Pendant sus Pendulum washed until pure, intimately mixed with to return to it, and it will oscillate or clay in various proportions, and after- swing from one side of that position to wards solidified by pressure. The com- the other until its energy is destroyed parative hardness and blackness of pen- by friction, and it cils are attained by the degree of heat at length comes to to which they are subjected and the pro- rest. A small, portions of graphite and clay in the heavy body leads. Nuremberg is the great center of pended from a fixed the lead-pencil trade. Colored pencils are point by a string, prepared from various chalks, such as and caused to viare used for crayons, instead of the brate without much graphite. Pencils for writing on slate friction, is called a are made by cutting slate into small simple pendulum.' square pieces and rounding them, or into When the swings narrow slips and incasing them in wood. of a simple penduin architecture, is a hang- lum are not too Pendant, ing ornament used in the great - that is, vaults and timber roofs of Gothic build- when they are ings, more particularly in late Gothic never more than work. In vaulted roofs pendants are of about 3° on outstone, and generally richly carved; in side of the positimber roofs they are of wood variously tion of rest decorated. Fine examples of stone pend- pendulum is isochants are to be seen in the chapel of ronous, that is, Henry VII at Westminster Abbey. See each swing occupies Pennant. the Gridiron Mercurial Pendulum. Pendulum. the same time, and its period is true to Pendentive (pen-den'tiv), in archi- the law— tecture, the portion of T=2=√1; a dome-shaped vault which descends into a corner of a quadrangular opening when a ceiling of this kind is placed over a where T is the period of a complete straight-sided area; in Gothic architec- vibration, is the well-known matheture, the portion of a groined ceiling matical number 3.1416, the length of springing from one pillar or impost, and the pendulum in feet, and g the accelerabounded by the ridges or apices of the tion due to gravity, or 32.19 feet per longitudinal and transverse vaults. second at London. The seconds' penPendleton (pen'dl-ton), a city, county dulum has for its time of vibration (half seat of Umatilla Co., Ore- its complete period) one second. In the gon, on Umatilla River, 195 miles E. of above equation, putting for T two secPortland. Its industries comprise flour onds, and for g 32.19, we find the length and woolen mills, the manufacture of In- of the seconds pendulum at London to dian robes, sheep raising and wool produc- be 3.26 feet, or 39.1398 inches. A true tion, the cattle business and other live- simple pendulum is a mathematical abstock, alfalfa production, etc. Here is straction: a heavy particle, an inexstaged annually the famous Pendleton tensible and inflexible weightless string, Round-up and Happy Canyon, the greatest and no friction; these conditions are exhibition of its kind. Pop. 7387. only approximated to in nature. The Pendleton, GEORGE HUNT (1825-89), ordinary pendulum is what is properly an American legislator and a compound pendulum.' A compound diplomatist, born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He pendulum, as seen in clocks, is usually a was a leader of the Greenback party. In rigid, heavy, pendulous body, varying in 1885 President Cleveland appointed him size according to the size of the clock, Minister to Germany. While in the U. S. but the seconds' pendulum may be conSenate (1879-85) he introduced the Pen- sidered the standard. The pendulum is Idleton Civil Service Reform Bill. He died connected with the clockwork by means at Brussels, Nov. 24, 1889. of the escapement, and is what renders Pendulum (pen'du-lum), in the wid- the going of the clock uniform. est sense, a heavy body Clock.) In a clock it is necessary that suspended so that it is free to turn or the period of vibration of the pendulum swing upon an axis which does not pass should be constant. As all substances through its center of gravity. Its only expand and contract with heat and cold, position of stable equilibrium is that in the distance from the center of suspenwhich its center of gravity is in the same sion to the center of gravity of a vertical plane with the axis. If the body pendulum is continually altering. Pendu is displaced from its position it will tend lums constructed so that increase or dim (See Penedo Peninsular War inution of temperature do not affect and the rockhopper are about 2 ft. 3 in. this ratio are called compensation pen- in height; the king some vhat larger. dulums. These take particular names, according to their forms and materials, as the gridiron pendulum, the mercurial pendulum, etc. The former is composed of a number of rods so connected that the expansion or contraction of certain of them is counteracted by that of the others. The mercurial pendulum consists of one rod with a vessel containing mercury at the lower end, so adjusted in quantity that whatever alterations take place in the length of the pendulum, the center of oscillation remains the same, the mercury ascending when the rod descends, and vice versa. Penedo (pa-na'du), a town of Brazil, in the province of Alagoas, near the mouth of the San Francisco River. Pop. about 12,000. Penelope (pen-el'u-pe), in Greek my thology, the wife of Odys seus (Ulysses) and mother of Telemachus, who was but an infant when his father Penguins of fungous plants found sailed against Troy. During the pro- Penicillium (pen-i-sil'i-um), a genus tracted absence of Odysseus, Penelope was surrounded by a host of suitors, on decaying bodies and in fluids in a whom she put off on the pretext that before she could make up her