Article 7, says: "Any person will be at liberty to ply any trade, art or profession as he shall see fit with the condition that he conform himself to the regulation of the police, existing or to be established."

The Law of October 15, 1810, relative to factories or workshops, unsuitable, unhealthy, or dangerous, defines :-"a first class those which should be removed far from residence; a second class - factories or workshops not necessarily far removed from habitations, but which must show to a certainty that their operation will not inconvenience or cause damage to owners of residence; and a third class those which may remain without inconvenience near residences but must be under police supervision."

In all the Haussmann operations, from 1850 to 1889, the character of development of the streets was carefully considered, and the profiles or cross sections of the streets studied, and heights and set-backs governed according to the width of the streets, and in many cases the architectural façades studied in detail. The law regulating the heights and areas of buildings in Paris, of August, 1902, contains fortyfive articles respecting these matters. Heights are fixed according to the width of streets and the details of special cases are carefully worked out.

The operation of these and similar laws through the centuries, laws which are expressive of the general growing culture of the people and the recognition of mutual obligations, has rendered Paris the ordered and lovely city it is today.

It is no mean ambition to create beautiful forms which may control the movements and the placing of a crowd. The Sacra Via, with its architectural triumphs of the day, framed the sacred processions and the military triumphs of Rome. Lined by colonnades, loggias and arcades with their varying levels and differing forms, one sees it literally draped with humanity, giving a brilliant and picturesque spectacle. In modern times, the Champs Elysées in Paris, with the Arc de Triomphe at one end and the Place de la Concorde at the

other, provides a more formal and regular setting for the spectacles of today. Brilliant with bunting by day and artificially illuminated by night, on gala days it is an inspiration to the city planner and architect for all time. If the Roman picture, like those of similar occasions in Athens, is marvelous in its picturesque quality, that of modern times is none the less magnificent and it is rather the guide we must follow. Some of our modern plans have provided such central avenues. Philadelphia has contributed a notable avenue in Fairmont Parkway, fittingly to be crowned by the Art Museum at its termination in the Park with which it connects the center of the city. Imperfectly traced at first, through the efforts of the architects this great avenue has been given its present straight axial line.

In Chicago much is expected from the development of a central axis in the city plan and of Grant Park on the shores of Lake Michigan, the composition of which is balanced on this axis. Looking down from the buildings on Michigan Avenue, many a spectacle has already been seen in the rough framework of the park. The moving crowds have created many a superb picture, but with the regularization of its architectural frame and its completion as planned these gatherings will be more ordered and more beautiful.

Zoning is fundamentally connected with all other factors of city planning. Coördination in the various factors of city planning results in work of the highest value. Zoning, if well schemed, more than any other agency will give quality to growth; it will bind all our other plans in an harmonious manner and in addition it is the aesthetic opportunity. It is the architecture, in large, of cities.

IV. PARKS

The provision of parks in cities, especially large cities, is of paramount importance. As early as the third century after Christ spaces, or commons, were set apart in Rome for public recreation. A number at first were laid out by citizens

1 and 2. RESULTS OF SET-BACK PROVISIONS IN ZONING ORDINANCE, NEW YORK CITY 3. VERSAILLES, PROTOTYPE OF WASHINGTON, D. C. INFLUENTIAL IN ALL CONTEMPORARY AND SUBSEQUENT EUROPEAN PLANNING

PLATE 119

1. THE PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA. M. Jacques Gréber. Based on the plan of Trumbauer, Zantzinger and Cret

2. WASHINGTON, D. C. GENERAL PLAN OF THE PARK COMMISSION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Based on the Plan of L'Enfant.

3. PROPOSED GROUP OF MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS. MINNEAPOLIS. E. H. Bennett

PLATE 120

for their personal comfort, but afterwards were absorbed into the imperial domain by purchase, bequest or confiscation. They were fortunately laid out on a scheme sufficiently large to suit the requirements of masses of people. The porticoes of Rome were purposely built to allow space in which the citizens might move about pleasantly in hot or rainy weather; the great baths of that city were for the comfort of the people, to insure healthy bodies. It is interesting to know that Caesar, himself, left his estates as parks for the public.

It is necessary for the democracies of today to create for themselves recreational spaces. If crowded conditions must exist, and they will exist especially in large cities, the one palliative which we may hope to offer is that of a complete and highly developed park system. House the people densely, if necessary, but conserve great areas for recreation. That this is being done in the modern cities, great and small, is reassuring. New York has great acreages on the Hudson, and Boston and Chicago each have about 20,000 acres of Forest Preserves. The latter city is steadily acquiring more.

The Lake Front Park in Chicago of 1700 acres, now assured, is threaded by a lagoon planned for regattas. It will restore the waterfront of the city to the public.

If the park system is important from a point of view of health, so equally is it desirable from the point of view of aesthetic satisfaction. From the point of view of city planning, the park system must be considered as a whole in any city. The fact that parks of all sizes may be associated with the design of the city plan gives to them peculiar qualities. Special attention should be given to the playgrounds, susceptible as they are of beautiful development and fine architectural arrangement, with their gymnasiums, swimming pools, tennis courts and community buildings.

The beautiful parks of Rome crowning the hilltops and framing the city have been the inspiration of more than one plan of parks in modern cities. "And from that beautiful