toward the northern regions, we find that the animals there become less numerous, but that. there is a greater number common to the two regions, so that when we ascend into the polar regions, almost all the animals of one portion of the world are the same as those in any other portion of the same latitude; that is, in the Arctic regions animals are common to the whole areas of Europe, Asia, and America. Descending again, we find that those species that are common become very rapidly lost sight of; that the areas which they inhabit are soon passed and new species arc found, in almost all cases different from those which are found in the corresponding latitudes of the other continents. As we go southward the distinction of types becomes greater and greater. In the regions that we should start from-the latitude of Washington-we find that the number of species common to the several countries was very small, but that there was at the same time a great similarity between many of the species of the two continents, that the species, although not identical, were at least representative, that they belong, in other words, to the same genera. But as we descend farther south we find that the differences become still greater and greater, and that generic differences are often lost sight of, and species become differentiated into subfamilies and even into distinct families. There are, for example, in the tropical regions of the New World, monkeys of two different types (the Cebidæ and the Midida); the sloth, the ant-eaters, and the armadilloes among mammals; and among birds, the humming-birds (for the humming-birds form a family with all their numerous groups entirely confined to America), the toucans, and numerous others. But when we institute a comparison between these animals of the tropics, as regards the different continents, we find that although they have now become differentiated beyond the bounds of genera, and as families in many many cases, still there is analogy between them. Although the family of humming-birds is entirely peculiar to America, still it has, in one respect at least, representatives in the Old World in the group called the sun-birds.

Another fact of geographical distribution is the ratio, cæteris paribus, of entities in ratio to the isolation of areas. North America, in its whole extent north of Mexico, has little more than two hundred species of land shells, that is, the whole extent of America from a little south of the political boundary of the United States up to the Arctic regions. If we go to the West Indian Archipelago we shall find that that number has almost or quite trebled for single islands. We shall find that Cuba or Jamaica alone has about three times as many species as the whole of North America. In North America we find that its species are distributed over a very large portion of its area; that many of the species extend over the whole area east of the Rocky Mountains, and from the extreme north of at least the temperate region to the Gulf of Mexico. But in

examining the shells of those West Indian islands we find that not only are there great numbers of species, but that those species are not shared by the different islands. Most of the shells of the island of Cuba are peculiar to it, a very small percentage of them being found elsewhere. The same is true of Jamaica; and to a less extent the same may be said of the other islands, the number of species though not being so enormously great. The same facts also appear, but to a more limited extent, with regard to the Philippine Islands. Intermediate regions have intermediate types. If we again avail ourselves of the same shells, and examine those that are found in Texas and those found in this latitude, we find that though some of the former region are different from any found in the latter, more of the species are common to both; but between some of these different species even there are forms which show that there is a tendency to combine. And in the case of others, if a naturalist had but a few specimens from these areas only, he might consider them as very distant species; but when he began to get more, the characters used to differentiate them would be found inconstant, and they would necessarily be considered rather as varieties of the same species than as forms representing several species.

Hence follows another proposition: that the forms scattered over wide areas are variable in approximate ratio to the area.

FOSSIL REMAINS, AND THEIR TESTIMONY, Let us go from the present world into the one immediately preceding. If we institute a comparison between our living marine shells and the Pliocene, that is, those immediately preceding the present, we find that there is a great similarity between the two. Going back into the Miocene age, we find as we compare it with our own age that the number of species common to the two is less; that the extinct species by far preponderate; and as we go back to the Cretaceous, we find that we have entirely lost all of the living species. But I must explain that although it is generally admitted that there are among Pliocene forms a number that are identical with those of the present day, still there are some naturalists who maintain that no two species have crossed the boundaries between the two formations; and that while naturalists and geologists are now almost entirely agreed that there are no cataclysms in nature, and that there have been none, such maintain that there have been cataclysms, and that there has been an entire extinction of the forms of one formation, and that they have been entirely replaced by those of a subsequent formation. By almost all, however, it is admitted that there is a transition of the animals of one formation into another, and various degrees of persistence in life of such. From the cretaceans found, it has indeed hitherto been generally agreed that there is no such transition; that all species of the Eocene formation are entirely distinct from those of the highest Cretaceous; but of the truth of this view there is great doubt. There is a gentleman in this audience (Professor

Blake) who has come from California, and who could tell us of beds found there that restore the lost link between the animals of the Eocene and the Cretaceous formations. There has lately been some dispute in regard to those beds of California, but the only effect it has upon my mind is to leave the impression that the difficulty is to find where the two formations, the Cretaceous and the Eocene, may be separated.

