Moon Moon From 1895 to 1901 he was instructor, and war; on the rest of its course it wanes. from 1901 to 1907, assistant professor in When more than a semicircle is visible it English in the University of Chicago. He is said to be gibbous, when new or full it edited the Cambridge' edition of Milton; is said to be in its syzygies. On the visiand with Robert Morss Lovett prepared a ble portion of the lunar surface there is History of English Literature (1902) and either no atmosphere or an exceedingly rare A First View of English Literature one, and no traces of organic life have been (1905). His Ode in Time of Hesitation observed. As each portion is alternately in (1900) showed splendid mastery of style sunlight and in shade for a fortnight at a and lyrical movement and brought Moody time, and as no atmosphere has been dealmost immediate recognition as a poet. tected, it is conjectured that the lunar His books of verse are Poems (1901) and extremes of heat and cold far exceed the The Fire-Bringer (1904); his plays The greatest terrestrial extremes. The surMask of Judgment (in verse, 1900), The face of the moon is mainly occupied by Great Divide, produced in 1907, and The mountainous masses, most of which are Faith Healer, produced in 1909. named after eminent scientific men. They Moon (mön), one of the secondary sometimes appear detached as precipitous planets and the satellite of the peaks, more frequently they form vast earth, revolves round the latter in an el- continuous ranges, but the most prevaliptic (almost circular) orbit, in one side- lent form is that of crater-mountains, real month (see Month), at a mean sometimes 8 to 10 miles in diameter, and distance of 238,840 miles, its greatest and giving evident traces of volcanic action. least distances being 252,970 and 221,600 Certain crater-like formations, which have miles. Its mean diameter is 2163 miles; still greater diameters, are generally its surface is about 1/13 (14,600,000 sq. spoken of as walled plains. Larger still miles) of that of the earth; the volume are the gray plains,' which were at one 1/49; the mass about 1/81; and the mean time taken for seas, before the absence of density a little more than 2. A mass water from the lunar surface was demonweighing 1 lb. on the earth's surface strated. Some of the mountains have been would weigh about 1/6 lb. on the moon's estimated to be over 24,000 feet in height, surface. For every revolution in its orbit from observation of their shadows. Very the moon rotates once on its axis, so that peculiar ridges of comparatively small elethe same portion of the surface is con- vation extend for great distances, connectstantly turned towards the earth; but in ing different ranges or craters. The sovirtue of an apparent oscillatory motion, called 'rilles' or clefts' are huge straight known as libration, about 4/7 of the sur furrows of great length (18 to 90 miles), face is presented at one time or another to now generally believed to be caused by terrestrial observers. If the moon's orbit cracks in a shrinking surface. There are were in the plane of the ecliptic, solar and also valleys of various sizes, and faults' lunar eclipses would occur monthly. The or closed cracks, sometimes of considerorbit is, however, inclined 5° 8' 40" to able length. In reading descriptions of the ecliptic, so that the meridian altitude the visible peculiarities of the moon, it has a range of 57°. The point of the orbit should be remembered that the highest nearest the earth is called the perigee, the telescopic power yet applied to that planet farthest, the apogee. An eclipse of the is only equivalent to bringing it within moon occurs when it passes into the about 40 miles of the naked eye. The atearth's shadow; when it prevents the sun traction of the sun for the earth and the being seen there is an eclipse of the sun. moon tends to diminish their mutual ac(See Eclipse.) The changes in the ap- tion. When the moon is at new or full pearance of the moon, described by the (in syzygies) the mutual attraction of the words waxing and waning, are known as earth and moon is lessened by the sun phases. The four chief phases, occurring more than usual, whereas it causes a at intervals of 90° in the lunar orbit, are small increase in the mutual action when New Moon, when it is between the earth the moon is in quadrature (when the line and sun (i. e., in conjunction with the from the earth to the moon is at right sun), and so turns an unilluminated side angles to the line from the earth to the to the earth; First Quarter, when one-half sun); again, the sun exerts a direct tanof the illuminated disc (i. e., one quarter gential acceleration on the moon which is of the entire lunar surface) is visible; positive (or towards the sun) when the Full Moon, when the whole illuminated moon is nearer the sun than the earth, disc is presented to the earth; and Last and negative when the moon is further away than the earth; these two produce Quarter, when once more only half