Notation

Nottingham

to make them authentic in a foreign size than these birds, and differs from country; to note the non-payment of them in the rudimentary nature of the foreign bills of exchange, etc. Often wings. called a Notary Public.

Nototherium (not-o-ther'i-um), an extinct genus of marCHEMICAL, MUSICAL. See supial or kangaroo-like animals, the fossil remains of which are found in deposits of the Upper Pliocene age in Australia. The Nototherium Mitchelli is a described species of this extinct genus. Not Proven, in Scotch law, a verdict returned by a jury when

Notation, ARITII METICAL, ALGEBRAIC,

Arithmetic, Algebra, Chemistry, Music. Note (not), in music, a character which, by its place on the staff, represents a sound, and by its form determines the relative time or continuance

of such sound. See Music.

Not Guilty, is the general issue or there is not sufficient evidence to convict

plea of the accused in a the prisoner at the bar, while there is some apparent foundation for the charge. Its practical effect is equivalent to a verdict of not guilty' (but with an essential difference-see Not Guilty), and the accused cannot be tried afterwards for the same offense.

criminal action. When a prisoner has pleaded not guilty he is deemed to have put himself forward for trial, and the court may order a jury for the trial of such person accordingly. Should he refuse to plead the court may direct the proper officer to enter a plea of not guilty Notre Dame (no-tr dåm; French, on his behalf. On an indictment for Our Lady'), a title of murder a man cannot plead that it was the Virgin Mary, is the name of many in his own defense, but must answer churches in France, and particularly of not guilty; the effect of which is, that the great cathedral at Paris, which was it puts the prosecutor to the proof of founded in the twelfth century, and forms every material fact alleged in the indict- a prominent object in the city.

ment, and it allows the prisoner to avail Nottingham (not'ing-am), a town

himself on any defensive circumstance near the middle of as fully as if he had pleaded them in a England, capital of the county of same specific form. In England and the Uni- name, on the Leen, near its junction with ted States a jury can only give a verdict the Trent, 110 miles northwest of Loneither of guilty or not guilty, and the don. It occupies a picturesque sight overlatter often really means that there is not looking the Vale of Trent, and has one of sufficient evidence to convict. In such the finest and largest market places in the circumstances the verdict in Scotland kingdom. The castle, which crowns the would be not proven'; a verdict of not summit of a rock, rising 133 feet above guilty in that country meaning that the the level of the Leen, was originally built accused is entirely innocent of the charge by William the Conqueror as a means of alleged. overawing the outlaws frequenting the recesses of Sherwood Forest. Dismantled during the Protectorate, it subsequently became the property of the Duke of Newcastle, who in 1674 erected a large mansion on part of the site. This, after being partly burned in riots connected with the reform movement in 1831, now contains the Midland Counties Art Museum. free library, etc. The principal educational and literary institutions are the University College and Technical School, highschool for boys, the Blue-coat School, the school of art, the People's Hall, and the Mechanics' Institute. An arboretum covering 18 acres is a feature of the town. The staple manufactures are hosiery and lace, the latter being a sort of specialty. There are also manufactures of cotton, woolen, and silk goods, and of articles in malleable and cast-iron. Nottingham was a place of importance in Anglo-Saxon times, and was twice or thrice taken by the Danes. Charles I raised his standard here in 1642, and next year the town and castle were taken by the Parliamentar

Noto (no'to), a town of Sicily, in the province of Syracuse, on the left bank of the Noto, near its mouth in the Ionian Sea. It was a place of great strength under the Saracens, and one of the most agreeably situated and best built towns in the island. Pop. 22,564. Notochord (no'to-kord), in animal physiology, a fibro-clular rod which is developed in the embryo of vertebrates immediately beneath the spinal cord. It is persistent in the lower vertebrates, but in the higher is replaced in the adult by the vertebræ, which are developed in its surrounding sheath. It is often spoken of as the chorda dorsalis. Notornis (no-tor'nis), a genus of grallatorial or wading birds, found inhabiting the South Island of New Zealand. It was first known to science by the discovery of fossil remains, but subsequently the genus was found to be still represented by living forms. The Notornis is most nearly allied to the Coots. It is, however, of larger

