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původu Slovanů. Studie k. slovanským starožitnostem"; Hostinský's treatise on Bohemian popular songs and ballads; an ethnological description of Bohemia in course of preparation by the Academy; and Jaroslav Goll's interesting and not unpleasantly prejudiced "Čechy a Prusy ve Středověku" (relations between Prussia and Bohemia). Stolba writes of Holland "Na pudě moři urvané "; and St. Vráz has published, in the magazines, interesting pictures of the islands of eastern Asia. Of literary criticism and history there is little-Vrchlický's "Studies and Portraits," Jar. Vlček's "History of Bohemian Literature." Ernst V. Kraus's "Goethe a Čechy" (Goethe and Bohemia "), Matthias Murko's "Deutsche Einflüsse auf die Anfänge der böhmischen Romantik," and biographies such as Vlček's "Safařík" and Jakubec's "Ant. Marek." "In fiction, Bohemian literature still lacks the modern novel of character." Stories are numerous, but originality is rarer. The most successful seem to be those describing the life of the country people of Bohemia, such as Rais's Pantáta Bezoušek," Vřesnicky's "Na hrubé hroudě," and Klosterman's "Skláři " and " V srdci hvozdu šumavských." Also to be noted are Návštěvy," "Maloměstská šlechta," and God among the People" (a study of beliefs), by Herites, who lays his scenes, as usual, in small country towns; the popular Kosmák's "KaleidoScope Pictures of rustic life; Hermann's "Two Prague Idyls"; V. Mrštík's "Tale of May"; "Bavinkovy Zeny" (successful pictures of the Slavonians of Moravia), by the brothers Mrštík; M. Havel's "Poslední svého rodu" and "Rodiny dvou sester" (tales of middle-class society); and a third collection of gorgeous "Retouched Pictures" of past ages, by Zeyer. In poetry, too, there is little that rises above the mass of mediocrity, of first collections by young men. Noteworthy are Čech's "Prayers to the Unknown" (seems to mark the summit of his power); Vrchlický's "Collected Works" (reflective verses in a minor key); Neruda's posthumous "Friday Songs" (fine, powerful, patriotic); Machar's poems of 1893-'96 (among his best); Heyduk's pleasant lyrics "Ptačí Motivy" and "Nové ciganské Melodie"; Sládek's melancholy "In the Winter's Sun" Sova's "Calmed Mournings"; Dvořák's Meditations" (prominent among the works of the young Roman Catholic poets by its "fine language and earnest religious spirit"); and the fervent verse of Neuman (one of the "young authors who form the group of the Modern Review"").

Dramatic literature also includes many attempts by beginners, as well as Zeyer's "Donna Zancha" and "Zdob ružového jitra" (a "pretty pastoral of biblical times"), Vrchlický's tragedy "Marie Calderonová" and " 'Epinona" (drama of Christian martyrdom in Rome), and Svoboda's remarkable Dědečku, dědečku!" (simple picture of domestic life). Literary vigor seems to have abated somewhat, on the whole, though much has still been published.

dens sidste Nomade" describes the Laplanders. H. Vodskov writes on early "Sjæledyrkelse og Naturdyrkelse." In art criticism there are Karl Madsen's monograph on the Danish painter J. Th. Lundby and F. Beckett's study of Florentine art and "Renaissancen og Kunstens Historie i Danmark."

Not much of value seems to have appeared in belles-lettres, though in the matter of form a high degree of perfection has been reached. New novels and stories are the veteran H. F. Ewald's historical novel, "Liden Karsten, en Fortælling fra Kong Hanses Dage"; Herman Bang's "Ludvigsbakke (showing "keen perception of the small things in character and human life"); Karl Gjellerup's "Mollen" (novel of country life, elaborate charac ter analysis); Karl Larsen's "Uden for Rangklasserne" (sketches of Copenhagen life and slang); the humorous stories of S. Schandorph ("Frigjort" and Fröken Gram") and G. Wied; the humorous "Kuriöse Historier fra Heksenes Tid," by Woldemar (pseudonym); "Den yderste Dag," by Johannes Jörgensen, the brilliant poet, who has of late years gone deeply into religious speculation; Mme. Matilda Malling's "Eremitage-Idyllen (idolizing Rousseau); Ernesto Dalgas, a newcomer, presents "Kröniker," tales, some collected, others original, marked by refined taste, though somewhat strongly colored. Lyric poetry is supplied in "Hinsides Bjergene" (Italian pictures in good verse) by Otto C. Fönns; the gifted young Helge Rode's volume of poems, showing serene yet intense feeling; and Aage-Matthison Hansen's "Stjernerne." A revised and altered edition of Holger Drachmann's "Strandby Folk" has been produced.