of the what is called the moon's variation, which. disc is visibly illuminated. Between new on the whole, is such that in each lunamoon and full moon the moon is said to tion the moon's velocity is greatest when Moon Moore THOMAS, the national poet of she is in syzygies and least when nearly Moore, Ireland, was born in 1779 in in quadrature. For the influence of the moon on tides see T'ides. Moon, MOUNTAINS OF THE, the name given, on the authority of Ptolemy, who thus designates the range in which he places the sources of the Nile, to a chain of mountains long supposed to extend across the whole African continent at its broadest part. In reality no such range exists, though there are numerous different mountain systems in that extensive region. Dublin, where his father was a grocer; died near Devizes in 1852. From Trinity College, Dublin, he passed in 1799 to the Middle Temple in London, nominally to study law; but he almost immediately formed a connection with the fashionable and literary society of which he was so long an ornament, and in 1800 he was permitted to dedicate his Translation of the Odes of Anacreon to the Prince of Wales. His next venture, the Poetical Moonshiner, a term applied in the Works of the late Thomas Little, though Southern and Western partly written in a licentious vein, which States to the makers of 'moonshine' or he afterwards regretted, increased his illicit whisky. The term came from the reputation; and in 1803 Lord Moira obsecrecy of their operations, frequently tained for him the office of registrar of conducted at night, so as to evade the the admiralty court at Bermuda. Moore revenue officers. went out, but almost immediately_apMoonstone. pointed a deputy, and returned to Eng fand via the United States and Canada, Moore (mor), JOHN, Scottish novest and in 1806 published his Odes and Epis and physician, born at Stirling tles. The severe castigation of this work See Adularia. in 1730; died in 1802. His best knowi work is his novel of Zeluco (1789), whic seems to have exerted a considerable induence over Byron. Moore, GEORGE, an Irish author, born in Ballyglass County in 1853. He has written poems and critical works and is one of the founders of the Irish Theater, but is best known for his novels, strongly realistic, in the style of the French school. His novels include A Midsummer's Night (1884), Esther Waters (1894), Evelyn Innes (1898), The Untilled Field (1903), and The Lake (1905). Moore, SIR JOHN, a celebrated British general, the son of the preceding. was born at Glasgow in 1761; killed at Corunna in 1809. Having obtained an ensign's commission in the 51st Regiment, he served at Minorca, in the American war, as brigadier-general in the West Indies (1795). in Ireland during the rebellion of 1798, in Holla in 1799, and in Egypt in 1801, where he was severely wounded in the battle which cost Sir Ralph Abercrombie his life. Moore was now regarded as the greatest living British general, and in 1805 he was knighted. In 1808 he was appointed commander-inchief of the British army in Portugal to operate against Napoleon. He advanced to Salamanca in spite of the gravest difficulties, but was finally compelled to retreat to Corunna, a distance of 200 miles, in face of a superior force. This he accomplished in a masterly manner; but the absence of the fleet to receive his army forced him to a battle against Marshal Soult, in which Moore fell, mortally wounded, in the hour of victory (January 16. 1809). by Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review led to a hostile meeting between the critic and the author, but the duel was interrupted by the authorities before a shot was fired. An allusion in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, by Lord Byron, to a malicious renort that the pistols on this occasion had been loaded only with powder, also produced a challenge from Moore, but matters were afterwards Both Jeffrey and peaceably arranged. Byron subsequently among the In 1807 warmest friends of Moore. Moore agreed to write words for a num were Moor-fowi Moorish Architecture ter of Irish national airs, arranged by dentives by which the transition is efSir John Stevenson. In these Irish fected from the rectangular ground plan An imporMelodies, which were not finished till to the arched or domed roof. 1834, he found the work for which his tant specimen of this style is the mosque genius was peculiarly fitted, and it is on of Cordova, now the cathedral, which them that his poetic reputation will was begun by Caliph Abd-el-Rahman mainly rest. With The Intercepted Let- (786 A.D.), completed by his son, and It consisted ters; or, the Twopenny Post Bag, by subsequently much altered. Thomas Brown the Younger (1812), originally of eleven aisles, and the eight Moore entered upon the field of political aisles which were afterwards added (976and social satire, in which his wit and 1001) made it one of the largest buildplayfulness found good account; other ings in Europe, but the effect of its