I

Nottingham

Nova Scotia

ians. Serious riots, occasioned by the in- proper or meaningless when they are the troduction of machinery, took place in names of individual persons or things, 1811-12 and 1816-17. Pop. 259,942.- as George, Berlin, Orion; common, when NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, also called NOTTS, is they are the name of a class of things, an inland county, bounded north by York, as book, page, ball, idea, emotion; collec east by Lincoln, south by Leicester, and tive, when they are the names of aggrewest by Derby. Area, 826 sq. miles. The gates, as fleet, army, flock, covey, herd; general surface, with exception of the Vale material, when they are the names of maof Trent, is undulating. The principal terials or substancs, as gold, snow, water; river is the Trent, with its affluents, the abstract, when they are the names of Soar and Idle. The greater portion of qualities, as beauty, virtue, grace, energy. its area is composed of rocks of the Per- Some of the older grammarians included mian and New Red Sandstone systems. both the noun and the adjective under The chief mineral is coal. The soil is the term noun, distinguishing the former generally extremely fertile. The crops as noun-substantive and the latter as usually cultivated are wheat, rye, barley, noun-adjective.

tures include lace, hosiery, machinery, silk

Nottingham, HENNAGE FINCH, FIRST

oats, beans and peas. The manufac Noureddin Mahmoud, MALEKAL - ADEL, and cotton spinning, bleaching, coal-min- one of the most distinguished of the Mosing, iron and brass founding, glove-mak- lem rulers of Syria, succeeded his father ing, etc. Pop. 604,077. as emir of Aleppo in 1145. On attaining power he proceeded to grapple with the EARL OF, was the son Christians, and inflicted a disastrous deof Heneage Finch, recorder of the city of feat upon them under the walls of London, and was born in 1621; died in Edessa, taking that city by storm. This 1682. He was an ardent royalist, was disaster to the Christian arms occasioned called to the bar in 1645, and at the the second crusade. Noureddin now atRestoration was appointed solicitor-gen- tempted to expel the Christians from Paleral, in which capacity he signalized his estine, and before 1151 all the Christian zeal in the prosecution of the regicides. In strongholds in Syria were in his Isses1661 he was elected member for the Uni- sion. An illness, however, which prosversity of Oxford, and obtained a baron- trated him in 1159, enabled the Chrisetcy, and six years afterwards took a tians to recover some of their losses; and prominent part in the impeachment of when well enough to take the field he the Earl of Clarendon. In 1670 he be- suffered defeat at the hands of Baldwin, came attorney-general, and in 1675 he king of Jerusalem. Afterwards, however, obtained the chancellorship. In 1681 his he overthrew the Christian princes of services were rewarded with the earldom Tripolis and Antioch, making prisoners of Nottingham. Dryden has handed of them both. Subsequently Noureddin down to posterity his portrait in Absa- overran Egypt, and was invested with lom and Achitophel, under the character the governorship of that country and of of Amri. Syria. He died at the height of his success in 1174.

Notturna. See Nocturne.

Noukha. See Nucha.

Nouméa (nö-ma'à; also called PORT DE FRANCE), is the chief set tlement in the French penal colony of New Caledonia (which see). Pop., besides convicts and soldiers, 6968.

Noumenon (no u' me-non; pl. Nou

MENA), in Kant's philosophy, an object conceived by the understanding or thought of by the reason, as opposed to a phenomenon, or an object such as we represent it to ourselves by the impression which it makes on our senses. The noumenon is an object in itself, not relatively to us.

Novalis (no-vål'is). See Hardenberg,

Friedrich von.

Novara (no-va'ra), a town of Northern Italy, capital of province of same name, beautifully situated between the Agogna and Terdoppia, 53 miles E. N. E. or Turin. Its rice and grain markets are the rost important in Piedmont. Novara is famous for the battle fought there on March 23, 1849, between the Sardinians and Austrians, in which the former were completely defeated, and Charles Albert induced in consequence to abdicate in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel. Pep. 64,571. Nova Scotia (no'va ko's hi-å), a province of the Domin

Noun (from the Latin nomen, name), ion of Canada, consisting of a peninsular in grammar, a word that denotes portion properly called Nova Scotia, and any object of which we speak, whether the Island of Cape Breton, which is that object is animate or inanimate, ma- separated from the mainland by the Strait terial or immaterial. Nouns are called or Gut of Canso. It is bounded on the

