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Onagraceæ

Onosander

Onagraceæ (on-a-gra'se-e), a nat. or the A. Cepa, the bulbous root of which is der of polypetalous exo- much used as an article of food. It is a genous plants, herbs, trees and shrubs, biennial herbaceous plant with long tubuwith opposite or alternate simple leaves, lated leaves, and a swelling, pithy stalk. and often handsome flowers. They have The peculiar flavor varies much according an inferior ovary, and all the parts of to the size of the bulb, the small reddish the flower are four or a constant multiple onions having much more pungency than of that number. The species chiefly in- the larger ones. The onion may be habit the more temperate parts of the grown from the tropics to the coldest world, and have white, yellow, or red verge of the temperate zone. There are flowers; such as the great American ge- at least twenty varieties, the Bermuda, nus Enothera or evening primroses, the Spanish and Portuguese being among the common wild willow-herbs (Epilobium), most esteemed. and the fuchsias of our gardens.

Onega (-ne'ga), a river in Russia,

which, issuing from Lake Latcha, government of Olonetz, flows first northeast, then northwest, and after a course of about 270 miles falls into the White Sea at the southeast extremity of the Gulf of Onega.

Onega, a lake in Russia, near the cen

Onkelos (onk'e-los), the author of the celebrated Targum or Chaldee paraphrase of the Pentateuch which bears his name, is asserted by the Babylonian Talmud to have lived in the time of the celebrated teacher Gamaliel, but ig supposed from internal evidence to be not earlier than the second and not later than the third century. His version is so ter of the government of faithful, and accords so exactly with the Olonetz, and, after Lake Ladoga, the Hebrew text, that it continued till the largest lake in Europe, covering an area beginning of the sixteenth century to be of about 3800 sq. miles. It has numerous chanted in the synagogue alternately with creeks, bays and islands; is well supplied the Hebrew and to the same notes. with fish; and discharges itself into Lake Onomacritos (on-o-ma k'ri-tos), a Ladoga by the Svir. Greek soothsayer and Oneglia (o-nel'ya), a seaport of North poet, who lived at Athens in the time of Italy, province of Porto Mau- the Pisistratidæ, arranged and explained rizio. Pop. 10,000. the so-called oracles of Musæus, and havOneida (o-ni'da), a city of Madison ing been detected making an interpolation Co., New York, 5 miles from in one of these, was banished from Athens Oneida Lake, 26 miles E. of Syracuse, by Hipparchus about B.C. 516. He is Large quantities of hops and dairy prod- supposed to have been the author of the ucts are shipped, and there are silk and Orphic hymns. knitting mills, manufactures of iron, Onomasticon (on-a-masʼti-kon), a chairs, caskets, automobiles, etc. Pop. Greek term properly (1910) 8317; (1920) 10,541. meaning a list of names or words, denotes

Oneida, a lake in the State of New particularly a dictionary or encyclopædia York. It is 20 miles long, 4 in which individual subjects or things are miles broad, and its waters find a vent by mentioned and explained under their own Oneida River into Lake Ontario at its names or head. The oldest work under southeast corner, after they have united this name still extant is that of Pollux, with the Seneca and formed the Oswego executed in the second century B.C., in River. the Greek tongue.

Oneida Community, a religious Onomatopoeia formation of words in

communistic

society, otherwise known as Perfectionists such a manner that the sound shall imi(q. v.). tate the sense. Thus, in the case of sounds, the words buzz, crash, roar, are evidently formed to imitate the sounds themselves.

Oneidas, once a North American Indian tribe inhabiting Central New York, and belonging to the Iroquois community of tribes. A remnant in Wis

consin are well advanced in civilization.

Oneonta (ōn-e-on'tà), a village of
Otsego Co., New York, on
the Susquehanna River, 60 miles N. E. of
Binghampton. It has a very large State
normal school, silk and knitting mills,
overalls and chemical factories, etc. Pop.
(1910) 9491; (1920) 11,582.
Onion (un'yun), a well-known lilia-
ceous plant of the genus Allium,

Onondagas (on-on-da'gaz), a tribe of Indians, one of the Iroquois tribes, formerly occupied the region from Onondago Lake to Lake Ontario and southward to the Susquehanna River. The remnant of them, less than a thou sand in number, are settled partly in Ontario and partly in New York. Onosander (on-o-san'der), more correctly ONESANDER, a writ er on military tactics who lived at Rome

Ontario

Oölite

in the middle of the first century after of Los Angeles, in a fruit and farm reChrist, and composed in Greek, under the gion. Electrical goods are manufactured. title of Strategetikos, an excellent work Pop. (1920) 7280. on the art of war.