great works of this kind are the Fudge Family extent, 420 feet by 375, is marred by its in Paris (1818); Rhymes on the Road height, which is only about 30 feet to (1823); Memoirs of Captain Rock the roof. Another notable specimen of (1824), etc. His most ambitious work, the gorgeous Eastern romance of Lalla Rookh, was published in 1817, and brought its author £3000, but two years later he was compelled to retire to France in order to avoid arrest for a debt of to about £6000, afterwards reduced £1000, for which the dishonesty of his deputy at Bermuda had rendered him liable. He returned to England in 1822, with the poem, The Loves of the Angels, and ultimately succeeded in paying the debt by his literary exertions. The Life of Sheridan was produced in 1825, and The Epicuream, a prose romance, in 1827. Next came the Life of Lord Byron, for which he received nearly £5000, and the Life of Lord Edward Fitzgerald. His remaining works include The Summer Fête, a poem; Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion, a serious apology for Roman Catholicism, and (in 1834) a History of Ireland. Moore's Journal and Correspondence was published by his friend Lord John Russell in 1852-56. Moor-fowl. See Grouse. Moorhead, a city, county seat of Clay Minnesota, on Red Moorish Decoration-Court of the Alhambra. Moorish architecture is the Giralda or It is sup cathedral tower of Seville. is that posed to have been built by Abú Yusuf Yakub (1171 A.D.) as a tower of victory, and was used by the Moslems as a minThe base is a aret or mueddin-tower. River of the North, opposite Fargo, N. D. Seat of Concordia College and State Normal School. Has foundry, flour mill, brick and concrete works, etc. Pop. 5720. or GALLINULE. See GalliMoor-hen, nule. Moorish Architecture (mör'ish), form of Saracenic architecture which was developed by the Moslem conquerors of Spain in building their mosques and palaces. Its main characteristics are square of about 50 feet, from which the the horseshoe arch, varied by the trefoil, tower rises straight for 185 feet, and is cinquefoil, and other forms of arch; pro- now crowned by a belfry added in the fuse decoration of interiors by elaborately sixteenth century. The lower part of this designed arabesques in low relief, en- tower is nearly plain, but from about riched by colors and gilding, as well as one-third of its height upwards it is enby geometrical designs worked in mosaics riched by sunk panels filled with ornaof glazed tiles; the slenderness of the mentation in relief, which give lightness columns in proportion to the supported and grace to the structure without affectweight; and the curious stalactitic pen- ing its general massiveness. The most Moors characteristic Moorish palace in existence is the Alhambra in Granada, an immense structure of simple and rather forbidding exterior, but within gorgeous almost be Moorish Doorway, Cordova. Moradabad century their possessions were limited to the kingdom of Granada. This, too, was finally subdued by Ferdinand the Catholic in 1492; and while great numbers of the Moors emigrated to Africa, the remainder, under the name of Moriscos, assuming in great part a semblance of Christianity, submitted to the Spaniards. The cruel proselytizing zeal of Philip II, however, excited a sanguinary insurrection among the Moors in 1568-70, which was followed by the banishing of many thousands. In 1610 Philip II expelled the remainder. the most ingenious and industrious of his subjects. Between 1492 and 1610 about 3,000,000 Moriscos are estimated to have left Spain. The expulsion of the Moors was one of the chief causes of the decadence of Spain; for both agriculture and industries fell into decay after their departure. The expelled Moors, settling in the north of Africa, finally developed into the piratical states of Barbary, whose depredations were a source of irritation to the civilized powers even till well into the last century. Moorshedabad. See Murshidabad. Mooruk (mö'ruk; Casuarius Bennettii), a variety of cassowary, yond description. (See Alhambra.) In inhabiting the island of New Britain, this palace are found to perfection the where it is made a great pet with the distinctive characteristics of Moorish natives. It is very swift of foot. architecture. Moorva. Same as Bowstring Hemp. Moose. See Elk. Moors (mörz), a Mohammedan, Arabic-speaking race of mixed deBarbary, and deriving their name from scent, forming part of the population of Moose Jaw, rovince of Canada, 398 miles w. of Winnipeg. Pop. 13,824. a town of Saskatchewan the Mauri, the ancient inhabitants of Mauretania, whose pure lineal descendants are, however, the Amazirgh, a Moquis, (mō'kez), the name of an Inbranch of the Berbers. The modern dian people, of semicivilized Moors have sprung from a union of the culture, living in Northern Arizona. ancient inhabitants of this region with Coronada's expedition of 1540 was to the their Arab conquerors, who appeared in seven towns of the Moquis. They were the seventh century. As