France. Again the Revolution and the first empire have furnished subjects for a number of noteworthy books: Charles Gomel's "L'Histoire financière de l'Assemblée Constituante"; Henri Welschinger's excellent "L'Histoire du Roi de Rome"; Count Murat's "L'Histoire des Campagnes du Roi Murat en Espagne"; "L'Histoire de l'Armée de Condé," by Bittard des Portes; "Une Famille vendéenne pendant la grande Guerre: Mémoires de Bouteillier de Saint-André"; Col. de Pontbriand's "Les Guerres de la Chouannerie"; Countess Potocka's memoirs on Napoleon's stay in Poland; Baron du Bourgoin's "Souvenirs Militaires"; Marquis de Maleyssie's "Mémoires d'un Officier aux Gardes françaises, 1789-'93" (excellently edited by G. Roberti); the entertaining "Mémorial de I. de Norvins" (social history of the times); F. Masson's "Napoléon et sa Famille" (an "excellent guide through the enormous Napoleon literature of the last few years"); Albert Sorel's

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Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797" (a clear representation of a decisive year); and Léon Lecestre's edition of Napoleon's "Lettres inédites (An VIII1815)," which had been unpublished hitherto as likely to diminish the prestige of the emperor. M. C. d'Arguzon's book on Hortense Beauharnais is good, but to be taken cum grano salis. Continued interest in the second empire is shown in Denmark. An important history of Denmark, Villefranche's impartial "Histoire de Napoléon by J. Steenstrup, E. Holm, Kr. Erslev, A. Heise, III"; Lamy's "Essai sur la Guerre de 1870 W. Mollerup, J. A. Fredericia, and A. D. Jörgensen, (favorable portrait of Napoleon); Gen. Fleury's is appearing. Julius Clausen's "Frederik Chris- very interesting Mémoires"; the Marquis Phitian, Hertug af Augustenborg (1765-1814). En lippe de Massa's "Souvenirs et Impressions, 1840monografisk Skildring"; H. Bevtrup's "Christen 71"; Imbert de Saint-Amand's "Louis Napoléon Berg: En dansk Politikers Udviklingshistorie, et Mademoiselle de Montijo" (dispassionate and 1829-'66"; V. Dahlerup's "Det danske Sprogs His- truthful) and “ 'Napoléon III et sa Cour"; and torie i almenfattelig Fremstilling"; F. Rönning's Palat's "Bibliographie générale de la Guerre de "Rationalismens Tidsalder. Sidste Halfdel af 18. 1870-'71" (compiled with more diligence than Århundrede"; P. Hansen's "Den danske Skue- judgment). Recent history is told in E. Zevort's plads. Illustreret Theaterhistorie" (completed); A. "L'Histoire de la Troisième République" (an exAumont and E. Collin's "Det danske Nationalteaters cellent, impartial summary); "L'Alliance francoHistorie"; R. Petersen's "Frederik Barfod," all russe," by Jules Hansen, a Dane by birth; Jules have a national interest. Hans Kaarsberg's "Nor- Ferry's "Discours" (Vol. VI); Count de Mun's