Ontario, LAKE, the most easterly of

Ontario (on-ta'ri-o), formerly called the great lakes of North Upper Canada and Canada America, lying along the northeast side West, a province of the Dominion of of the State of New York, and forming Canada, having on the northwest, north part of the boundary between the United and east Manitoba, Kewatin, James Bay States and Canada; greatest length, 190 and Quebec; on the southeast, south and miles; greatest breadth, about 55 miles; southwest the St. Lawrence River, the area, 5400 square miles. It receives the Great Lakes and Minnesota; area 407,- waters of Lake Erie by the Niagara, and 262 sq. miles. Besides the great lakes discharges its waters by the St. Lawjust mentioned, which partly belong to the rence into the Atlantic, 1000 miles disDominion and partly to the United States, tant. The Hudson, and the Oswego and Ontario has numerous other lakes, such Erie canals, form a connection through as Simcoe, Nipissing, Nipigon, and others. the United States between it and the AtThe chief rivers are boundary rivers; the lantic. It is navigable throughout its Ottawa, Niagara and Albany, the latter whole extent and at all seasons. The entering James Bay, part of Hudson Bay. most important places on its shores are The Falls of Niagara in part belong to Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston and Cothe province. There are no mountains of burg, in Canada and Oswego in the importance. Agriculture is the chief oc- United States. cupation, and for the most part the soil is of excellent quality. A large part of the province is covered with timber, and this, with the water facilities, makes lumbering one of the chief industries. The climate is inclined to the extreme of hot Ontogenesis (on-to-jen'e-sis), in bioloand cold during summer and winter regy, the history of the in, spectively, but the dryness of the atmos- dividual development of an organized bephere makes it very healthy. The miner- ing, as distinguished from phylogenesis, als include gold, silver, copper, iron, or the history of genealogical developlead, nickel, plumbago, gypsum, marble, ment, and from biogenesis, or life-developsalt and petroleum. The richest, most ment generally. thickly settled, and most highly culti

Onteniente (on-ta-nē-an'tā), a town of Spain, in the province of Valencia, 46 miles south of the town of Valencia. It has manufactures of textiles, paper, etc. Pop. 11,430.

vated portion of the province is the pe Ontology (on-tol'ō-ji), the doctrine of

being; a name given to ninsula between the St. Lawrence and that part of the science of metaphysics Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron. Here which investigates and explains the navery large crops of wheat are raised; also ture and essence of all things or exbarley, oats, Indian corn and potatoes, istences, their qualities and attributes. It and the fruit-growing farms of some dis- is also used as equivalent to metaphysics. tricts yield a plentiful crop of apples, Onyx with variously colored zones or (on'iks), a semi-pellucid gem plums, pears, peaches and grapes. Recently the farmer here has turned his at- veins. Any stone exhibiting layers of tention to stock-raising and dairy farming two or more colors strongly contrasted is with encouraging results, which are called an onyx, as banded jasper, challargely due to the easy accessibility of cedony, etc., but more particularly the latmarkets by rail, supplemented by the ter when it is marked with white and lake, river and canal. Among the manu- stratified with opaque and translucent factures are agricultural implements, lum- lines. The ancients valued it very highly, ber products, iron and steel products, mill- and used it much for cameos, many of the ing, pulp, paper, etc. Among the institu- finest cameos in existence being of onyx. tions of higher learning are the University Onyx Marble, a very beautiful of Toronto (founded 1827), Queen's Unitranslucent limestone

versity at Kingston, Western University of stalagmitic formation discovered by the at London, and Ottawa University. The French in the province of Oran, Algeria, provincial government is administered by and first brought into general notice at a Lieutenant-Governor, a cabinet, and a the London exhibition of 1862. It is used legislative assembly. The capital is for the manufacture of ornamental Toronto; other large cities are Ottawa, articles.

Hamilton and London. Pop. (1911) Oojein. See Ujjain.

2,527,292; (1921) 2,933,662.

