"This is history, although Mr. Sumner has not embodied it in his exhaustive oration. Professor Carl Neuman, of Munich, whose name accredits all his statements, while in China, where he spent many years in a study of Chinese antiquities and bibliography, having collected, perhaps, the best China library extant, out of that kingdom, found in the yearbooks of the empire this fact well established. Those famous volumes have been preserved in that conservative country with marvelous care and accuracy, second only, perhaps, to that with which they were written. This distinguished scholar from these learned the story of the wonderful travels of the fifth century. Impelled by the laudable desire to carry their faith to the ends of the world, the priests of that day ventured the snows of the north and the stormy passage of the Aleutian isles, gained our western shore, and penetrated into Mexico. This was the country which struck them with especial admiration, and of which they have left flowing and impassioned descriptions. They called it the land of Fusung,-fusung being the Chinese name for the maguey or Mexican aloe, the fecund and wondrous tree which furnished the indolent and sensuous natives with shelter, clothing, and drink.

"This marvelous episode of history has passed out of memory, out of common tradition, and had almost been buried in the debris of forgotten records, the pub. docs. of fourteen centuries ago. The time had not yet come,the religion of the East was broad enough for all the lands. The heart and conscience of the world had not been awakened to the duties and responsibilities of the common brotherhood of race, and the bravery, and devotion, and learning of the old Buddhist priests went for nothing, or at least served only to point an ephemeral tale.

"The intercourse between continent and continent, which the long years have buried in oblivion, is to-day strangely renewed. The embassy headed by Mr. Burlingame is only another page of the bewildering romance, grander than the wildest flights of Oriental fancy, that crowds our swiftly advancing decade. No one can read the report of the banquet just given to the embassy, and the speeches made, as related yesterday, without emotions of intense intellectual excitement. The whole scene is a grand and impressive tribute to our advancing civilization. It tells of a latent strength in our undeveloped catholicity, which is working out for us a future we could not perhaps now even comprehend. And our country leads the van, "foremost in the files of time," and our radical, aggressive, moving party leads the country. Gloria tibi, Domine."

PHRENOLOGY IN THE SCHOOL-ROOM. — A teacher in Pennsylvania says: "During the last five years the science of Phrenology has been of vast service to me. It has rendered the school-room one of the most pleasant of places, and its inmates among the happiest of persons." Every earnest teacher who tests Phrenology thus, will confirm this testimony.

PHRENO-ANTHROPOLOGY.

THE possible union of the English Phrenological and Ethnological bodies is now quite a prominent subject of discussion both in London and Edinburgh. In Germany, the "modern" ethnologists have pretty generally accepted the doctrines of Phrenology; but still "that citadel of bigoted prejudices," as a German ethnologist styled the English ethnological world, holds out. Dr. Hunt, a member of the London Anthropological Society, at the last session of that body in 1867, chose to attack the phrenological axiom, that "the brain is the organ of the mind,” which he designated as a "gigantic assumption, because we know nothing of mind," and added: "We only know of mental phenomena in connection with the nervous system." In the course of his remarks he also made use of the expression of "the bastard science of Phrenology." His absurdities have, however, been pretty severely refuted by other members of the same body. J. W. Jackson, F.A.S.L., the author of several works on ethno-phrenological subjects—a longtried, and one of the ablest defenders of Phrenology in the United Kingdom-took up the subject, and at the annual social meeting of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, on the 21st of October, 1867, delivered a lecture from which we extract the following remarks:

"It is one of the most important events in the history of Phrenology, that it had thus been introduced to the notice of the Anthropological Society of London. He trusted to remove the adverse impression which appeared to exist on this subject. He would not, however, derange the order of the remarks he intended to make on the history and prospects of Phrenology. He would proceed to make a few observations on the errors of their predecessors, and on the manner in which their deficiencies may be supplemented, and add to the list of their discoveries by employment of clearer views and renewed energy. First, it was to be admitted that from the absolutely inductive method in which the several organs now constituting the phrenological chart were discovered, by a most careful comparison of character with cranial contours, extending over many hundred individual instances, it was almost unavoidable that Gall and his immediate followers should be organologists, thus exaggerating the importance of particular organs, regarded separately, and proportionately undervaluing the grander outlines of cranial contour. In accordance with the materialistic spirit of the age in which they lived, they assigned too much importance to quantity while disregarding quality. They continually rang changes on the size of organs and volume of brain, while temperament was spoken of rather incidentally, till at length it came to pass that large heads were regarded practically as the test of superior endowment. Cerebral development was also regarded as almost the sole index of character, and conscquently they underestimated the significance of the remaining portions of the organism.