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Lettres de Femmes"; Hugues Le Roux's "Le Maître de l'Heure"; Arc-en-Ciel et Sourcil rouge," by C. Mendès; P. Maël's " Castel-rouge and Bois d'Amour"; R. Maizeroy's "Joujou"; J. de La Brète's "L'Imagination fait le Reste"; Charles de Berkeley's "Marcelle," a pretty little love story; Emile Ollivier's "Marie-Magdeleine" (with an autobiographical tinge); "Passions de jeunes Filles," by P. Sales; "Noblesse Américaine," by Pierre de Coulevain (pseudonym of Mlle. A. Favre); “Un Divorce," by Th. Bentzon (Mme. Blanc), an early work, commonplace; Mme. Caro's well-written Idylle Nuptiale"; Mme. H. Malot's "L'Amour dominateur"; and new issues in the series "Romans pour les jeunes Filles": A. Robida's "Le Mystère de la Rue Carême-prenant" ("admirable character studies, charming pictures of scenery, strong analysis "); Jean Thierry's bright "M. le Neveu"; and Jean Bertheroy's heavy, stilted "Les trois Filles de Pieter Waldorp." Poetry is still in a languid state. The Academy bestowed the Prix Boileau-Despréaux on “La Maison de l'Enfance," by Fernand Gregh, a newcomer (somewhat influenced by Verlaine), who has been much praised. Auguste Angellier's"À l'Amie perdue" also attracted attention. The following plays have been produced: Victorien Sardou's "Spiritisme" ("an anecdotal drama"; a "complete and deserved failure," says an American writer); “Messidor,” a lyrical drama, text by É. Zola, music by A. Bruneau; Jules Case's "La Vassale" (another sex-problem play); Albert Gainon's "Le Partage" (a mournful picture of the sufferings of a lover jealous of the husband of his mistress); Auguste Germain's brilliantly successful "L'Etranger"; Pierre Denis's drama "Jusqu'à la Mort" ("A la Vie! À la Mort "? A dramatization of Gen. Boulanger's career); Pailleron's "Mieux vaut Douceur et Violence" (two oneact plays); Paul Hervieu's comedy "La Loi de l'Homme" (has same merits and faults as his "Tenailles "); "L'Evasion," comedy (a strong satire on the theory of atavism) and "Bienfaiteurs," comedy (didactically moral), both by Brieux; Abel Hermant's comedy "La Carrière" (great success, much literary merit); "Snobs," by Gustave Guiches; Maurice Donnay's "La Douloureuse" ("a comedy of love," plot complicated, "surroundings cleverly reproduced "); and Jean Richepin's "Le Chemineau (a rustic comedy, "an opéra comique in fine verse").

