Paralysis Paralysis (pa-ral'i-sis), a bodily ailconsists in loss of power in moving or loss ment, which in its effect Pop. 12,568. Parasang a light, twilled fabric is oldest in the colony except Sydney. Paramatta, with a weft of combed of feeling, or in both, and it is caused by injury or disease of the brain, spinal cord, merino wool and cotton warp. It was or nerves, or it may be due to lead or invented at Bradford, in Yorkshire, where other poison affecting some part of the it is still largely manufactured. nervous system. When the paralysis is Paraná (pä-ra-nä'), a river in South limited to one side of the body, and the America, the largest except voluntary power of moving the muscles is the Amazon, and draining a larger basin lost, this is due to disease or injury of the than any other river in the New World brain which is of a one-sided or localized except the Amazon and the Mississippi. character, and receives the specific name It is formed by the junction of two of hemiplegia. It is generally caused by streams, the Rio Grande and the Paranathe bursting of a blood-vessel in the brain; hyba, which meet in Brazil, and it disit may also be due to a blood-vessel being charges itself into the estuary of the La blocked by a clot of blood. The paralysis Plata, its final course being through the may be sudden and without unconscious- Argentine Republic. Its principal tribuness, or it may be gradual and attended taries are the Paraguay and the Salado, with sickness, faintness, and confusion of both from the right. All the tributaries mind. In ordinary cases it will be found on its left are comparatively short. Its that one side of the body is powerless, the length, from its sources to its junction face twisted, the speech thick and indis- with the Paraguay, is probably 1500 tinct. Recovery may be complete or par- miles and thence to the sea 600 miles tial, or the attack may prove fatal. In more. In breadth, current, and volume any case the shock is apt to be repeated. of water, the Paraná has ten times the When one side of the body and the oppo- magnitude of the Paraguay, which is itsite side of the face are affected, the dis- self superior to the greatest European ease receives the name of crossed paraly- rivers. It is an important waterway to sis, and is considered more dangerous than the interior of the country, though with ordinary hemiplegia. When, again, the obstructions at certain points. disease is situated in the spinal cord, the a province of Southern Braparalysis, which receives the name of zil, having on the north the paraplegia, may affect either the upper province of São Paulo, east the Atlantic, or lower part of the body, or motion may south the province of Santa Catharina, be lost on one side and sensation on the and west Paraguay and the province of other. Sometimes a double hemiplegia or Matto Grosso; area, 85,429 square miles. diplegia exists. Paralysis is said to be Its chief town is Curitiba. Pop. (1913) spestic or flaccid; in the former case the affected parts are rigid, in the latter they Paraná, 486,404. are flaccid and show marked wasting. Paranahyba (på-rå-nå-ē'bå), one of the head streams of the Partial or local paralysis or paresis is an River Paraná (which see). old term used when disease or injury (par'a-pet), in fortification, a work, usually of earth, intended to protect the troops within the ramparts, as well as the pieces of artillery used in the defense. In order to fire, the defenders ascend a ledge called a banquette, about half-way up the parapet. In architecture the term parapet is applied to the structures placed at the edges of platforms, balconies, roofs of houses, sides of bridges, etc., to prevent people from falling over. Paraphernalia (par-a-fér-nål-a), in affects a specific nerve-trunk, and has no Parapet 14 miles west of Sydney. Woolen cloth is manufactured to some extent; and in law, a woman's apparel, jewels, and other things, which, in the lifetime of her husband, she wore as the ornaments of her person, and to which she has a distinct claim. Paraple'gia. See Paralysis. measure of distance used the vicinity there are large salt-works Parasang (para-sang), a Persian and copper-smelting furnaces. Much fruit is grown in the district. The town both in ancient and modern times. Its Paraselene Pardon modern Persian name is ferseng, and its class of matter. On April 1, 1911, a length is estimated at from 3 to 4 measure providing for a limited Parcel English miles. Post on rural free delivery routes went Paraselene (pa-ra-se-le'nē), a lumi- into effect; and this measure was follownous ring or circle some- ed by further legislation in 1912. On times seen round the moon, or there may January 1, 1913, a new law went into be more than one ring as well as certain effect, providing for general Parcel Post bright spots, bearing some resemblance service throughout the United States, and to the moon. Paraselene or mock moons the regulations have since been modified. are