Ontario, a city of San Bernardino Oölite ('o-lit), a species of limestone

Co., California, 38 miles E.

composed of globules clustered

Oomrawatee

Openshaw

together, commonly without any visible Ootrum (ö'trum), a soft, white, silky, cement or base. They vary in size from that of small pin-heads to that of peas. When the grains are very distinct and well-rounded it is called roe-stone; when they are large and pea-like the rock is known as pisolite, pea-grit, or pea-stone. of Hindustan.

and strong Indian fiber, regarded as a promising substitute for flax, derived from the stem of Dæmia extensa, a plant of the nat. order Asclepiadaceæ. It occurs abundantly in numerous parts

What is known as the Oölite or Oölitic Opah (o'pa), a large and beautiful seaseries of rocks in geology, consist of a fish (Lampris luna or guttātus) series of strata comprehending the whole of the dory family, a native of the Eastof those peculiar limestones, calcareous ern seas, but found in the Atlantic and 1 sandstones, marls, etc., which underlie the Arctic Oceans, and sometimes, though chalk formation and rest on the Lias. It more rarely, on the British coasts. It is yields in England a vast quantity of ex- about 4% feet long and weighs 140 to cellent freestone and ironstone, and is also 150 lbs. Its colors are very rich, the interesting in the highest degree for its upper part of the back and sides being fossils, which are numerous, varied, and green, reflecting both purple and gold, and in excellent condition. The strata of the passing into yellowish-green below, the series have been arranged as Upper fins bright vermilion. The flesh is highly Oölite, Middle Oölite and Lower Oölite. esteemed. The Oölite forms the upper division of the Jurassic System, so called because of range of the Jura Mountains is almost entirely composed of such limestones. Oomrawatee. See Amraoti. Oonalashka, or UNALASKA

Opal (o'pal), a precious stone of various colors, which comes under the class of pellucid gems. It consists of silica with about 10 per cent. of water, and is very brittle. It is characterized by its iridescent reflection of light. It is found in many parts of Europe, especially in Hungary, in the East Indies, etc. The substance in which it is generally found is a ferruginous sandstone. There are many varieties or species, the chief of which are: (a) precious or noble opal, which exhibits brilliant and changeable reflections of green, blue, yellow and red; (b) fire opal, which simply affords a red reflection; (c) common opal, whose colors are white, green, yellow and red, but without the play of colors; (d) semiopal, the varieties of which are more opaque than common opal; (e) hydrophane, which assumes a transparency only when thrown into water; (f) hyalite, which occurs in small globular and botryoidal forms, with a vitreous luster; (g) menilite, which occurs in irregular or Oosterhout ('ster-hout), a town in reniform masses, and is opaque or slightly Holland, in the province translucent. Formerly the opal was beof North Brabant, 5 miles northeast of lieved to possess magical virtues; thus it Breda. It has foundries, potteries, tan- was believed to confer invisibility when neries, corn mills, beet-sugar factory, and wrapped in a bay-leaf.

(ö-näs'ka), one of the Aleutian Islands (which see). Oost (ost), JACOB VAN, the Elder, one of the best Flemish painters, born at Bruges in 1600; died in 1671. After laying the ground of his artistic education in his native land, he proceeded to Rome, and there became the pupil chiefly or Annibale Caracci. In his youth he was so successful a copyist of Rubens and Vandyck that his copies still deceive connoisseurs.-JACOB VAN OOST, the Younger, son of the preceding, born in 1637, studied at Paris and Rome, lived above forty years at Lille, and died at Bruges in 1713. His style is more marked, and his pencil is freer than that of his father.

Pop. 13,000.

an African bird of the stork

some trade in grain, cloth and timber. Open-bill (Anastomus, lamelligĕrus), Ootacamund, or UTAKAMAND (ö-tȧ- family, so named from the odd formation kȧ-mund'), a sanitary of the beak, which at the anterior end station in British India, and the summer exhibits a gap between the mandibles as headquarters of the Madras government, if part of them were worn away though situated in the Neilgherry Hills, 70 miles they meet at the points. Their chief food south of Mysore. It is 7228 feet above is molluscs, and perhaps this formation of the level of the sea, and lies in an amphi- bill has something to do with the opening theater surrounded by noble hills over- of the shells. Another species inhabits looking an artificial lake nearly 11⁄2 miles the East Indies. long. The mean temperature is about 58° a town of Fahr. There are a number of fine public Lancashire, England, buildings, botanic gardens, etc. Pop. which may be regarded as a suburb of 19.000.