Nova Scotia

Novel

north by Northumberland Strait and the Nova Scotia was visited by the CaGulf of St. Lawrence; northeast, south, bots in 1497, and was first colonized in and southeast by the Atlantic; west by 1604, when French settlements were made the Bay of Fundy; and north by New at Port Royal, St. Croix, etc. Under the Brunswick, with which it is connected by French Nova Scotia (with New Brunsan isthmus only 11 miles broad (traversed wick) was known as Acadia or Acadie. by a ship railway); area, 20,907 square The French colonists were more than miles. Of the whole about 5,000,000 once almost entirely driven out by the acres are fit for tillage. The southeastern English. In 1621 Sir William Alexander coast is remarkable for the number and obtained from James 1 a grant of the capacity of its harbors. There are no country, but his attempt to colonize it mountains of magnitude, but ranges of proved a failure. In 1654 Cromwell took hills traverse the peninsula on the north- possession of the country, which remained west side. There are a number of lakes, with the English till 1667, when it was but no streams of great size. The for- ceded to France. But in 1713 the counests are extensive and valuable. There try was again ceded to England. Its is much beautiful scenery, and the cli- population was largely French, and in mate is the most equable in Canada. The 1755, during the French and Indian war, wild animals include bear, foxes, moose, thousands of them were forcibly removed caribou, otter, mink, etc., and excellent from the country on the accusation of sport may be had. The minerals are also hostility to the English. In 1763 the valuable. Granite, trap, and clay-slate island of Cape Breton was annexed to rocks predominate. Coal, with iron in Nova Scotia, though separated from 1784 combination, abounds in many places, and to 1820. In 1784 New Brunswick was more than 1,500,000 tons are raised annu- detached. In 1867 the province became a ally. Gold is also found, and is being member of the Dominion of Canada. Pop. worked. Copper ore exists, as also silver, (1911) 492,338.

lead, and tin; gypsum is plentiful. Pe Novatians (no-va'shanz), in church troleum has been recently discovered, and

history, a sect founded wells have been sunk in Cape Breton. in the middle of the third century by NoWheat, potatoes, and oats are important vatianus of Rome and Novatus of Carcrops; and buckwheat, rye, barley, In- thage, who held that the lapsed might dian corn, and field peas are extensively not be received again into communion cultivated. Great quantities of hay are with the church, and that second marmade, and a good deal is exported. The riages are unlawful. Novatianus is said apple orchards of the western counties to have suffered martyrdom about 255 are very productive, and extend along A.D. Several writings of his remain. the highway in an unbroken line for 80 Nova Zembla (no'va zem'blå; Rusmiles. Apples are exported in great numsian, Novaia Zemlia), bers. Cattle and sheep are raised and two large islands in the Arctic Ocean, beexported both to New Brunswick and longing to Russia, and lying north from Newfoundland. There are extensive fish- the northeastern corner of European Rus eries of cod, haddock, mackerel, herrings, sia, separated from each other by the nar etc. The manufactures are comparatively row strait Matotchk in Shar; length, 635 unimportant, but considerable capital is miles; breadth, 170 miles. The coasts invested in saw mills, flour mills, ship- swarm with seals, fish, and water-fowl. building, tanning, etc. The foreign trade The interior is covered with stunted is comparatively large, more shipping shrubs, short grass, and moss, and is frebeing owned in proportion to population quented by reindeer, white bears, ermines than in any other country. The imports and Arctic foxes. It has no permanent consist principally of British and Amer- inhabitants, but is visited by Russian ican manufactures; spirits, sugar, wines, hunters and fishers.

coffee, etc. The principal articles of ex- Novel (novel), a prose narrative of port are fish, timber, and coal. Educafictitious events connected by tion is widely diffused. There are four a plot, and involving portraitures of char degree-conferring colleges or universities. acter and descriptions of scenery. In its The public affairs of the colony are ad- present signification the term novel seems ministered by a lieutenant-governor, coun- to express a species of fictitious narrative cil, and house of assembly. The laws are somewhat different from a romance, yet dispensed by a supreme court and district it would be difficult to assign the exact courts as in Canada. Halifax, the capi- distinction, though the former is gener tal, possesses one of the finest harbors in ally applied to narratives of everyday America. The province is well provided life and manners; while the romance with railways and steamship service, and deals with what is ideal, marvelous, mys is frequented by summer tourists. terious, or supernatural. Prose fiction