They were but imperfectly aware of the importance of respiration, alimentation, and locomotion to effective cerebration, and hence were not sufficiently careful in their observations on the chest, the abdomen, and the limbs and the extremities. They did not sufficiently understand that the organism is a structure integer, and not a mere congeries of isolated organs and independent functions. These errors marked the progress from ignorance to knowledge. After a pause of nearly a quarter of a century, Phrenology has entered upon its second phase of development, and the original founders of the science have lost much of their hold upon the reverence of the men of the present age. It is now necessary to look to the future rather than to the past, so as to prepare for the demands modern science is likely to make upon the professors of Phrenology. It was necessary to cease being only cerebral physiologists. Physiognomy must be studied, a bipolar relation between head and face being admitted, the functional activity of the former being often predicable from the predominant expression of the latter. Temperament should be studied in connection with anatomy and physiology, to learn their reaction on cerebration. The brain must also be studied pathologically as to quantity, quality, and contour. This would supply a new chapter to medical science, supply the physician with data hitherto unknown, for estimating constitutional tendencies. It was desirable to advance from human to comparative Phrenology by a careful comparison of the brains of brutes with their known habits and instincts. This should extend from the simplest radiate, through the mollusca, articulata, and vertebrata, up to man. The vertebrata would probably be found the most interesting, and among these the mammalia, as nearest to man; but the lower divisions should not be neglected, as in the articulata, for instance, we find the ant and the bee, with whom blind instinct assumes the form of a high intelligence. In such an inquiry it is most important to take into consideration the racial diversities of man, and by a careful comparison of these different types to endeavor to ascertain the conditions which determine their respective places in the scale of rational being. In this phrenologists would be aided by a study of those grander divisions of the nearly allied mammalia, termed by Prof. Owen Lyncephala (small brain), such as kangaroo; Lissencephala (smooth brain), such as sloth; Gyrencephala (convoluted brain), such as the ape, lion, dog, elephant-approaching so nearly, yet differing so from the Archencephala (governing brain), whereof the only existing example are the various races of men.

"Without insisting on the truth of a suggestion already familiar to some present, that man, as the aerial type of these quadrupedal mammalia, must ultimately produce profoundly correlative orders, species, and genera, whereof existing races and varieties are the germal beginning; and contemplating the mammal brutes as simply the type of sentient being most nearly allied to man, we may feel sure

that a carefully conducted study of their habits and instincts, as compared with the simplicity or complexity of their cerebral structures, can not fail to throw considerable light on the capabilities of the various races of man. The speaker specially commended for study those animals susceptible of domestication. Their anatomical and physiological specialties should be compared with those of the wild and irreclaimable varieties and species; and do these specialties throw any light on corresponding aptitude and inaptitude in their human correlates? From this it would at once be seen what a vast province of inquiry and weighty investigation lies beyond that narrow bound of recognized organology and temperament which phrenologists have been so contentedly studying for the last quarter of a century; that is, since he, whose labors we have now met to commemorate, had passed the meridian of his powers. And here-were George Combe once more among us-clear-headed, vigorous, expansive, and receptive as he was at five-andthirty, he would be more dissatisfied than any man in this assembly with the fossilized condition of existing Phrenology, and would apply himself with all the vigor, force, and unwearied assiduity of the olden time to enlarge the boundary of this investigation, and to place it abreast with the wide areas and profound views of cotemporary science. And this brings me to our present position and the duties arising from it, more immediately in relation to the recent discussion on physioanthropology during the last session of the London Anthropological Society of London. This discussion, as already remarked, inaugurates a new era in the history of Phrenology. It places it once more in the list of living sciences, and as a necessary accompaniment of this new position, our timehonored conclusions are questioned and our traditional ideas are disturbed. Some here are very indignant at the intimation that Phrenology is based on unfounded assumptions, derived from the older systems of mental philosophy which preceded it. But contemplated from the stand-point of positivism, such a conclusion is unavoidable. So viewed, Phrenology is still very largely in its metaphysical stage, and would be defined by a rigid follower of Comte as a philosophy rather than a science. Now, it is not necessary to be angry at this. Positivism, which may be defined as induction in its ultimates, was unknown in the earlier days of Mr. Combe, and was, of course, never dreamed of by Gall and Spurzheim. Its severity would have astonished Newton, and probably appalled Bacon himself. It inaugurates the reign of facts as opposed to that of ideas; and, left to itself, would probably enthrone the concrete on the ruins of the abstract. In the logic of events, its advent was unavoidable. Its apostles are worthy of all honor, for it is their vocation to work at the foundation of knowledge, to see that these are trustworthy and secure. Their business is to look to the stability of the edifice of science, by the exclusion of all unsound blocks from its struc