analogous to parhelia or mock suns. The new system means simply the extenParasite (par'a-sit), the name ap- sion of the present fourth class of mail plied to animals which at- matter to permit the mailing of parcels tach themselves to the exterior, or in- weighing as much as twenty pounds (or habit various situations in the interior, fifty for the first and second zones), and of the bodies of other animals, including the substitution of a sliding scale of such forms as tapeworms, flukes, scoleces rates, according to distances, for the flat or hydatids, fish-lice, bird-lice, common rate of one cent an ounce or fraction lice, etc. True parasites obtain their thereof. Books, not at first included, were nourishment from the animals on which later added to the Parcel Post classificathey live, but there is another class of tion (March 16, 1914), in packages parasites that only obtain a lodging or weighing more than 8 ounces. Parcel Post abode at the expense of the animals they matter is mailable only at post offices, accompany. See Commensal. branch offices, lettered and localized staParasitic Diseases (par-a-sit'ik), tions, and such numbered stations as may such as are pro- be designated by the postmaster, or it may duced by parasitic animals or plants. be delivered to a rural or other carrier Among the animals producing such dis- duly authorized to receive such matter. eases are the guinea-worm, the louse, the Packages must not exceed seventy-two trichina, tapeworm, etc. The vegetable inches in girth and must be prepared for parasites which produce disease in ani- mailing in such manner that the contents mals are either fungi or algæ. Ring- may be easily examined. worm is an example of this class. Parchim (par'hem), a town of Ger Parasitic Plants, such plants as many, in the Grand-duchy of grow on others, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, on the Elbe, 21 from which they receive their nourish- miles southeast of Schwerin. It has manment. In this class are many tungi, ufactures of woolen cloth; flour, oil, pasuch as the Uredo caries, which produces per and saw mills, etc. Pop. 10,397. the formidable disease called bunt, to Parchment (parch'ment), the skins which wheat is liable. Among larger of sheep, she-goats, and parasites are the mistletoe; and the genus several other animals, so dressed or preRafflesia, belonging to Sumatra and pared as to be rendered fit for writing on. Java. Parasites are distinguished from This is done by stretching the skin on epiphytes, inasmuch as the latter, though a frame, separating all the flesh and hair they grow upon other plants, are not from the skin, reducing its thickness with nourished by them. See Epiphyte. a sharp instrument, and smoothing the Paray le Monial (på-ra le mo- surface with pumice-stone covered with Pardoe (par'do), JULIA, novelist and historian, born at Beverly, England, in 1806; died in 1862. She wrote numerous novels, descriptions of life in Constantinople and Hungary, and works dealing with French history. nyal'), a town of pulverized chalk or slaked lime. After France, dep. Saône-et-Loire, a common it is reduced to something less than half place of pilgrimage, as the place where its original thickness, it is smoothed and the holy nun Marie Alacoque died in slowly dried for use. 1690. Pop. (1906) 3382. Parbuckle (par'buk'l), a method of raising or lowering any cylindrical body, such as a barrel, by an inclined plane and a rope, the rope being doubled, the double placed round a post at the top of the plane, and the ends passed under and round the object to be raised or lowered, when by pulling or slackening this can be accomplished. Parcel Post (pär'sel post), an exten Pardon (pardun), the remission of the penalty of a crime or of fense. In England, in nearly all cases of crimes except where there is an im peachment, a pardon from the crown may sion of the postal serv- be granted before a trial as well as after: ice of the United States by the ad- and it stops further progress in the inmission to the mails of parcels of mer- quiry and prosecution at whatever time chandise of greater weight than four it is granted. In cases of impeachment pounds, and for lowering the rate on this no pardon can now be granted by the Pardubitz crown while the prosecution is pending; said that Paré was legacy of the crown.' He died in 1590. Parhelion general principles of the common law, as well as of morality, statutory provisions existing in most of the states. The reciprocal rights of parent and child cease when the child has attained his majority; but may be revived on either side: thus if an adult child become a pauper the parent becomes responsible for its support, and if the parent become a public burden the adult child is responsible. The parent can leave his property away from his children. The right to the custody of the child belongs to both parents: the child's preference being consulted if he is 14 years old or over, and if not the court may use