mind she must first finish a large robe which she was weaving for her father-in-law, Laërtes. To gain time she undid by night the work she had done by day. Her stratagem was at last communicated to the suitors by her servants, and her position became more difficult than before; but fortunately Odysseus returned in time to protect his spouse, and slay the obnoxious wooers, who had been living in riot and wasting his property. a birds. See Guan. Penelope, genus of gallinaceous state of acetification. P. glaucum is the placed his brother Joseph upon the throne tatorial or swimming birds of Spain. For a time the whole peninadapted for living almost entirely in the sula was occupied by French troops, but water. They possess only rudimentary the Spanish and Portuguese peoples rose wings, destitute of quill-feathers, and in defense of their liberties, and waged covered with a scaly integument or skin. Although useless as organs of flight, the wings are very effective aids in diving, and on land they may be used after the fashion of fore-limbs. The legs are placed at the hinder extremity of the body, and the birds assume an erect attitude when on land. The toes are completely webbed. They inhabit chiefly the high southern latitudes, congregating sometimes in colonies of from 30,000 to 40,000. There are three different types of penguins, represented by the king penguin, the jackass penguin, and the rockhopper, constituting respectively the generic groups Aptenodytes, Spheniscus, and Catarractes. The jackass penguin a fierce guerrilla warfare against the invaders. Britain joined the patriots in 1808. Of the memorable struggle which ensued, the main features were the retreat of Sir John Moore to Coruña, and his glorious death there; the accession of Sir Arthur Wellesley (afterwards Duke of Wellington) to the supreme command; his formation of the celebrated lines of Torres Vedras, where he held the French armies in check until he had accomplished the complete liberation of Portugal; and his subsequent victorious march through Spain, marked by the great battles of Salamanca (1812) and Vittoria (1813). In the spring of 1814 the tide of war rolled through the passes of the Pyre Penistone nees into the south of France, where this great struggle was concluded by the crowning victory of Toulouse. Penistone (pen' is ton), a town of Yorkshire, England, 12 miles N. W. of Sheffield, with steel and other industries. Pop. (1911) 7408. Penitential Psalms (pen-i-ten'shal), the seven psalms vi, xxxii, xxxviii, li, cii, cxxx, cxliii of the Authorized Version, SO termed as being specially expressive of contrition. Reference is made to them by Origen. They have a special place in the breviary of the Roman Church. The psalm most frequently repeated as being the most penitential is the Miserere, the li. of the Authorized Version. Penitentiary (pen-i-ten'sha-ri), Pennant he left his estates and all his property. This same year meetings of Dissenters were forbidden, under severe penalties. The Quakers, however, continued to meet as usual, and Penn was once more put into prison for six months. The persecutions of Dissenters continuing to rage, Penr turned his thoughts towards the New World. From his father he had inherited a claim upon the government of £15,000, and in settlement of this claim King Charles II, in 1681, granted him large territories on the west side of the Lelaware River, the present State of Pennsylvania, with right to found a colcay or society with such laws and institicas as expressed his views and principles. The following year Penn went Ove America and laid the foundations a of his colony on a democratical basis, prison in which con- and a greater degree of religious victed offenders are confined and sub- liberty than had at that time been aljected to a course of discipline and lowed in the world. The city of Philainstruction with a view to their reforma- delphia was laid out upon the banks of tion. The two systems of penitentiaries the Delaware, and the colony soon came in the United States are known as the into a flourishing condition, its settlers Pennsylvania, or solitary confinement including not only Friends, or Quakers, system, and the New York, or aggregate but immigrants of different denominations labor system. and countries. He remained in the province about two years, adjusting its conan office in which are cerns, and establishing a friendly interexamined and delivered out the secret course with his colonial neighbors. Soon bulls, graces, or dispensations relating to after an returned to England King cascз of conscience, confession, etc.; also Charles died (1685), and the respect an officer in some Roman Catholic which James II bore to the late admiral, cathedrals, vested with power from the who had recommended his son to his fabishop to absolve in cases referred to vor, procured to him free access at court. him. The pope has a grand peniten- His influence with the king had its effect tiary, who is a cardinal and is chief of in producing the release of the 1200 the other penitentiaries. Quakers then in prison, and probably in Penitentiary, at the court of Rome, his refusa pay unjust claims led to his imprisonment, his friends finally compromising with his extortionate creditor. He died July 30, 1718. Penn, WILLIAM, the founder of the the issue of a general pardon and the reState of Pennsylvania, was born peal of religious tests and penalties. After in London in 1644. He was the only the revolution of 1688 his former intimacy son of Admiral Sir William Penn. In with James II led to a charge of disloyhis fifteenth year he was entered as a alty and trials for conspiracy and treason. gentleman commoner of Christ Church, While he was acquitted, he was