Jeunesse's readable "Les Nuits, les Ennuis et les Âmes de nos plus notoires Contemporains" (peculiar criticism, "of a sort of audacious impertinence"); Lucien Muhlfeld's "Le Monde ou l'on imprime (indiscriminate praise of the "Jeunes"; style labored); Remy de Gourmont's "Le Livre des Masques (disappointing; uniform laudation), Jacques Plowert's "Petit Glossaire pour servir à l'Intelligence des Auteurs décadents et symbolistes," and Victor Charbonnel's "Les Mystiques dans la Littérature présente," all three dealing with the symbolists; and Maurice Le Blond's " Essai sur le Naturisme" (heralded by the author as the very newest literary school). Monographs on individual writers are those by the Duc de Broglie on Malherbe, André Hallays on Beaumarchais (admirable), and Gaston Deschamps on Marivaux (all three in the series Grands Écrivains français "); A. Roussel's "Lamennais intime"; Henry Harrisse's "L'Abbé Prévost"; Edmond Biré's laudatory book on Honoré de Balzac; "Autour d'Honoré de Balzac " (containing much new information), by Vte. Spoelberch de Lovenjoul, whose "La véritable Histoire de Elle et Lui" (favorable to George Sand) and Paul Mariéton's "Une Histoire d'Amour" are two interesting works on the love affairs of George Sand and Alfred de Musset; Michel Revon's "George Sand"; a brilliant study of Leconte de l'Isle, by Jean Dornis (pseudonym of a lady); Hector Malot's autobiographical "Le Roman de mes Romans"; E. Toudouze's physiological, psychological, and pathological analysis of Zola; and Antoine Laporte's "Emile Zola: l'Homme et l'Euvre" (contains an excellent bibliography). The literature of art has been enriched by Robert de la Sizeranne's "Ruskin et la Religion de la Beauté"; Gustave Larroumet's "Little Portraits and Art Notes" (showing fine and acute critical taste); FiéronsGevaert's judicial "Essai sur l'Art contemporain"; the useful and interesting "Répertoire de la Statuaire grecque et romaine" (Vol. I of which is a pocket edition of Clarac's "Musée de Sculpture "), by Salomon Reinach, author also of “La Sculpture en Europe avant les Influences gréco romaines and "Chroniques d'Orient," second series, 1891-95. Productions in prose fiction deserving special mention are Pierre Loti's Basque story Ramuntcho " (hailed as a masterpiece, although some critics find that "washed-out emotionality" goes hand in hand with his "passionate passages of love" and "sad strains "); Vte. M. de Vogüé's "Jean d'Agrève" (brilliant style, delightful descriptions); René Bazin's "With all one's Soul" ("fine and searching analysis"); Anatole France's "L'Orme du Mail" (lively, witty sketches of life in the provinces); Emile Pouvillon's delicate love idyl "L'Image"; Maurice Paléologue's "On the Ruins"; Paul and Victor Margueritte's gay "Le Carnaval de Nice" and "La Pariétaire" (short stories); Bernard Lazare's "Les Porteurs de Torches "; the late Alphonse Daudet's "Le Trésor d'Arlatan (a sketch of the district Camargue) and “ Fédor: Pages de la Vie"; J. K. Huysmans's "La Cathédrale" (in which the author "endeavors to interpret the cathedral of Chartres "); Edouard Rod's" Là-Haut" ("one of his best ") and "L'Innocente"; and Paul Bourget's Recommencements" (10 tales, admirably told) and “Voyageuses ” (6 short stories). Further new works of fiction are E. Daudet's Fiançailles tragiques," Rolande et Andrée," and Pauline Fossin"; G. Ohnet's "Le Curé de Favières"; François Coppée's "Coupable" (seems to differ from the ordinary feuilleton novel only in its exquisite style); J. H. Rosny's "Un double Amour" and Une Rupture"; Léon Daudet's "Suzanne (not very happily conceived nor composed) and La Flamme et l'Ombre"; Marcel Prévost's "Dernières

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Germany.-In historical literature there has been a flood of patriotic publications, called forth by the centenary of the birth of William I, notably those by W. Oncken ("Unser Heldenkaiser") and O. Lorenz. Victor von Strantz's "Illustrirte Kriegschronik" is a republication of illustrations which appeared in 1864, 1866, and 1870-'71 in the Leipzig "Illustrirte Zeitung."

Further contributions to national history in its various phases are Hermann Grimm's "Beiträge zur deutschen Culturgeschichte" ("a noble little book," personal in tone); "Geschichte der rheinischen Städtekultur," by Heinrich Boos; Albert Naudé's reliable "Beiträge zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Siebenjährigen Krieges"; Heinrich Friedjung's "Der Kampf um die Vorherrschaft in Deutschland, 1859-66" (thorough); Oscar v. Lettow-Vorbeck's excellent "Geschichte des Krieges von 1866 in Deutschland": Albert Pfister's "Aus dem Lager des Rheinbundes 1812-'13" (full account of part played by Würtemburg); Heinrich v. Poschinger's "Fürst Bismarck und der Bundesrat" (material collected rather than digested; adversely criticised by H. Kohl); L. Rösel's "Alt-Nürnberg, (1895); E. Reicke's "Geschichte der Reichsstadt Nürnberg"; and "Kaiser Wilhelm II als Redner: eine Sammlung der Reden des deutschen Kaisers