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ture, and by insisting on the most rigid adherence to the plan of induction in the process of its edification. Phrenology, subjected to their ordeal, will emerge with its facts confirmed and its hypotheses destroyed.

"Again; some are astonished that our anthropological friends speak of reinvestigating the entire subject of cerebral structure and functions de novo, as if nothing certain had yet been ascertained as to the relation of the latter to the former. But why should we be offended at such a proposition which, if honestly carried out, can only eventuate in the establishment, on a still firmer basis, of all those great truths whereof we have been for so many years the despised witnesses? Would any astronomer object to a society of distinguished men determining to repeat the observations and verify the calculations on which his science professes to be based? It is the same with the chemist and the electrician. These gentlemen know that a reinvestigation of their accepted facts could only eventuate in their confirmation. And is there any reason why we should be animated by less confidence, or more alarmed by such iconoclastic zeal on the part of our new converts? If I have interpreted our attitude aright, during the many long years of patient expectation in which we have waited for such an event as the present, we have desired and courted rather than feared a thorough and searching investigation of the facts and principles of Phrenology, feeling assured that in all its main facts and grander conclusions it would emerge unscathed from the process.

"And lastly, some of you seem offended at the contemplated change of terminology, more especially the disuse of the term Phrenology. But on this subject I think we may remain comparatively easy, as, unless our friends the anthropologists succeed in founding an entirely new claim of cerebral physiology, it is not likely they will prevail in imposing a new nomenclature on a province of inquiry where they are as yet utter strangers, and wherein their labors will, as we apprehend, eventuate, not in the discovery of fundamental laws, but in the addition of corroborative and supplementary facts. This, however, is a question the consideration of which may well be postponed to a future occasion, when we as phrenologists shall doubtless be parties to the settlement.

"This brings me to the conclusion of my remarks, and to the object which I consider of more importance than anything else yet touched upon. I allude to the possible union of the phrenologists and anthropologists, if not in one society, then at least as closely allied and intimately associated bodies, avowedly devoted to the same grand object, namely, the Science of Man; pursued, not in the subjection to traditional ideas, but in strict obedience to the teachings of nature. With this science, Phrenology constitutes a most important province; and I trust, therefore, that the day is not far distant when every anthropologist will also be a student of Phrenology, and when, conversely,

every phrenologist will feel an enlightened interest in the progress of anthropology. But it is a step in this direction that we should rejoice at the recent discussion in London, inaugurated by the manly and fearless address of Dr. Hunt, who has doubtless initiated movement which can not fail to be productive of the most important results to the Science of Man."

WHO ARE THE YANKEES? AND

WHAT?

BY ONE OF THEM.