for a time Oxford, where he imbibed the views of deprived of his American province. He the Society of Friends and was ex- returned to Pennsylvania in 1699, remainpelled from the university. His father ing until 1701. But the ill management sent him on travels in France and Hol- of his agents brought him into debt and land, and in 1666 committed to him the management of a considerable estate in Ireland. At Cork he was committed to prison for attending Quaker meetings, and although he was very soon liberated, Pennant, or PENDANT, a long, narhe had to leave Ireland. In 1668 Penn row banner displayed from appeared as a preacher and an author, the mast-head of a ship-of-war, usually and on account of an essay, entitled terminating in two ends or points, called The Sandy Foundation Shaken, he was the swallow's tail. It denotes that the imprisoned in the Tower, where he re- vessel is in actual service. mained seven months. During this time Pennant pen'ant), BASEBALL, is the he wrote his most celebrated work, No trophy contended for by the Cross, no Crown, and Innocency with clubs in the various baseball leagues. Her Open Face. In 1670 Sir William It is of silk and is purchased out of the died, fully reconciled to his son, to whom league's funds and presented to the club Pennant winning the most games of the season in that league. Pennant, THOMAS, an English nat Pennsgrove Pennsylvania (penz'grove), a borough and resort of Salem Co., New Jersey, on Delaware River, opposite uralist and antiquary, born Wilmington. It has powder plants, etc. at Downing, in Flintshire, in 1726. He The fishing industry is of importance. early devoted himself to natural history Pop. (1920) 6060. and archeology. In 1761 he published Pennsylvania (pen-sil-va'ni-a), one or the first part of his British Zoology, of the North Atlantic which gained him considerable reputa- States of the American Union, bounded tion both in Britain and on the Conti- N. by New York and Lake Erie, E. by nent. In 1765 he made a journey to New York and New Jersey, s. by Delathe Continent, where he visited Buffon, ware, Maryland, and West Virginia, and Haller, Pallas, and other eminent for- w. by West Virginia and Ohio; area eigners. He was admitted into the Royal 45,126 sq. miles. Except on the east, Society in 1767, and in 1769 he under- where the river Delaware forms an irreg took his first tour into Scotland, where ular boundary line, its sides form an alhe met with a flattering reception. most exact parallelogram facing the After a busy life of literary labor and cardinal points. The surface is traversed research he took leave of the public in southwest to northeast by the Alle1793 in an amusing piece of autobiogra- gheny mountain chain, and covered by phy-The Literary Life of the late many smaller ranges, which are more or Thomas Pennant. He died in 1798. less parallel to it. These include the Blue Pennatula (pen-at'u-la), a genus of Ridge, or South Mountain, on the east, Coelenterate animals the Allegheny ridges on the west, and (popularly known by various intermediate ones, while between the name of sea-pens them lie the large and fertile Cumber'cocks'-combs'); land, Lebanon, and Wyoming valleys. belonging to the On the east side the Alleghenies are class Actinozoa, order rugged and steep, but on the west deAlcyonaria. The sea- scend very gradually, and then stretch pens consist each of a out into an extensive table-land. The compound organism, principal rivers are the Delaware, which which may be de- receives the Lehigh and the Schuylkill; scribed as consisting of the Susquehanna, with its main tribua main stem or cano- tary, the Juniata; and the Allegheny, sarc, with lateral pin- which unites at Pittsburgh with the Monæ or branches. These nongahela to form the Ohio. Pennsylbranches are crowded vania is one of the healthiest states of on their upper mar- the Union. The soil has various grades gins with the little of fertility, but is in general well adapted polyps or individual for agricultural operations. The richest animals that make up and most highly cultivated tract is souththe compound mass, east of the mountains on both banks of and which are con- the Susquehanna. including the Lannected together caster and Chester valley regions; also the through the fleshy me- valleys of the Ohio and its tributaries. dium or cœnosarc. The most important crops consist of oats, The lower end of the corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, and potatoes, stem is fleshy, desti- while tobacco is abundantly raised in the tute of polyps, and Lancaster valley region. Dairy contains an internal market garden products are also large coral-rod. By this fleshy root the sea- and valuable. Nearly one-fourth of the pens attach themselves loosely to the mud state is covered by woodland and the of the sea-bed. The British species (P. lumber interests are extensive. In miuphosphorea), averaging about 3 or 4 eral wealth Pennsylvania has long inches in length, derives its scientific ranked high, especially in coal, iron, and name from its property of emitting a petroleum. In the mountain districts phosphorescent light. of the north and east to the west of the Pennell (pen'el), JOSEPH, American Susquehanna an anthracite coal-field of etcher, illustrator and au- unrivaled value occurs over an area thor, born in Philadelphia in 1860. In estimated at 472 square miles; while to 1884 he married Elizabeth Robins, who the west of the Alleghenies a vast bitumihas been his literary collaborator in the nous coal-field, of which Pittsburgh may oreparation of numerous illustrated books be considered the center, has been traced of travel and description. over an area of 12,300 square miles. Pennatula (P. rubra). and |