, reorganized as Pensacola (pen-sa-kō'la), a port of an academy, again as a college, and in entry and county seat of 1791 as the University of Pennsylvania. Escambia county, Florida, on Pensacola It comprises a college, including the Bay, about 10 miles from the Gulf of School of Arts and the College Course for Mexico, and 50 miles (direct) s. E. of Teachers; the Towne Scientific School, Mobile. It has a deep harbor and the the Wharton School of Finance and Com- bay is one of the safest and most capamerce, the School of Education, the Grad- cious in the Gulf of Mexico. It has been uate School, and schools of law, medicine, selected as a naval station and depot, dentistry, veterinary medicine, etc. Stu- the navy yard being at Warrington, 7 dents (1920-21) 11,182. miles to seaward of the town. The en Pennsylvania Dutch, a German trance to the harbor is defended by sevdialect eral strong forts. There are here large mixed with English, spoken in Pennsyl- grain elevators, and the place has an extensive shipping trade in lumber, fish, Pensionary Pentateuch hides, wool, cotton, and naval stores. Pop. rolls June 30, 1913, the disbursement for (1910) 22,982; (1920) 31,035. pensions amounting to $174,171,600. While the system of old age_pensions has not been introduced into the United States as a government institution, it has been established in some of the states and cities, for teachers, policemen, and firemen, and by a number of railroad and other corporations. The government is considering a general service pension system. Pensions, MOTHERS'. In connection with country-wide discussion of the education of the child have come within recent years many definite steps for preserving to the child the benefits gained only from proper home influences. In the belief that separation of mother and child necessarily works to the detriment of the child's development, many states have enacted legislation that will enable mothers too poor to maintain Pensionary (pen'shun-a-ri), one of their children, to keep them at home inthe chief magistrates of stead of placing them in various institutowns in Holland. The Grand Pen- tions. This is being done through a pensionary was the first minister of the sion or allowance system. Many state United Provinces of Holland under the legislatures have passed these pension old republican government. laws, and a number of cities have proPensions (pen'shunz), annual allow- vided similar aid by municipal ordinances. ances of money settled upon Pentagon five sides and five angles; (pen'ta-gon), a figure of persons, usually for services previously rendered. In Britain civil pensions are if the sides and angles be equal it is a conferred on certain ministers of state, regular pentagon; otherwise, irregular. etc., on retirement after a number of Pentagraph. See Pantograph. years' service, with smaller sums called the civil list pensions. These latter pen- Pentamera (pen-tam'è-ra), one of sions are assigned to those who, by their the primary sections into personal services to the crown, by the which coleopterous insects (beetles) are performance of duties to the public, or divided, including those which have five by their useful discoveries in science joints on the tarsus of each leg. and attainments in literature and the Pentamerone (pen-ta-me-ro'nā), famous collection of lated into German and English, a complete English translation being published by Sir Richard Burton in 1893. These tales are of great value to the student arts, have merited the gratitude of their country. In addition, army and navy fifty folk-tales (Naples, 1637), written pensions are paid to veterans of those by Giambattista Basile in the Neapoliincapacitated for service by wounds, tan dialect. They are claimed to be told etc. By a law which became effective during five days by ten old women for January 1, 1909, a system of old-age the entertainment of a Moorish slave, pensions was established in Britain. A who has usurped the place of the rightsimilar system had existed in Germany ful princess. They have been transfor many years, and like ones have been established to a partial extent in some other countries. In the United States the pension system differs from that of most other countries; pensions, with few of folk-lore. exceptions, are granted only on account Pentameter (pen-tam'e-ter), in of military service; having no large prosody, a verse constanding army, its pensions are given sisting of five feet. It belongs more eschiefly to volunteers and drafted men. pecially to Greek and Latin poetry. Since the Civil war the pension system The first two feet may be either dactyls has developed from a very small estab- or spondees, the third is always a spondee, lishment to a great bureau. The appro- and the last two anapests. A pentameter priations made by Congress have verse, subjoined to a hexameter, constiincreased yearly. In 1861 there was dis- tutes what is called the elegiac measure. bursed on account of pensions $1,072,461. Pentateuch (pen'ta-tük), the Greek There were 820,200 pensioners on the name applied to the first Pentateuch five books in the Bible, called also the Law of Moses (Hebrew, Torah Mosheh), or simply the Law (Torah). The division of the whole work into five parts has by some authorities been supposed to be original; others, with more probability, think it was so divided by the Greek translators, the titles of the several books being Greek, not Hebrew. It begins with an account of creation and the primeval condition of man; of the entrance of sin into the world, and God's dealing with it, broadening out into a history of the early world, but again narrowing into biographies of the founders of the Jewish family; it then proceeds to describe how the family grew into a nation in Egypt, tells us of its oppression and deliverance; of its forty years' wandering in the wilderness; of the giving of the law, with all its civil and religious enactments; of the construction of the tabernacle; of the census of the people; of the rights and duties of the priesthood; and concludes with the last discourses of Moses and his death. The Pentateuch and the book of Joshua are sometimes spoken of together as the Hexateuch; when Judges and Ruth are added, as the Octateuch. Until nearly the end of the 18th century the conviction that Moses wrote the complete work, with the exception of the last chapter or SO of Deuteronomy, ascribed to Joshua, might be said to have been universally adhered to; but previously to this the question whether the Pentateuch was the work of one man or of one age, and what share Moses had in its composition, had been discussed seriously and with more or less critical investigation. Spinoza, in a work published in 1679, maintained that we owe the