ABROAD, we are all Yankees. Here, unless we happen to be of the New England typeor rooted and grounded among the granite hills of New Hampshire, a capital place to emigrate from, according to Webster-Daniel Webster-or among the icebergs of Massachusetts, or the lumbering population of Maine, or the natives of Connecticut, Rhode Island or Vermont; we plead not guilty, and vow and protest, if we do not swear outright, that we are not Yankees, no matter what people may say abroad; and that the Yankees the real genuine Yankees-dyed in the wool, double twilled, with two knocks in the weaving, are always lying to the North and East of us, wherever we may happen to be found, whether in the Middle, or Southern, or Western States; and generally, wherever you find what passes for a homogeneous people—a people, that is, who, if they are not absolutely English, are at least¦ British; being compounded of the English, and Scotch and Welsh and Irish, to begin with, and having scarcely a taint of Italian, or French, or Spanish blood, or a drop of the Swedish, or German or Dutch blood, outside of the larger cities; while, if you but step over the line, into New York, or New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, or Maryland, you find the Dutch, the Swedish, the German, or the Irish, not only abounding, but predominat ing; with intermixture, from every nation, kindred, and tongue, not only in the larger cities, and manufacturing towns and marts of trade, but all through the country; and if you wander away to the North, or to the extreme South, you have the French or Spanish popu lations, and sometimes both, swarming about your way. And yet, we are a homogeneous people. And why?. Because we are like no other people on earth, being made up from the odds and ends of all creation-out of New England. Everywhere, from the Canadas to Louisiana and Florida, from far away DownEast to California, we talk the same language, so as to be understood by everybody belonging to us, which can not be said of any other people; while the stranger who speaks only good English, will find himself all at sea, twenty or thirty miles out of London, whether he journey toward Lancashire and Wales, or into Yorkshire and Northumberland, or along the sea-coast. We read the same books, and have substantially the same religious and political/

views and social habits; and the same fixed, unchangeable, self-reliant spirit.

But the National Yankee is one thing; the Sectional Yankee another. As Americans, we have a character abroad, which does not belong to the Sectional Yankee, or New Englander. All our great historical achievements are credited to the Yankees, or to Brother Jonathan, which is the same thing to the multitude. All our doings in science and literature, all our discoveries in government, finance and legislation, all our improvements in war and peace, and all our victories by sea and land, are ascribed to the Yankees. If Mr. Teneyck's horse wins against the field at Newmarket, and he carries off a hundred thousand pounds, more or less, Mr. Teneyck is called a Yankee, and his horse another. If an American yacht outsails a whole fleet, so that some of the most renowned crafts are "nowhere," the credit is given, not to America, or Americans, not even to the United States, or New York, but to Yankee-land. This is all wrong, and must be put a stop to. New. England has enough to brag of, and enough to justify her imperturbable self-complacency, without being allowed to arrogate for herself the national reputation.

If Powers launches a Greek slave, or Tilton, or Bierstadt, or Church a magnificent picture; if Hackett amazes all our ancient play-goers with his Falstaff, or Miss Cushman, with her Meg Merriles; or if Miss Kellogg astonishes in opera, or a prodigious outcry follows the exhibition of our sewing-machines and reapers and pianos; or if Prescott, or Motley, or Irving or Holmes, or Longfellow, or Whittier, are mentioned, they are always mentioned, not as Americans, except by the reviewers and maga zines and newspapers, but as Yankees. Shall this be allowed to continue?

But the real Yankee, the unadulterate live Yankee is a creature by himself, and like no other upon the face of the earth. You find him nowhere out of New England, unless he may have been dislocated by some social convulsion, or driven abroad for awhile by the unappeasable restlessness of his nature, to "seek his fortune," here by hunting whales, and there by chasing buffaloes, here by digging gold in Australia or California, or by opening refreshment rooms on the way to Cairo, or among the Pyramids, or by dipping for oil, far below the deepest foundations of our strength.

Go to the Great West—you know where that is, I hope-and you will see much to remind you of the native Yankee, the drawling and loose-jointed, though active, shrewd, watchful, and quick-witted New Englander; but all these are counterfeit Yankees, Yankees at second-hand, with all their homely proverbs, quaint forms of speech, and whimsical extravagancies, exaggerated and caricatured. Out of New England, but among the diluted New Englanders, you may hear about "greased lightning," and about a politician or a stump orator "slopping over," or "drying up;" but

never within the boundaries of New England,

never.

When Edward Everett spoke of scattering opinions "broadcast," and the phrase became forthwith a part of our common speech; and when somebody else of a like temper in the North said something about the logic of history, and the logic of events, and all our newspapers and orators and preachers took up the phrase, until they could hardly work out a long paragraph, upon any subject, without introducing their logic of this, and their logic of that, our Western brother would characterize a candidate for public office whom he was going for"-" first, last, and all the way through"-as "all sorts of a man," and would say of a horse that lagged behind another, that he couldn't begin to run with him, or that, like the English yacht already referred to, he was nowhere.