its discretion. The father may collect his child's earnings, and sue for damages for loss of services from injuries inflicted by a third party. An action may be brought by the child when the parent is killed through another's negligence. The mother and putative father of an illegitimate child are liable for its support. Pargetting (par'jet-ing), PARGE. WORK, a term used for Parepa-Rosa, a distinguished vocal ist and actress, born at Edinburgh in the side of that luminary. Parent and Child, besides being lationship, has its legal aspects, in which legitimacy and illegitimacy form a clear distinction. Various laws govern the relation in different countries, and in the United States it is generally held that the right of protection and support due from a parent to a child is dependent on sometimes double, sometimes triple, and sometimes more numerous. They appear at the same height above the horizon as the true sun, and they are always connected with one another by a white circle or halo. They are the result of certain modifications which light undergoes when it falls on the crystals of ice, rain-drops, Paria or minute particles that constitute suitably situated clouds. Parhelia which appear on the same side of the circle with Parhelia. the true sun are often tinted with prismatic colors. Paria (pä'ri-a), GULF OF, an inlet of the Atlantic on the northeast coast of South America, between the island of Trinidad and mainland of Venezuela, enclosed on the north by the Peninsula of Paria. It possesses good anchorage, and receives some arms of the Orinoco. Pariah (pa'ri-a), a name somewhat loosely applied to any of the lowest class of people in Hindustan, who have, properly speaking, no caste; hence, one despised and contemned by society; an outcast. Properly, however, Pariah (a Tamil name) is applied to the members of a somewhat widely spread race in Southern India, generally of the Hindu religion, and though regarded by the Hindus as of the lowest grade, yet superior to some ten other castes in their own country. They are frequently serfs to the agricultural class, or servants to Europeans. Parian Chronicle. See Arunde lian Marbles. Parian Marble (pa'ri-an), a mellow-tinted marble, highly valued by the ancients, and chosen for their choicest works. The principal blocks were obtained from Mount Marpassus, in the island of Paros. Parima pa-re' ma), or PARIME, SIERRA, a mountain range situated in the N. E. of Venezuela. In general it is composed of bare plateaus, and its highest peaks rise to a height of about Paris 8000 ft. The Essequibo, Orinoco, and Rio Branco have their rise in this range. Parini (pa-re'nē), GIUSEPPE, an Ital ian poet, born in 1729; died in 1799. He studied at Milan, published some youthful poetry, and wrote a dramatic satire on the Milanese_ aristocracy entitled Il Giorno (The Day'). He was latterly professor of rhetoric at Milan. Pari passu, equally in proportion. in law, a term signifying without preference: used especially of the creditors of an insolvent estate who (with certain exceptions) are entitled to pay. ment of their debts in shares proportioned to their respective claims. Paris (par'is), a genus of plants of the nat. order Trilliaceae. P. quadrifolia (herb-paris, true-love, or oneberry) is not uncommon in Britain, being found in moist, shady woods. It has a simple stem bearing a whorl of four ovate leaves near the summit, and a solitary greenish flower. The fruit is a purplish-black berry. Paris (pa'ris, Fr. pron. på-re'; anciently, Lutetia Parisiorum), the capital of France and of the department of the Seine. The city lies in the Seine valley surrounded by heights, those on the north being Charonne La Villette, the Buttes-Chaumont and Montmartre; those on the south St. Geneviève, Montrouge and the Butte-aux-Cailles. Through the valleys between these heights the river runs from east to west, enclosing two islands, upon which part of the city is built. It is navigable by small steamers. The quays or embankments, which extend along the Seine on both sides, being built of solid masonry, protect the city in some measure from inundation and form excellent promenades. The river, which within the city is fully 530 ft. in width, and has a length of 7 miles, is crossed by numerous bridges, the more important being Pont Neuf, Pont des Arts, Pont du Carrousel, Pont Royal, Pont de l'Alma, etc. The city is sur rounded by a line of fortifications which measures 22 miles; outside of this is the enceinte, while beyond that again are the detached forts. These now form twe main lines of defense. The inner line consists of sixteen forts, the outer line of 18 forts besides redoubts; the area thus enclosed measuring 430 square miles, with an encircling line of 77 miles. The climate of Paris is temperate and agreeable. The city is divided into twenty arrondissements, at the head of each of which is a maire. Each arrondissement is divided into four quarters, each of which sends a member to the municipal |