present form of the work to Ezra. A scientific basis was given to the investigation by Jean Astruc (1753), who recognized two main documentary sources in Genesis, one of which used the name Elohim and the other Jehovah for God. This documentary theory' gave way to the fragmentary theory' of Vater (1815) and Hartmann (1818), who maintained that the Pentateuch was merely a collection of fragments thrown together without order or design. This theory has now lost its popularity by the substitution of another, called the supplementary hypothesis, whose leading principle is that there was only one original or fundamental document (the Elohistic) giving a connected history from first to last, such as we have in the Pentateuch; but that a later editor (the Jehovist), or several successive editors, enlarged it to its present Penthièvre extent, sometimes very greatly, by the insertion of additional matter from other sources, whether these had appeared in a written form already, or whether they were still floating in the minds of the people as traditions. The book of Joshua is now generally regarded as in its character belonging to and completing the Pentateuch. De Wette was the first to concern himself (early in the last century) with the historical apart from the literary criticism of the Pentateuch, and refused to find anything in it but legend and poetry. The discussions on these points, which until recently were mainly led by German theologians, have latterly been taken up by English biblical critics, among the earliest being Dr. Davidson and Bishop Colenso. Among those critics of the present day who deny the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch there is a tendency to recognize three elements or component parts welded together in the whole work (including Joshua). One of these is the fundamental or Elohistic document, which is partly historic in its matter but mainly legal, embracing Leviticus and parts of Exodus and Numbers. Another element consists of the Jehovistic, which is almost entirely narrative and historical, and to which belongs the history of the patriarchs, etc. The third component element is Deuteronomy, the second giving of the law, as the name signifies. The respective antiquity of the several portions has been much disputed, many critics making the Elohistic the earliest, the Jehovistic second, Deuteronomy last. Some modern critics, however, put the Elohistic section last, believing it to have been drawn up during the exile and published by Ezra after the return; while the Jehovistic section is assigned to the age of the early kings, and Deuteronomy to the reign of Josiah. Pentecost (pen' te- kost: from the Greek pentekostě, the fiftieth), a Jewish festival, held on the fiftieth day after the passover, in celebration of the ingathering and in thanksgiv ing for the harvest. It was also called the Feast of Weeks, because it was celebrated seven weeks after the passover. It is also a festival of the Christian church, occurring fifty days after Easter, in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Ghost on the disciples, called in England Whitsuntide. Penthesilea pen-the-sil-'a), in Greek mythology, a queen of the Amazons (which see). Penthièvre (pån-tyavr), an ancient county of Brittany, now forming the French department of Mor Pentland Firth bihan. It belonged in earlier times to several branches of the house of Brittany, but at a later period came to the houses of Brosse and Luxembourg, and in 1569 was erected in their favor by Charles IX into a dukedom. It after wards fell to the crown, and was given, in 1697, by Louis XIV to one of his illegitimate sons by Madame de Montespan, the Count of Toulouse, who died in 1737. His only son and heir was Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, duke of Penthièvre, born in 1725; died in 1793; served as general at Dettingen and Fontenoy, and was father-in-law to King Louis Philippe. Pentland Firth (pent'land), a channel separating the mainland of Scotland from the Orkney Islands, and connecting the North Sea with the Atlantic Ocean. It is about 17 miles long east to west, and 6 to 8 miles broad. A current, setting from east to west, flows through it with a velocity of 3 to 9 miles an hour, causing many eddies, and rendering its navigation difficult and dangerous. Pentland Hills, a range of Scotland, in the counties of Edinburgh, Peebles, and Lanark, commencing 4 miles south by west of Edinburgh, and extending southwest for about 16 miles. The highest summit, Scald Law, is 1898 feet above sea-level. Penumbra (pen-um'bra), the partial shadow between the full light and the total shadow caused by an opaque body intercepting the light from a luminous body, the penumbra being the result of rays emitted by part Umbra and Penumbra. 'People's Palace bra; when the eclipse is total, in the um- Penzance (penʼzans), Pop. a municipal borough and seaport of England, in the county of Cornwall, picturesquely situated on the northwest of Mount's Bay, 26 miles southwest of Truro. The harbor has accommodation for large vessels, and there is a considerable export of tin and copper, chinaclay, and pilchards. The pilchard and other fisheries employ many persons. Penzance has a fine climate and pleasant environs, and is becoming a favorite watering-place. Pop. 13,136. Peony (pe'u-ni; Paonia), a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Ranunculaceæ, and very generally cultivated in gardens for the sake of their large showy flowers. The species are mostly herbaceous, having perennial tuberous roots and large deeply-lobed leaves. The flowers are solitary, and of a variety of colors, crimson, purplish, pink, yellow, and white. The flowers, however, have no smell, or not an agreeable one, except in the case of a shrubby species, P. Moutan, a native of China, of which several varieties, with beautiful whitish flowers stained with pink, are cultivated in gardens. The roots and seeds of all the species are emetic and cathartic in moderate doses. P. officinālis or festiva, the common peony of cottage gardens, was formerly in great repute as a medicine. of the luminous body. An eye placed in the penumbra would see part of the lumiDous body, part being eclipsed by the opaque body; an eye placed in the 'umbra,' or place of total shadow, would receive no rays from the luminous body; an eye placed anywhere else than in the penumbra and umbra sees the luminous body without eclipse. The subject is of importance in the consideration eclipses. In a partial eclipse of the sun, as long as any part of the same is visible don, situated in Mile-end Road, opened the parties observing are in the penum- by Queen Victoria, May, 1887. a building in the of People's Palace, East End of Lon It pro |