"And so," said a Western traveler to one of our long, slab-sided, shiftless-looking lumbermen from Down-East, after they had been talking together awhile, "and so-you are from the East ?"

"Rather guess, I am."

Why!-I thought the wise men came from the East."

"Wal-an' the further you go west, the more you'll think so, I kind o' consate," said the Down-Easter.

Charles Matthews, although he caricatured our Brother Jonathan without remorse or compunction, and called him, not an American, but a Yankee, had capital notions of the truth, so far as dialect is concerned, or intonation, and his "Uncle Ben," and "I'll thank ye for that air trifle," both adopted from Jarvis, the painter, certainly one of the best story-tellers that ever breathed, were among the richest representations ever offered upon the stage; and yet, when he clothes that Yankee in "striped trouses" and a seal-skin waistcoat, and sets him running about, and shaking hands with everybody he meets on board a crowded steamboat, and makes him say, "I reck'n," "I guess," ," "I calc-late," he confounds all distinctions, and grossly caricatures. And so with our friend Hackett. Although his Yankee laugh is inimitable-so fat and unctuouswhen he draws in a long breath after it, and most of his phraseology is unmatchable, where he gives a Western type of the translated Yankee, in the representation of “ Nimrod Wildfire," and "puts it to you, like a gentleman," still, taken as a whole, as the embodiment of character, it is neither national nor sectional, but a gross ideality, like the Englishman's Johnny Crapeau in Hogarth's picture of Calais, or a Frenchman's notion of John Bull, with a monstrous paunch and a red waistcoat, stuffed with ross-bef.

And then, too, just call to mind the language that passes current on the stage, or in story books and newspapers, for Yankee speech. He is made to say haouse, raound, paound, etc., etc., as if that were characteristic of a New Englander; when you may traverse the whole

of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont, and Maine without hearing the sound referred to, except now and then along the borders of Canada, or among the aboriginal Yankees, who preserve the dialect of their English fathers, from Devonshire and Yorkshire.

And yet, if you will but step over into New York, or into Maryland, even among the fastidious and highly cultivated Baltimorians, or into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, you will hear cows called caos, pound-cake, paund-cake, and as the settled pronunciation of the country. And so too, among the Presidentmakers. Much of their language is pure Yankee, the Yankee of our Revolutionary fathers-naow for now, and haow for how. So common is this in England, that even Mr. John Stuart Mill never pronounces these and other like words in any other way.

"I all'ys ride with a trottinrein," said a fashionable young Baltimorian to me one day, at Cambridge, and with such a decidedly nasal twang, that I had no idea what he meant, and supposed, at first, that he was trying his hand upon our provincial Yankee, until he had repeated the phrase two or three times, when I found that he was talking Baltimore, instead of Boston, and only meant that he rode with a trotting rein.

Another peculiarity supposed to be characteristic of the New Englander, or genuine Yankee, is that of dropping the final g in such words as going, pudding, moving, etc. Yet, if you wander through Virginia, or Maryland, or parts of New York, including the city itself, or New Jersey or Delaware, you will find the habit almost universal, even among the well bred, the well educated, and the fashionable. Are they all Yankees? They say "good-mornin," "will you try the puddin ?" and seem to regard it as a downright vulgarism, or at least as pedantry, to sound the g. Fifty or sixty years ago, the New Englanders were in that way; but it was never a characteristic-never a distinguishing ear-mark of that people; and is only to be heard now among our backwoodsmen, or the old-fashioned of a past generation. But on the stage, and off, and not only over sea, but among ourselves, in the Middle, Southern, and Western States, all these are held to be unquestionable Yankee.