Openshaw (o'pen-shą).

Manchester. Pop. 16.153.

Opera

Ophicleide

Opera (op'e-ra), a musical drama, that French composers are Grétry, Monsigny, is, a dramatic composition set to Rousseau, Méhul, belonging to the eightmusic and sung on the stage, accompanied eenth century, Boildieu, Auber, Halévy, with musical instruments and enriched by Herold, A. Thomas and Gounod to the the accessories of costumes, scenery, nineteenth. The chief recent composers dancing, etc. The component parts of an of French comic operas are Offenbach, opera are recitatives, solos, duets, trios, Lecoq, Hervé and Bizet. Among English quartettes, choruses, etc., and they are composers of operas may be mentioned usually preceded by an instrumental over- Arne and Shield in the last century; and ture. The lighter kind of opera in Ger- of the present or recent times Balfe, Walmany, England and the United States, lace, Macfarren, Sullivan, Mackenzie, as well as the French opéra comique, is Thomas and Stanford. It is the German of a mixed kind-partly spoken, partly composers, however, who have raised sung. The chief varieties of opera are the opera to the highest pitch of perfection, grand opera or opera seria, the name the list including such names as Handel given to that kind which is confined to Gluck and Mozart in the eighteenth cen music and singing, of which the recitative tury; Beethoven, Weber, Flotow and many is a principal feature; the romantic opera, others, including the most notable of them or opera drammatica of the Italians, em- all, Richard Wagner, in the nineteenth. bracing an admixture of the grave and Meyerbeer, though German by birth, is to lively; the comic opera, or opera buffa; be classed rather with the modern French as well as many intermediate varieties. composers. Among American operatic Though the Greek dramas were operatic composers may be mentioned Reginald De in character, the opera proper is of mod- Koven, Walter Damrosch, Victor Herbert, ern date and of Italian origin, and would and Horatio Parker, whose opera Mona seem to have developed naturally from the (libretto by Brian Hooker) the miracle-play of the middle ages, the first $10,000 prize given by the Metropolitan operas dating from the sixteenth century. Opera House, New York, in 1911. About the close of this century the poet Opéra Bouffe (Dut), a farcical form

Rinuccini wrote a drama on the classical story of Daphne, which was set to music by Peri, the most celebrated musician of the age. The orchestra of this first opera consisted of four instruments, namely, a harpsichord, a harp, a viol di gamba, and a lute. There was no attempt at airs, and the recitative was merely a kind of

won

of opera buffa in which the characters, subject-matter, and music is intended to burlesque the more serious style of opera. Offenbach was the creator as well as the chief master in this art. The comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan, both in the character of the music and the libretti, stand by themselves.

a small binocular tele

measured intonation. Monteverde, a Mi- Opera-glass, scope of a low magnify

lanese musician, improved the recitative by giving it more flow and expression; he set the opera of Ariadne, by Rinuccini, for the court of Mantua; and in the opera of Giasone (Jason), set by Cavalli and Cicognini, for the Venetians (1649).

ing power, so called from its use in theaters. The two tubes are connected together, and have their foci adjustable by turning a milled-headed screw between them. See Telescope.

occur the first airs connected in senti Operculum (perku-lum), ment and spirit with the dialogue. The literally a lid or first regular serious opera was performed cover, and specifically applied at Naples in 1615, and was entitled Amor to a horny or shelly plate denon ha Legge. The first opera buffa is veloped in certain univalve molsaid to have been represented at Venice lusca upon the hinder part of in 1624, where also the first stage for the foot, and serving to close operas was erected in 1637. In 1646 the the aperture of the shell when opera was transplanted to France by the animal is retracted within Cardinal Mazarin, about the same time to it. It is also applied to part Germany, and somewhat later to England. of the gill-cover of fishes. In France there arose Lulli; in Germany. Ophicleide Keiser; in Italy, Scarlatti; and in Engbrass wind inland. Purcell, who are the chief operatic strument of music invented to composers of the second half of the sev- supersede the serpent in the orenteenth century. The chief Italian chestra and in military bands. Ophicleide operatic composers include, besides those It generally consists of a wide already mentioned, Piccini, Jomelli, Cima- conical tube, terminating in a bell like rosa, Paisiello, in the eighteenth century, that of a horn, with a mouthpiece and and Cherubini, Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, ten holes or ventages which are stopped Verdi, etc., in the nineteenth. Among the by keys. Ophicleides are of two kinds,