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cise; H. Milke's "Der deutsche Roman des 19. Jahrhunderts”; “Die deutsche Dichtung der Gegenwart die Alten und die Jungen," by Adolf Bartels; Siegmar Schultze's "Wege und Ziele deutscher Literatur und Kunst" (adversely criticised); Alfred Bassermann's Dante's Spuren in Italien," richly illustrated; "Dante, sein Leben und sein Werk, sein Verhältniss zur Kunst und zur Politik," by F. X. Kraus; Julius Burggraf's "Schiller's Frauengestalten" (dealing with the influence of woman on the poet): Friedrich Zarncke's posthumous "Kleine Serhiften; 1. Band: Göthe-Schriften," collected by his son Eduard; Rudolf Steiner's "Goethe's Weltanschauung"; Hans K. Freiherr v. Jaden's "Theodor Körner und seine Braut" ("nothing new "); Erich Petzet's "Johann Peter Uz. Zum 100. Todestage des Dichters"; the third and last volume of "Gottfried Keller's Leben seine Briefe und Tagebücher," by J. Baechthold; A. Römer's "Fritz Reuter in seinem Leben und Schaffen"; pamphlets by J. Wormstall (“Annette v. DrosteHülshoff im Kreise ihrer Verwandten und Freunde "), J. Riehemann (“ Erläuternde Bermerkungen zu Annette v. Droste-Hülshoff's Dichtungen"), and others, reviving the memory of a noted lyric poet; Michel Maria Rabenlechner's "Hamerling: sein Leben und seine Werke " (new material); K. Thdr. Galdertz's "Emanuel Geibel"; A. B. Faust's Charles Sealsfield, der Dichter beider Hemisphären"; Paul Gerber's "Wilhelm Raabe: eine Würdigung seiner Dichtungen": and Adolf Bartels's "Gerhart Hauptmann." W. Dörpfeld and Emil Reisch's "Das griechische Theater: Beiträge zur Geschichte des Dionysos-Theaters in Athen und anderer griechischer Theater" throws important light on the question of the form of the Greek stage. And in the literature of art there are Adolf Furtwängler's Intermezzi: kunstgeschichtliche Studien "; Berthold Daun's well-written "Adam Krafft und die Künstler seiner Zeit: ein Beitrag zur Kunstgeschichte Nürnbergs"; W. von Seidlitz's concise and impartial "Die Entwickelung der modernen Malerei " (No. 265 of the "Sammlung gemeinverständlicher wissenschaftlicher Vorträge "); Carl Neumann's suggestive "Der Kampf um die neue Kunst," dealing with the modern tendency recently attacked by Anton von Werner and Lenbach; and Eduard Hanslick's "Fünf Jahre Musik, 1891-'95: Kritiken."

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A notable novel is F. Spielhagen's "Faustulus," good in characterization and dramatically consistent. Others are Adolf Wilbrandt's "Schleichendes Gift" and "Hildegard Mahlmann" (a study of a peasant poetess of the Ambrosius stamp); Ossip Schubin's Heimkehr"; Eckstein's "Roderich Löhr"; Hermann Heiberg's "Ein doppeltes Ich" and "Die Rixdorfs"; "Ein Schlagwort der Zeit' (lifelike characterization) and "Heilendes Gift," by Fedor von Zobeltitz; Rosegger's "Das ewige Licht: Erzählung aus den Schriften eines Waldpfarrers"; Wilhelmine von Hillern's "Ein alter Streit" (describes the ancient Bavarian custom of "Haberfeldtreiben "); Ida Boy-Ed's "Nichts" and "Eine reine Seele"; Annie Bock's "Dora Peters" (modern, objective; heroine well characterized); Gabriele Reuter's "Aus guter Familie: Leidensgeschichte eines jungen Mädchens" (directed against the system of education of young girls); Hedwig Dohm's "Sibilla Delmar " (a characteristic picture of the dissatisfied wife); Schobert's " Art zu Art' Max Halbe's "Frau Meseck: eine Dorfgeschichte' ("peculiar technique, masterly command of material"); Ernst Clausen's "Judas," thoroughly conventional; Theodor Fontane's " Die Poggenpuhls"; E. Bertz's "Das Sabinergut"; "Theater," by Hermann Bahr, “a many-sided poseur" Willy Rath's "Prinzessin Sida"; A. Zapp's " Der Kampf um den