Most of the clumsy, blundering misrepresentations which prevail, however, about our Yankee speech, may be traced to "Sam Slick" and Judge Halliburton, who give us for New Englandisms, the adulterated, or corrupt Yankee of the British Provinces, compounded with extravagant stage Yankee. For example: you never heard a native New Englanderhardly ever a native American-say, I thought as how-unless, to be sure, he was a native American, born 'tother side o' the line. Nor will you ever, under any circumstances, hear a native American a native I mean of the United States, to say nothing of New England-say "I eats," or "I drinks," or

"they eats or drinks," or "I sees," or they knows," language constantly put into the mouth of a newspaper Yankee, and sometimes of a stage Yankee, though the habit is almost universal in the mother country, among what are called the laboring, or lower classes, and among her expatriated provincials. At the bar of New England you will often hear, and from educated lawyers too, in the examination of witnesses, atrocious barbarisms, like "you was," and " they was," or was you?" and was they?" a habit acquired in their youth perhaps, and never entirely overcome by a collegiate education. To be sure, if hard pushed, these gentlemen might plead the example of Duncan's Cicero, or Leland's Demosthenes, for the grammatical propriety of 'you was." And by the way-our "Connetticut Yankee," the blue light shingle-weaver, and manufacturer of wooden nutmegs, horn gun-flints, and cuckoo-clocks, with one single exception, that which the late General Humphreys, of merino celebrity, published in a capital farce fifty or sixty years ago, is a monstrous caricature, alike absurd, offensive, and preposterous. Generally speaking, he is made up from the English clown, the Yorkshire peasant, and the Western Buckeye or Hoosier.

66

Though a close observer, and a faithful delineator on ordinary occasions, and where the subject is familiar, and he is not betrayed into overdoing for the green-room or the omnibus, even Charles Dickens gives for genuine Yankee such forms of speech as the following:

"If you are an Englishman," says he, in his "American Notes," "he expects that that railroad is pretty much like an English railroad. If you say no, he says yes (interrogatively), and asks in what respects they differ. You enumerate the heads of difference one by one, and he says yes? still interrogatively, to each. Then he guesses that you don't travel faster in England, and on your replying that you do, says yes, still interrogatively, and it is quite evident don't believe you."

Now here is the strangest jumble, worse than anything I had to take Mr. Charles Matthews over my knee for, in a London magazine, ever so long ago. The man that guesses never expects in the way mentioned; and the man that expects would consider it as a personal affront, if you should charge him with guessing. The native New Englander-the real Yankee -guesses; but the Southerner reckons, and therefore expects. All through Virginia, Ohio, and the West, everybody reckons and all through New England, almost everybody guesses or suspects.

As well might our friend Boz have put into the mouth of a natyre such a phrase as the following-a phrase that no native American, born within the territory of the United States, ever used, except perhaps on a late occasion, when Mr. N. P. Willis, who had been Anglicised by his first marriage, ventured to introduce it, in the hope, may be, of its running like his " upper tendom"-" Robert is a good fellow-is Robert."

And as for the interrogative answer yes? which Mr. Dickens has made such account of, not only did he never hear it from the mouth of a New Englander, but never, we may be very sure, from a native American belonging to this great Commonwealth of Empires. It is in fact essentially and characteristically English -and altogether English-like their saying "different to" for different from," and so piteously exaggerated by the colonists and provincials of the mother country; like the stammering of their public speakers, a—a—a— and their parliamentary hesitation, aw-awaw-that you are generally sure of a running accompaniment from the well bred and fashionable, of yes? yes, yes? to everything you say among the Blue-noses, alternating with “you know," at every hitch and, with every answer, until you know not what to say, nor which way to look.

66

Yet more. In Chapter VI. we have the details of a conversation, held by Mr. Dickens with some subordinate of a prison, about the rules of the establishment. "When do the prisoners take exercise?" he asks. "Well, they do without it pretty much," is the answer, which would be anything but characteristic, admitting the answer to be faithfully reported. "Do they never walk in the yard?" says Mr. Dickens. 66 Considerable seldom," he would have us believe was the reply. Sometimes, I suppose?" Well, it's rare they do." And these are a part of the "American Notes, intended for general circulation," deliberately revised and corrected by the author, after the experience of twenty or twenty-five years. The incidents are undoubtedly American, and the object of the author eminently generous and just, but the language is not, nor in any sense, characteristic of our people. On the contrary, it would seem to have been made up for effect, as funny farces are compounded in the closet.

And again: here we have a sample of what the author heard with his own ears, twenty or twenty-five years ago, and then published to the world, not as a magazine story, not as an allowable romance, but as truthful and characteristic of a people he wanted his fellowcountrymen to be acquainted with; not as the tale of a traveler, but as the conscientious testimony of a witness on his good behavior, if not actually on oath, all which he now reaffirms without misgiving or compunction.