(of'i-klid),

a

Ophidia

Opitz

the bass and the alto; the former has a observing the internal structure of the compass of three octaves and one note, eye. It consists of a mirror (plane in ranging from B on the third space be- that of Coccius, concave in that of Deslow the bass staff to C on the third space marres), by which light from an artificial of the treble staff, including all the inter- source is directed into the eye of the pamediate semitones. The alto ophicleide tient, and a double-convex lens, by which (an inferior instrument) has the same the illumined parts of the structure of extent of compass but starts an octave the eye are magnified in order that they higher. may be more easily examined, the ob

Ophidia -fidi-a), an order of reptiles comprising the serpents.

See Serpents.

Ophiocephalus (of-i-o-sef'a-lus), a genus of fishes allied

to the climbing perch, and like it able to live a long time out of the water.

server looking through a hole in the center of the mirror. The light is usually placed to the side of and slightly behind

the patient's head.

Ophioglossum (of-i-o-glos'um), a ge

Opie ('pe), AMELIA, a novelist, born at Norwich, England, in 1769; died in 1853. In 1798 she married John Opie, the well-known painter, and from this nus of ferns. See period began, under the encouragement of her husband, to publish her tales of

Adder's-tongue.

Ophir (ofer), a country or city to Father and Daughter, Adeline Mowbray, which the Hebrews made voy- Detraction Displayed, and various volages in the time of Solomon, bringing umes of poetry. In 1807 she lost her home gold, almug-wood, and precious husband, and thereupon returned to Norstones. Some identify it with the Ophir wich, where she continued to reside until mentioned in Gen. x, 29, which was ap- her death.

parently situated in Arabia; while others

place it in India, or in Africa.

Ophite (ofit) in petrology the name applied to certain serpentine rocks of the Pyrenees, consisting chiefly of plagioclase feldspar and green amphibole.

Ophites (of'itz). See Gnosticism. Ophiuchus (of-i-o'kus), the Serpentbearer, called also Serpentarius; one of the old northern constellations, representing a man holding a serpent, which is twined about him. The moderns, however, make a separate constellation of the Serpent.

Opie, JOHN, an English painter, the

son of a carpenter, born near

Truro, Cornwall, in 1761; died in 1807. Having shown a precocious aptness in portrait painting, he was taken to London in his nineteenth year by Dr. Wolcot (Peter Pindar), and there he acquired notoriety as the Cornish Wonder. When his portrait painting ceased to be fashionable he devoted himself to historical and Scriptural subjects with such success that he became a Royal Academician in 1788, and was elected professor of painting to the Royal Academy in 1805. He was the author of a biography of Sir Joshua Reynolds in Pilkington's Dictionary of Painters, and his four lectures on painting, with a memoir, were published by his wife (see above).

Ophiuroidea (of-i-ü-roi'de-a), an order of the Echinodermata, comprising star-fishes known as brittle-stars and sand-stars. These animals have long slender-jointed arms, Opisthobranchiata (o-pis-thō-branki-'ta), a diwhich may either be branched or simple. vision of Gasteropoda in which the gills Ophthalmia (of-thal' mi-a; Greek, are placed posterior to the heart. an inflammation of the mucous membrane Opisthoc'omus. See Hoatzin.

from opthalmos, an eye),

which covers the globe of the eye, and of

the corresponding surface of the eyelids. Opitz (o'pits) or OPITIUS, MARTIN, a German poet, born in 1597; died It is either acute or chronic, and its com- in 1639. He studied at Frankfort-onmonest cause is the presence of irritating the-Oder and at Heidelberg, and having matter between the eyelids or the ex- afterwards visited Holland he went in posure of the membrane to sudden cold. 1621 to the court of the Duke of Liegnitz, Its characteristic marks are pain, red- whence in about a year he removed to ness, a feeling as if sand were in the eye, become a professor of philosophy and and a copious flow of tears. classical literature at the University of (of-thal-mol'o-ji), the Weissenburg (now Karlstadt). Becoming

Ophthalmology science of the anat distinguished for his talents. he went in

omy, physiology and pathology of the eye. 1625 to Vienna, where the Emperor FerSee Eye, Sight. dinand II bestowed on him the poetical (of-thal'ma-skop), crown and letters of nobility, when he

Ophthalmoscope an instrument for assumed the title of Von Boberfeld.

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