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Dollar" and "Vornehme Proletarier"; and a group of historical novels: G. Ebers's "Barbara Blomberg" and "Arachne" (Egyptian again); F. Dahu's "Vom Chiemgau" (with the author's usual excellencies and faults) and "Ebroin"; Richard Voss's Unter den Borgias"; Conrad Alberti's "The Rose of Hildesheim"; August Sperl's "Die Söhne des Herrn Budiwoj" (showing thorough historical knowledge); C. Erdmann Edler's "Beatrix von Hohenzollern" ("the monstrosity of the characters and the strangeness of the style render it repulsive"); and Otto Reichert's "Der Bürgermeister: eine Geschichte aus Leipzig's alten Tagen." Among short stories are noted: "Männertreu.-Der Sohn seines Vaters," Verrathenes Glück.-Emerenz," and" Das Räthsel des Lebens und andere Novellen," by the virtuoso Paul Heyse, who turns rather much to the description of psycho-pathological and hysterical natures: F. von Saar's "Herbstreigen" (containing, notably, "Requiem der Liebe"); Ernst v. Wildenbruch's "Der Zauberer Cyprianus" ("profound in psychology" and "brilliant in coloring"); Richard zur Megede's “Kismet "; Paul Anselm's "Drei Novellen" (notably "Peter Paul," original, and fine in execution); J. J. David's "Frühschein " (a "stormy story"); L. Ganghofer's "Hochlandsgeschichten"; L. Hevesi's "Althofleute "; Rudolf Lindau's "Türkische Geschichten "; Herrenrecht's "In Sachen des Glaubens und Gewissens"; Adalbert Meinhardt's "Norddeutsche Leute "; Konrad Telmann's "Lucrecia" (simply entertaining, weak in character drawing) and "Vox populi"; Ernst Altkirch's "Ich, der Träumer" (rather light waremood pictures and phantasies); "Tragikomödien : fünf Geschichten," by Josef Ruederer (imaginative, acute observer, satirist); Walli Glück's "Das Märchenschiff und Anderes"; Paul von Schönthan's 'Enfant terrible und C. W. Radebeul & Cie." and "Wiener Luft: Stimmungen und Geschichten"; E. Eschricht's 66 Reine Liebe: Geschichten aus dem fernen Orient" (interesting descriptions of Eastern life); Hans Hoffmann's "Bozener Märchen u. Mären" (poetical stories); the late Heinrich Noë's "Edelweiss und Lorbeer: neue Bilder aus Tirol" (mannered); Detlef von Liliencron's popular" Kriegsnovellen "; " Alte Schule: Erzählungen," by Marie v. Ebner-Eschenbach, whose husband Moriz, in "Hypnosis perennis.-Ein Wunder des heiligen Sebastian. Zwei Wiener Geschichten," shows qualities similar to those which distinguish the work of his wife; Mme. Clara Sudermann's "Siegerin "; Mme. Lou Andreas-Salome's "Aus fremder Seele "and" Ruth" (fine characterization; lacks warmth); "Severin," simply and neatly told by Anna, Countess Pongracz; and Maria Janitschek's "Vom Weibe " (strong, but at times showing rampant sexuality). Carl Wolf's "Geschichten aus Tirol. 3. Sammlung" and "Drei Erzählungen (peasant stories with feeling for dramatic effect) and Wilhelm Schäfer's "Die Zehn Gebote: Erzählungen des Kanzelfriedrich " (plain, true pictures of North German peasant life) seem to lead us naturally to those writers of the people of whom Karl Schrattenthal (pseudonym of Karl Weiss), editor of "Dichterstimmen aus dem Volke," has already introduced a number to the public. His latest issues are "Aus dem bayerischen Wald," stories by the peasant girl Emerenz Meier, "Franz Wörther, ein Dichter und Denker aus dem Volke" (deeply felt, simple poetry, without phrase), and a second edition of the poems of Stine Andresen, a daughter of Schleswig-Holstein, who writes simply and from the heart. Schrattenthal lays stress upon the culture-historical importance of all such work, as indicating a new literary current, but some critics reply that it is simply a matter of extravagant enthusiasm over "nature-poets." Lyric and nar