"There is a clever town in a smart lo'-cation," he says, "where he expects you con'clude to stop;" as if any mortal man ever employed such a collocation of words, in all his life, anywhere, as clever, smart, expects, and con'clude in a single sentence, and after such a fashion-off the stage, I mean, or out of a newspaper. Clever," when used in the sense referred to, is pure Yankee. "I thank you, sir, I'm cleverly," says Mr. Richard Beverly," of Marblehead, according to Paul Allen; smart is pure Virginia, though used throughout the Carolinas, and over much of the West; a "right smart chance," they say

there, even the best educated, when they desire to recommend a tobacco plantation or a country store; expects," you constantly hear in the South and Southwest, and nowhere else, employed in the sense mentioned, and "con'clude," only among the native Yankees.

Yet all these ear-marks are crowded together, and sent abroad as so many distinguishing peculiarities of the New Englander. Why, even Yankee Hill, whose representations of the native Yankee are often masterly, though sometimes extravagant, was never guilty of such atrocious antitheses.

Nor is he altogether trustworthy in matters of more importance. He takes too much for granted, and jumps at conclusions, while portraying the "natyves." For example, speaking of the factory girls at Lowell, and of their handsome dresses and general appearance, he says they are "not above clogs and pattens"-not meaning a pleasantry, but that they wear such encumbrances, and of course are above them, at such times. And yet the probability is, that not one girl in a thousand throughout New England ever saw or heard of a clog or patten. For myself, I can safely say that I never saw but one pair in all my life on this side of the Atlantic. English dairy-maids and Scotch lassies may sometimes bring over a pair, being unacquainted with the usages here, but they are soon cast aside, or go into the ash-hole, with dilapidated hoopskirts and unacknowledged brogans.

Let it be understood then, once for all, that the Yankees are New Englanders, and New Englanders only; that their dialect, intonation, and habits of speech are both incommunicable and inimitable-though capable of being counterfeited by such craftsmen as Jarvis, Matthews, Hackett, Hill, and Valentine, so as to deceive the unwary; and that they are as truly characteristic as are the peculiarities of the Scotchman,' the Englishman, the Welshman, the Irishman, or the Frenchman; being, moreover, not national, but sectional or provincial, like those of the Yorkshireman, the Northumbrian, or the Cockney.

That the Yankees are wonderfully “cute”— sagacious, and crafty; honest, as the world goes, though not always overscrupulous in a bargain—and not much more given to stuffing turkeys and geese with pebbles, or leaving the crops in, than the Southern chivalry are to selling heavy logs and large "rocks" for the market price of Sea Island cotton, may as well be acknowledged at once. Their wooden nutmegs, horn gun-flints, and shoe-pegs which they are supposed to sell for the most precious of seeds by the dozen, do not find customers at home-the people are "too far north," as the Yorkshiremen say; and so they are sent

example: one story, well authenticated, runs after this fashion: A "Connetticut" peddler was on his way through northern Virginia, jolting and rattling so that his approach was heralded far and near, as with the sound of On reaching the trumpets or steam-whistles. tavern at Madison Court-House, he lost no time in displaying his "notions," having what he called an assortment of "most everything under the sun." After night-fall, the bar-room and piazza were crowded with planters and politicians and lawyers and statesmen-all President-makers, or embryo Presidents. They soon set upon our peddler, badgering and bantering him by turns. But he kept his temper, and sometimes managed to turn the laugh upon his tormentors. At last, one of them took up a handful of dirty cards and asked him what he would charge for one of his Yankee tricks. "Wal! he had 'em of all sizes and for different prices-from two dollars up to five-best of 'em cheap enough at five." Tickled with the idea, they held a consultation, and finally agreed to "go in for a five," with most uproarious laughter.

"Agreed," said the Yankee, holding out his hat, and laughing as loud as the best of them; "but please pony up-shell out-we never trust in our business; all cash down."