Novel

Novel

written for entertainment is of consider his Robinson Crusoe, Colonel Jack, Moll able antiquity. Among the Greeks we find Flanders etc., is caused by the delineamention of a collection of stories known tion and skilful combination of practical as the Milesian Tales, before which a sort details, which give to the adventures the of historical romance, the Cyropædia, had force of realities. The novel of everyday been produced by Xenophon (445-359 life and character drawing owes its first B.C.). There were several other Greek real introduction in England to the era writers of fiction before the Christian era, of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of but the most notable name is that of Heli- whom Richardson and Fielding were the odorus (which see) in the fourth century most original and still rank among the after Christ. He was followed by Achil- masters of English fiction. The Tristram les Tatius, Longus, and other writers of Shandy of Sterne displays admirable fiction. Among the Romans the chief character painting, and humer deeper and names are Petronius Arbiter and Appu- finer in quality than that of his contemleirs. The romances of the middle ages were poraries, but can hardly be said to have largely metrical in form (see Romance), any plot. Next appeared Goldsmith's and prose fiction, as we at present under- Vicar of Wakefield, which possesses a stand it, is of comparatively modern higher moral tone than any that had pregrowth. It had its early beginnings in the ceded it. Among the best works of sec stories of Boccaccio, contained in his De- ondary rank may be mentioned Johnson's cameron (1358). The success of this col- Rasselas, Walpole's Castle of Otranto, lection gave rise to numerous imitations, Madame D'Arblay's Evelina, and Beckand since that time the development of the ford's Vathek. Ranking below these are novel has been steadily progressive. At the novels or romances of horrors, reprefirst we have nothing but tales of love- sented by the Mysteries of Udolpho and intrigue, as in the Decameron, in the others by Mrs. Radcliffe, M. G. Lewis' Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles (fifteenth cen- Monk, and Maturin's Montorio. A return tury), and the Heptameron of Margaret to stricter realism was manifested in of Navarre (1559). But during the six- Miss Edgeworth and Miss Austen, who teenth and seventeenth centuries there is describe domestic life with minuteness, very marked progress, writers beginning good sense, a clear moral aim, and charm. very materially to enlarge and vary their ing simplicity of style. In France, among sphere; and we now find produced the the novels treating of social life in the comic romance, the picaresque romance, eighteenth century the most prominent are or romance of amusing roguery, and the the Vie de Mariamne and the Paysan Parpastoral romance. The first variety is venu of Marivaux, Manon Lescaut, by worthily represented by the Garagantua the Abbé Prévot, the Nouvelle Héloise, and Pantagruel of Rabelais (died 1553), and the Emile of Rousseau, containing the Next in point of data comes the Vita di author's theories of love, education, religBertoldo of Julio Cesare Croce, a narra- ion and society. In the department of tive of the humorous and successful ex- humorous and satirical fiction the palm ploits of a clever peasant, which was as belongs to Le Sage, author of Gil Blas. popular for two centuries in Italy as the Diable Boiteux, etc. As a writer of Robinson Crusoe in England. Some years satirical fiction Voltaire is entitled to after appeared the Don Quixote of Cer- high rank by his Candide, Zadig, Prin vantes (1605), which gave the death-blow cesse de Babylone, etc. The translation to the romance of chivalry. About the of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments same time the first of the picaresque ro- by Galland (1704-17) revived the taste mances was given to the Spanish public. for the exaggerations of eastern fiction, In this branch Matteo Aleman gives us and brought a variety of works into the in Guzman Alfarache a hero who is suc- field teeming with genii, magicians, cacessively beggar, swindler, student, and liphs, sultans, princesses, eunuchs, slaves. galley slave. It gave birth to a host of etc. In Germany three great names similar romances, and is said to have sug- tower above all others-Wieland: Jean gested to Le Sage the idea of Gil Blas. Paul Richter, whose works abound in The Arcadia of Sir Philip Sydney blends strokes of humor, pathos, and fancy; and pastoral with chivalrous manners, and Goethe, whose novels are attempts to repmarks the transition to the romances of resent or solve the great problems of life conventional love and metaphysical gal- and destiny. Popular romantic legendary lantry. In the seventeenth century prose tales (Volksmärchen) constitute a fiction in most of its leading types had cial department of German literature. become an established form of literature which was successfully cultivated by Ludin the principal languages of Europe. The wig, Tieck, De la Motte Fouqué, Chafull-fledged modern English novel may be misso, Clemens Brentano. Zschokke, Hoffaaid to date from Defoe. The effect of mann, Musäus, and others.

