Claude Lorrain and also somewhat by ideas introduced from China. But its most vital characteristics were inspired, like those of the Italian villas, by local conditions of climate, vegetation, topography, and modes of life. In the deerparks of England there had long before been produced, without much conscious artistic control, wonderfully beautiful landscapes marked by undulating, open, verdant, universal greensward, upon which as a background were dispersed robust masses of wide-spreading tree-foliage, and occasional thickets of undergrowth. These, with the soft and mellowing atmosphere of the same climate which perfected the greensward and the spreading trees, created an exquisite beauty no less characteristic of England than the contrasting deep shade and brilliant sunshine and turfless distant views are characteristic of Italy.

The "Landscape Style" of England spread over France and other parts of the continent with the Romantic movement, and fell later into extremes and perversions as unfortunate as any of those of formal design. For the formal it substituted the formless, or an obviously theatrical affectation of naturalness, and for æsthetic unity it substituted the Romantic symbol, before it settled to the more rational and sincerely naturalistic style of Repton in England and of Pückler-Muskau in Germany. It is interesting to note how deeply and characteristically climate and local habits of thought based upon climate, affected local adaptations of style in landscape architecture both as the Italian Renaissance influence spread northward through France to England and as the "English" naturalistic influence spread south through France to Italy. In either style the northern type consists essentially of a background of turf and other verdure out of which is cut a more or less shapely pattern consisting of bare surfaces of earth or pavement in the form of paths and roads and terraces and so forth. In the southern type, where turf is essentially exotic, the bare surfaces of earth or pavement form the background of the design while

the turf and other verdure constitute the shapely pattern applied to it. It is not a question of the relative quantity of the two elements, but how they are used that makes the difference between a pattern of green on gray and one of gray on green.

There are charming formal gardens dating from many different centuries in England, and based on English tradition in America from Colonial times onward, in which the Italian Renaissance influence can be traced, but which are truly English and truly American, because only those qualities of Italian work were borrowed and adapted which were not contradicted by the local climate and vegetation and way of living, and which lent themselves to a complete renationalizing, as it were, under new skies, enriching and stimulating the development of good native characteristics. By contrast, some mechanical attempts at more complete or arbitrary imitation of Italian, English, and other foreign styles in America and elsewhere have produced merely barren expatriates, utterly unassimilable and serving only to distract attention from lines of development essentially in accord with the local needs and opportunities.

As in all art, it is not the name of what you do that counts, but how you do it in relation to time, place, and surroundings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS, Transactions. From its inception in 1899 to the end of 1908. Harrisburg, Pa., 1912. Transactions, 1909-1921. Amsterdam, N. Y. (1922 in press.)

ANDRÉ, ÉDOUARD, L'Art des Jardins. Paris, 1879.

BROWN, GLENN, editor, European and Japanese Gardens, edited for the
American Institute of Architects. Philadelphia, 1902.

CONDER, JOSIAH, Landscape Gardening in Japan. Tokio, 1893.
DOWNING, ANDREW JACKSON, A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of
Landscape Gardening, adapted to North America; with a view to the
improvement of country residences. New York, 1841.

ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM, Charles Eliot, Landscape Architect, a lover of nature and of his kind, who trained himself for a new profession, practiced it happily, and through it wrought much good. Boston, 1902. GOTHEIN, MARIE LUISE, Geschichte der Gartenkunst. Herausgeg mit Unterstützung der Königlichen Akademie des Bauwesens in Berlin. Jena, 1914.

HAMERTON, P. G., Landscape. London, 1885.

HUBBARD, H. V., and KIMBALL, THEODORA, An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design. New York, 1917.

HUBBARD, H. V., and KIMBALL, THEODORA, Landscape Architecture; a comprehensive classification for books, plans, photographs, plates and other collected material. Cambridge, Mass., 1920.

Jekyll, Gertrude, and Weaver, LAWRENCE, Gardens for Small Country Houses. London and New York, 1912.

LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, An Eycyclopedia of Gardening, comprising the theory and practice of horticulture, floriculture, arboriculture and landscape gardening. London, 1822. (Also many later editions, from 1850 as revised and improved by Mrs. Loudon.)

MAWSON, THOMAS H., The Art and Craft of Garden Making. 4th edition. London and New York, 1912.

MEYER, FRANZ SALES, and RIES, FRIEDRICH, Die Gartenkunst in Wort und Bild. Leipsig, 1904 and enlarged 1914. (Published in 1911 as Gartentechnik und Gartenkunst.)

NICHOLS, ROSE STANDISH, English Pleasure Gardens. New York, 1902. Olmsted, Frederick Law, Sr., Notes on the Plan of Franklin Park and Related Matters. Boston, 1886.

PARSONS, SAMUEL, The Art of Landscape Architecture; its development

and its application to modern landscape gardening. New York, 1915. PHILLIPS, E. M., The Gardens of Italy, with historical and descriptive notes. Edited by Arthur T. Bolton. New York, 1920.

PRICE, SIR UVEDALE, An Essay on the Picturesque, as compared with the Sublime and the Beautiful; and, on the use of studying pictures, for the purpose of improving real landscape. London. Printed for J. Robson, 2 v., 1794-1798. (Also several later editions, with additions.)

PÜCKLER-MUSKAU, PRINCE VON, Hints on Landscape Gardening. Translated by Bernhard Sickert and edited by Samuel Parsons. Boston, 1917. REPTON, HUMPHREY, Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening. Collected from designs and observations now in the possession of the different noblemen and gentlemen, for whose use they were originally made. The whole tending to establish fixed principles in the art of laying out ground. London, 1794.

REPTON, HUMPHREY, Observations on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening. London. Printed for J. Taylor, 1803.

Both the Sketches and Observations are included with Repton's work in a one-volume edition (1840) by J. C. Loudon. A briefer American edition was prepared by John Nolen, entitled The Art of Landscape Gardening, Boston, 1907.

SIEVEKING, ALBERT FORBES, editor, Gardens Ancient and Modern. London, 1885. (Also published in 1899 as The Praise of Gardens.) SIMONDS, O. C., Landscape-gardening. New York, 1920.

SITWELL, SIR GEORGE, An Essay on the Making of Gardens, being a study of old Italian Gardens, of the nature of beauty and the principles involved in garden design. London, 1909.

STEIN, HENRI, Les Jardins de France des origines à la fin du XVIII siècle reproductions d'après des estampes anciennes et des documents originaux inédits. Paris, preface dated 1913.

STUART, C. M. VILLIERS, Gardens of the great Mughals. London, 1913. SYPESTEYN, C. H. C. A. VAN, Oud-Nederlandsche Tuinkunst: geschiedkundig overzicht van de Nederlandsche tuinarchitectuur van de 15de tot de 19de eeuw. 's-Gravenhage, 1910.

TABOR, GRACE, Old-fashioned Gardening; a history and a reconstruction.
New York, 1913.

TRIGGS, H. INIGO, Garden Craft in Europe. London, 1913.
TRIGGS, H. INIGO, Formal Gardens in England and Scotland, their plan-

ning, and arrangement, architectural and ornamental features. Il-
lustrated by drawings by the author and photographs by Charles
Latham. London, 1902.

TRIGGS, H. INIGO, The Art of Garden Design in Italy, illustrated by photographs and plans and numerous sketches in the text taken from the original surveys and plans especially made by the author and photographs by Mrs. Aubrey Le Blond. London, 1906.

VAN RENSSELAER, M. G. (MRS. SCHUYLER), Art Out-of-doors. Hints on good taste in gardening. New York, 1893. (Also later reprints.) WAUGH, FRANK A., The Natural Style in Landscape Gardening. Boston, 1917. WHATELY, THOMAS, Observations on Modern Gardening, published anonymously. London, 1770. (Several later editions.)

Landscape Architecture; a quarterly magazine. Augusta, Me., Landscape Architecture Publishing Co. Official organ of the American Society of Landscape Architects. (The only technical periodical devoted exclusively to the subject of landscape architecture.)