the Mohamme- subdued by the Spaniards, but gained dan conquerors of the Visigoths in Spain their independence by a revolt in 1680. (711-713) came from North Africa, the They cultivate the soil and are kind name Moor was also applied to them by hearted and hospitable. Their houses are Spanish chroniclers, and in that connec- built of stone, set in mortar, and on top tion is synonymous with Arab and Sara- of almost inaccessible hills or mesas. cen. These Moors pushed northwards Mora (mora), a game known to the into France, until their repulse by ancients, and still in vogue in the Charles Martel at the great battle of south of Europe. The two players simulTours in 732, after which they practically taneously present each a hand, with some restricted themselves to Spain south of of the fingers extended, at the same mothe Ebro and the Sierra Guadarrama. ment endeavoring to guess the aggregate Here, for centuries, art, science, litera- number of fingers so extended. An accuture and chivalry flourished among them, rate guess counts one; five is game. while the rest of Europe was still sunk Moradabad (mo-rud-a-bad'), a town in the gloom of the dark ages. Their of India, in Rohilkhand, internal dissensions and divisions, how in the Northwest Provinces, 75 miles east ever, weakened them in face of the new of Meerut, on the Ramganga. It is noted Christian kingdoms of Aragon and Cas- for its metal work, and is a center of tile, and before the close of the thirteenth local trade. It was founded by the Ro Moraine hilla Afghans, and has a Protestant Morales (mo-rä'las), LUIS DE, a Span- sorrow. Moravian Brethren of the March or Morava (from which it takes its name), a tributary of the Danube. The minerals are of considerable importance, and include iron, coal, graphite and slate. Nearly 97 per cent. of the soil is productive, the chief crops being rye, oats, barley, potatoes, beet-root and flax. Fruit is very abundant, and large quantities of wine are annually produced. Sheep in great numbers, and cattle, are reared. The woolen industries of Bohemia are of world-wide fame, and linen and cotton, beet-root sugar, iron and steel goods, machinery, beer and spirits are also turned out in large quantities. The chief towns are Brünn, Olmütz, Znaim and Iglau. In 1029 Moravia was united to the kingdom of Bohemia, with Morality (mu-ra l'i-ti), or MORAL which it passed to Austria in 1526. In PLAY, a sort of allegorical 1849 it was made a separate crownland play, embodying moral discourses in within the Austrian empire. In 1918, at praise of virtue and condemnation of vice, the close of the European war, on the disthe dialogue being carried on by personifi- solution of the Austro-Hungarian moncations of virtues and abstract qualities. archy, it united with Bohemia, forming The Devil of the earlier Miracle Plays, the state of Czecho-Slovakia (q. v.). Pop. which were never entirely superseded by 2,650,000. About 70 per cent of the inthe Moralities, became the Vice of the habitants are Czechs. latter; sometimes he appears in person, Moravian Brethren, also called with the Vice as his attendant. Moralities first appeared in England about the beginning of the reign of Henry VI, and lingered until the reign of Elizabeth (about 1600). For a time they maintained their interest by reference to current topics, but finally gave way to the regular drama. UNITED BRETHREN, HERRNHUTER, and officially UNITAS FRATRUM (Unity of Brethren), a Protestant sect or church which originally sprang up in Bohemia after the death of John Huss. (See Bohemian Brethren.) After the sanguinary religious wars which prevailed in Bohemia until 1627 they were everywhere almost annihilated. Their doctrines were still. however, secretly cherished in Moravia, and in 1722 a colony emigrated thence, and were invited by the Lutheran Count Zinzendorf to settle on his estate near Berthelsdorf, in Saxony, where they built the town of Herrnhut, still the headquar ters of the church. The doctrines of the brethren had hitherto been more in harmony with the Calvinistic than with the Lutheran form of Protestantism, but under the influence of Court Zinzendorf, who himself became a bishop, they at tached themselves to the Lutheran Church. From Herrnhut the Moravian Church extended to other points in Germany, and to England and the United States (1735). These three countries form self-supporting home provinces of the Unitas, to which in 1889 the West Indies, hitherto a mission field, was added as a fourth. Each has its synod and Moravia (mo-ra'vi-a; German, Mäh- elders' conference, subject to the General ren), a province of Czecho- Synod, which meets at Herrnhut once Slovakia, formerly in the Austrian Em- every 7-12 years. The Moravian Brethpire; area 8578 sq. miles. It is enclosed ren have always distinguished themselves by the Carpathians and other mountains, as missionaries, and maintain stations in and belongs almost entirely to the basin North and Central America, South Moral Philosophy. See Ethics. |