spe

Novels

Novgoroú

In entering upon the present epoch November (no-vem per; from L. no of the novel we meet with the name of ven, nine), formerly the the author of Waverley. Sir Walter ninth month of the year, but according Scott introduced a new era in the history to the Julian arrangement, in which the of English fiction, and may be said to year begins on January 1, November have created the modern historical novel. became the eleventh month, and comSince his day the British novelists are prised 30 days. See Calendar. perhaps the most numerous class in the Novgorod (novgo-rot), or VELIKIlist of authors; and among the more promNOVGOROD (Great Novinent we may note Galt, Lady organ, gorod), a town of Russia, capital of the Charles Lever, Mrs. Gore, Theodore government of same name, on the VolkHook, Disraeli, Bulwer-Lytton, Dickens, hov, near the point where it issues from Thackeray, James, Ainsworth, the sisters Lake Ilmen, 103 miles s. s. E. of St. PeBrontë, Mrs. Trollope, Anthony Trollope, tersburg. It was during the middle ages Mrs. Craik, Kingsley, Marryat, George the largest and most important town of Eliot, Wilkie Collins, Miss Braddon, Mrs. Oliphant, Miss Thackeray, Miss Yonge, Thomas Hughes, Charles Reade, William Black, Thomas Hardy, Richard Blackmore, Walter Besant, W. E. Norris, James Payn, Clark Russell, Christie Murray, Rider Haggard, R. L. Stevenson George Meredith, Hope and F. Anstey; besides whom there are a number of clever rising men. In the United States it was not till after the revolution that the earliest attempts in prose fiction were made The first notable adventurer in this field was Charles Brockden Brown, who was followed by J. Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Edgar A. Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Oliver Wendell Holmes. After these come a younger, and in some respects a more markedly American school, represented by such names as Bret Harte, Henry James, Crawford, Howells, Cable, and various others of still more recent date. The most celebrated of the French novelists of the nineteenth century are Madame de Staël, Châteaubriand, Victor Hugo, Dumas (father and son), Balzac, Alphonse Karr, Georges Sand, Feuillet, Prosper Mérimée, Edmond About, Erckmann-Chatrian, Zola, Daudet, etc. Northern Europe. It is divided into two The more noteworthy names in the Ger- parts by the river, the Kreml or citadel man literature of fiction are those of Gutz- and the trading town. The former conkow, Wilibald Alexis (Wilhelm Häring), tains the cathedral of St. Sophia, built Hackländer, Spielhagen, Gottfried and after the model of St. Sophia at ConstanJohanna Kinkel, Auerbach, Rodenberg, G. tinople; besides which there are numer zu Putlitz, Gustav Freytag, Paul Heyse, ous churches and several monasteries. Georg Ebers, Rosegger, and others. Novgorod was the cradle of the Russian Among the most important novels in monarchy, and a monument was erected other languages are those in the Italian in 1864 to commemorate the thousandth by Manzoni, in Danish by Hans Chris- anniversary of the foundation of the Rustian Andersen, in Swedish by Frederika sian State by Rurik. The trade and manBremer and Madame Carlen, in Norwe- ufactures are now unimportant. Pop. gian by Björson and Ibsen, in Hungar- 26.972.-The government has an area of ian by Maurice Jokái, and in Russian by 47,236 square miles. It is generally flat, Ivan Tourguenieff and Tolstoï. a considerable portion of it being covered

Novels, in the civil law, are the sup

Church at Novgorod.

plementary constitutions of of the Valdai Hills enter it in the s. w. some Roman emperors so called because and form the principal watershed sepathey appeared after the authentic publi- rating the basin of the Baltic from that cations of law made by these emperors. of the Volga. The lakes are numerous,