The money was paid up, and pocketed, and buttoned in, with all seriousness, and after shuffling the cards a few minutes, the Yankee got up, and stretched himself, and gaped, and then he took a light and disappeared. After waiting awhile, the company began to grow impatient, and asked the landlord to let him know that he'd better hurry up. It was dark and muddy, and some of them had a long way to go. The landlord went up stairs and found the fellow asleep, or pretending to be asleep, with his door locked and the bed pulled up against it. The landlord being indignant, and the company in what they called a fix, they sung out all together for him to put in an appearance, and show them the trick they had bargained for " right away." "The trick," shouted the Yankee from underneath the bedclothes-" don't want another, do ye? Ha'int I showed you the best I know?" This the fiery young men thought was too bad; but inasmuch as the laugh was against them, and all the gray-headed planters too, they determined at last to let the fellow off, instead of lynching him on the spot, or barbacuing him like a runaway slave.

Another story they tell in the region where it was said to have happened, runs thus: Another "Connetticut" Yankee-he must have been of the Connecticuts-where babies are born with their eye-teeth cut, went away off into the back parts of Pennsylvania, among the honest, credulous, thriving German population, with a wagon load of cuckoo-clocks, which he got rid of at fifteen dollars a-piece, taking a part of his pay in "truck." He warranted the clocks to go for ten years-declaring if they didn't turn out good after trial, he would make them good for nothin'. But all

of them stopped, and gave up the ghost within a week or two at farthest.

Next year, having run himself out, and being unable to replenish his stock on tick, he started off with the odds and ends of what he had left, and one cuckoo-clock-one only-and went over the same route, and saw the same people. But how? On reaching the log cabin of the first man he had "shaved," he professed great sorrow for the trouble he had given him, and for the disappointment he had caused; but he had been grossly cheated by the manufacturer, who had fobbed him off with a very inferior article, not worth five dollars; that as soon as he discovered the cheat, he meant to be off without losing a day; but, the weather was bad, the fall rains had set in, and he wanted to have certain improvements introduced, whereby the clocks would be sure to run for a week without winding up, and would be worth at least twenty-five dollars a-piece. Having had enough made to supply his customers along the last year's route, he had now come to take the old affair off their hands, and "seein' 'twas' you," would say twenty dollars for the new clock, and take the old one at the price he had sold it for, in part pay. Vell now, datsh vat ich call vair, und ich danke Ihnen," said the honest German, and the bargain was clenched.

With that old clock, the unprincipled scamp started off to play the same trick on the second customer-and so on with the third and fourth, until he had gone through the whole-taking care not to return by the same road; pocketing five dollars with every exchange, and getting rid of his haberdashery at his own prices on the way. This story, allowing somewhat for exaggeration, is probably true-true in substance, I mean; but occasionally we get something a little too extravagant for belief, though verified by affidavits. For example, a certain peddler, who had become the pest of a neighborhood, which he had visited year after year, called at the door of a log cabin, where he had always managed to get rid of somethin', and to carry away somethin', however determined the old corncracker and his family might be, never to have anything more to do with the 'tarnal Yankee or his plaguy wares.

"Anything wanted to-day?" he screams, through an open window, at which he sees a great bouncing girl. "Nothin' to-day," was the reply. But the Yankee persisted, and so did the girl, who finished at last by saying that "Dad was determined never to buy nothin' more-not a copper's worth-of any o' them good-for-nothin', thievin' Yankees," imitating the nasal symphony she supposed to be their characteristic. Still he persisted, offering to show her his treasures, and vowing that he never had such an assortment before, and never such bargains-in fact, he'd got about everything she could ask for.

"Any tin side-saddles ?" squeaked a voice from the dark interior.

"Tin side-saddles! O, git aout!" said the Yankee, nodding to a white-haired old man, he had just got a glimpse of-as he sat rubbing

his knees and chuckling to himself near the window-" come to think on't," he added, after a moment's consideration, "I rather guess I've got one left," lugging forth a voluminous tin kitchen as he spoke, which it is said, though I can't quite believe that part of the story, he bought for a side-saddle, and gave to Bouncing Bet for a marriage gift.

Once more at Norfolk, Virginia, they believe that many years ago, when the yellow fever was raging there, a Yankee sloop arrived with a cargo of coffins-in nests-the inside ones stuffed with onions. That such a story should be told of any people, whether true or false, shows, at least, what they are supposed to be. [TO BE CONTINUED.]

Religious Department.