was its Log Cabin, with the latchstring out and the coonskin nailed to the door, wheeled along to the uproarious shouts of "Tippecanoe1 and Tyler too," and "Van, Van is a used-up man!" The Whig ticket swept the country. Harrison got 234 electoral votes to 60 for Van Buren. The Whigs secured both branches of Congress too, with a majority of seven in the Senate and forty-four in the House. 336. The Close of the Jacksonian Epoch. Harrison's decisive victory marks the end of the "reign of Andrew Jackson. The date also marks the moment when the different sections of our country had become fully conscious of their conflicting interests. Two irreconcilable forms of civilization had been developing during the quarter of a century which followed the War of 1812. In the North the democratic, diversified life of manufacture and commerce was attended by rapid growth of population through natural increase and immigration from Europe. In the South a more stationary and aristocratic civilization was founded on the wealth of the cotton fields, which were cultivated by an army of 2,000,000 negro slaves. The conflict of these two forms of civilization, with their utterly opposite economic needs, their diverging political views of the relative rights of the states and the Union, their jealousy of each other's extension into the West, and their deepening disagreement as to the moral right of one man to hold another man in bondage, began about 1840 to overshadow all the other questions of the period which we have been studying, the Bank, the tariff, the public lands, and internal improvements. Not a national election was held from 1840 to the Civil War that did not turn chiefly or wholly on the slavery issue. At the close of his term of office Jackson had written to Congress, "Unless agitation on this point [slavery] cease, it will divide the Union." And in fact the systems of North and South were becoming "too unlike to exist in the same nation." What would the outcome be? Should the Union be divided, or should the institution of slavery be abolished?

REFERENCES

Nullification: WILLIAM MACDONALD, Jacksonian Democracy (American Nation Series), chaps. iv-vi; Select Documents of United States History, 1776– 1861, Nos. 53, 55, 56; F. A. OGG, The Reign of Andrew Jackson (Chronicles, Vol. XX), chaps. vi-viii; D. F. HOUSTON, A Critical Study of Nullification in

1 In reference to Harrison's victory over Tecumseh at Tippecanoe Creek, in 1811 (see above, p. 192).

South Carolina (Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. III); J. W. BURGESS, The Middle Period, chap. x; J. B. MCMASTER, History of the People of the United States, Vol. VI, pp. 148–177; H. VON HOLST, Constitutional History of the United States, Vol. I, chap. xii; EDWARD STANWOOD, American Tariff Controversies of the Nineteenth Century, chap. ix; C. H. PECK, The Jacksonian Epoch, chap. v; J. S. BASSETT, Andrew Jackson, chap. xxvi.

The War on the Bank: MCMASTER, Vol. VI, chap. lix; MACDONALD, Jacksonian Democracy, chaps. vii, xiii; Select Documents, Nos. 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 57–62; WooDROW WILSON, History of the American People, Vol. IV, chap. ii; RALPH H. CATTERALL, The Second Bank of the United States; BURGESS, chaps. ix, xii; OGG, chap. ix; D. R. DɛWEY, Financial History of the United States, chap. ix.; BASSETT, chaps. xxvii, xxviii.

A New Party: MACDONALD, Jacksonian Democracy, chaps. xi, xiv, xvii; S. P. ORTH, The Boss and the Machine (Chronicles, Vol. XLIII), chaps. i, ii; J. A. WOODBURN, Political Parties and Party Problems in the United States, chap. iv; MCMASTER, Vol. VI, chap. lxix; OGG, chap. xi; STANWOOD, History of the Presidency, chaps. xv, xvi; E. E. SPARKS, The Men who made the Nation, chap. ix; E. L. BOGART, Industrial History of the United States, chaps. xvi, xvii, xx; PECK, chap. xi; biographies of Jackson by W. G. BROWN (very brief), WILLIAM G. SUMNER (American Statesmen Series), A. C. BUELL (2 vols.), and J. S. BASSETT (2 vols.).

TOPICS FOR SPECIAL REPORTS

1. Foreign Affairs in Jackson's Administration: J. D. RICHARDSON, Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Vol. II, pp. 437 ff.; VON HOLST, Vol. II, pp. 553-570; MCMASTER, Vol. VI, pp. 236-242, 299-303, 421-446; J. W. FOSTER, A Century of American Diplomacy, pp. 273-281; BASSETT, pp. 656683; MACDONALD, Jacksonian Democracy, pp. 200–218.

2. The Webster-Hayne Debate: EDWARD EVERETT, in North American Review, Vol. XXXI, pp. 462-546; MCMASTER, in Century Magazine, Vol. LXII, pp. 228-246; MACDONALD, Select Documents, Nos. 47-49; ALEXANDER JOHNSTON (ed. Woodburn), American Orations, Vol. I, pp. 231–302. 3. Coercing South Carolina: BASSETT, pp. 552-583; T. H. BENTON, Thirty Years' View, Vol. I, chaps. lxxx-lxxxvi; E. P. POWELL, Nullification and Secession in the United States, pp. 262-288, and Appendix, pp. 298-324; MACDONALD, Select Documents, No. 56; HOUSTON, pp. 106-133; T. D. JERVEY, Robert Y. Hayne and his Times, pp. 297-356.

4. Jackson the Autocrat: A. B. HART, American History told by Contemporaries, Vol. III, Nos. 158, 160; MACDONALD, Select Documents, Nos. 64, 68; CARL R. FISH, The Civil Service and the Patronage, pp. 105-133; VON HOLST, Vol. II, pp. 1-39; BUELL, Vol. II, pp. 383-412; C. A. DAVIS, Major Jack Dowling's Letters (a satire on Jackson); HIGGINSON and MACDONALD, History of the United States, pp. 411-428.

5. Travel and Transportation in Jackson's Day: HART, Slavery and Abolition (American Nation Series), pp. 33-48; American History told by Contemporaries, Vol. III, Nos. 165-168; JOSIAH QUINCY, Figures of the Past, pp. 188-208; MCMASTER, Vol. VI, pp. 77-95; MACDONALD, Jacksonian Democracy, pp. 136-147; BOGART, pp. 208-219; CHARLES DICKENS, American Notes (ed. of 1842).

PART V. SLAVERY AND THE WEST

CHAPTER XI

THE GATHERING CLOUD

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

337. Slavery in the Colonies. Up to this point we have mentioned only incidentally and occasionally the institution of negro slavery, which led to the greatest crisis in our country's historydisunion and civil war. In the year 1619 a Dutch trading vessel brought twenty slaves from the West Indies to the Virginia colony at Jamestown, and during the century which followed about 25,000 negroes were landed on our shores to work in the tobacco and rice fields of the South or to become household servants in the wealthier families of the middle and northern colonies. The eighteenth century, however, saw a great increase in the importation of slaves into the colonies, when Great Britain, victorious in a long war with France and Spain (1702-1713), demanded as one of the terms of peace the monopoly of carrying negroes from the African coast to the New World. Reputable business firms, high nobles, even Queen Anne herself and her courtiers, had large sums of money invested in the slave trade, from which the dividends sometimes mounted to fortunes.

338. The Horrors of the Slave Trade. The slave hunters kidnaped the negroes in Africa, chained them together in gangs, and packed them closely into the stifling holds of their narrow wooden ships, to suffer torments on the tropical voyage from the African coast to the West Indies. This awful journey was called the "middle passage," because it was the second leg of a triangular voyage from which the British and colonial captains derived large profits. They took rum from the New England distilleries to Africa to debauch the innocent natives, whom they seized and brought to the West Indies to exchange for sugar and for molasses, which went to New England to make more rum. So rum, negroes, and molasses made

the endless chain of this disgraceful traffic. The horrors of the middle passage moved the colonists at times to pass bills prohibiting the slave trade. But the British crown vetoed the bills.1 We must remember in all our study and judgment of the problems which the presence of the negro in the South has forced upon our country, that it was not so much the colonists as the merchant traders and capitalists who were responsible for the slave traffic in the eighteenth century; and that the New England rum distillers were responsible for bringing thousands of negroes from Africa to sell as slaves in the West Indies.

WHITNEY'S COTTON GIN

339. The Increase of Slavery in the South. As the different types of colonial industry developed,―shipping, fishing, farming in the North, and the cultivation of the large tobacco, cotton, and rice plantations in the South,it became evident

that the home of the negro was to be that part of our land whose climate fitted his physique and whose labor fitted his intellect. As early as 1715 the negroes comprised 25 per cent of the population of the colonies south of the Potomac River, in comparison with 9 per cent in the middle colonies and less than 3 per cent in New England. South Carolina already had, as she has had ever since, a larger negro than white population. Before the close of the eighteenth century every state north of Maryland except New Jersey had provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery, while Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 had fixed the institution firmly upon the

1 One of the charges brought against George III by Thomas Jefferson in the original draft of the Declaration of Independence was that he had encouraged the slave trade, "violating the most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people [the Africans] who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither.". The Friends of Germantown, Pennsylvania, protested against the practice of slavery as early as 1688.