But from the Secondary Cretaceous, if we take a step backward into the strata of the same period, we find as we go farther back that the forms become more and more dissimilar from those of the present day; but that the transition into proximate beds is gradual. If we go into the Permian we find types of peculiar form; and the Permian was formerly regarded as a formation whose animals indicated that it belonged rather to the Secondary than to the Palaeozoic, and the Carboniferous formations were likewise associated with it in the Palaeozoic. But in this country we have been able to give most convincing proofs of the gradual transition of the Carboniferous (which is now universally admitted to belong to the Palaeozoic period) into the Permian; for when we go out to the West and examine the coal fields and superincumbent beds of Iowa and Nebraska, it is almost impossible to say where the one begins and the other ends. Any line drawn between those two systems— the Carboniferous and the Permian-is completely arbitrary. And if we visit New York or Pennsylvania we shall be convinced of the transition of the Carboniferous and Devonian. So in regard to the relation of the latter and the Silurian, and between the Upper Silurian and the Lower Silurian, until we finally come down to the base of the system. Now, if we take this lowest formation and compare the animals of that period with the animals of the present, we find that they are almost entirely dissimilar, and only have relations with each other as members of classes. But although we have this differentiation of types as we go back into the past, still we find that there are associated with forms entirely dissimilar to any now living certain forms which are like some that still exist; that is, there have been forms persistent through a long series of ages as far as we can go.

Now, if we compare the extinct animals of the different portions of the world, we shall find that they are combined in geographical areas as they now are, and that as we come upward again in point of time, the combinations assimilate themselves more and more in their mutual relations to those which now exist, till finally the element of time in differentiation becomes subordinate to area, and from this we deduce the proposition, that the relations of animals to time and to space are in inverse ratio to each other. For instance, we should find that the animals of the Tertiary of this country were more like those now living in this country than to those of the same age in Australia, but if we examined comparatively those of some older Secondary or Palaeozoic formations, the reverse would be the case; that is, there would be a greater resemblance between the organisms of the respective formations than between the extinct and living ones of the same country.

TRUE NOBLEMEN.

THE noblest men I know on earth,

Are men whose hands are brown with toil;

When, backed by no ancestral graves,

Mow down the woods and till the soil,

And win thereby a prouder fame
Than follows king or warrior's name.

The working men, whate'er their task,
To carve the stone or bear the hod-
They wear upon their honest brows
The royal stamp and seal of God!
And brighter are the drops of sweat
Than diamonds in a coronet!

God bless the noble working men,

Who rear the cities of the plain-
Who dig the mines and build the ships,
And drive the commerce of the main ;
God bless them! for their swarthy hands
Have wrought the glory of our lands.

ABBOTT LAWRENCE AND ZADOK PRATT;

OR, CITY SUCCESS AND COUNTRY SUCCESS.

SOME of the most thoughtful men of the country have remarked with expressions of concern and regret the growing distaste of our young men for rustic pursuits. East of the Alleghanies two thirds of the bright-minded youths have their faces set toward the cities and the large manufacturing towns. At the West there is the same drift of young manhood toward Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburg, and the other inland cities. And yet how often are these mistaken aspirants informed of the fearful hazards of commercial life; how frequently are they told that only one man in a hundred who enters upon a life of traffic gets rich by it; that for every millionaire, the pavements of Broadway and of Wall Street are white with the bones of bankrupts! The glittering success of a Stewart, a Vanderbilt, and a Belmont, and the princely surroundings amid which the latter years of the lives of such men flow on, blind our young men to the facts of the case and prevent their seeing the hundreds who, at the age of sixty, are still chained to the desk and counter, spending three dollars out of every four they can earn for daily subsistence. In order to add the voice of the PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL to this general note of warning, we have selected two characters, both alike in one respect, in that they began poor and made themselves rich; the one by legitimate commercial enterprise-the other by rural industries, equally legitimate and equally suc

cessful.

Abbott Lawrence, the most brilliant and polished of American merchants, was born in Groton, Mass., in 1792, and died in Boston at the age of sixty-three. Up to the age of forty his pursuits were strictly mercantile; for the last twenty years of his life he was a public man, statesman, and diplomatist. His ancestors were people in humble circumstances, who for a century and a half had tilled their farms in Groton, and his father, Major Samuel Lawrence, served with honor in Prescott's regiment at Bunker Hill, and in many of the severest battles of the Revolutionary war. His

educational advantages were quite limited, and in his sixteenth year he went to Boston with less than three dollars in his pocket and became an apprentice to his brother Amos, then recently established in mercantile business. When he reached majority he was taken into partnership with his brother under the firm name of A. & A. Lawrence, and for many years they conducted a prosperous business in the sale of foreign cotton and woolen goods on commission. After 1830 they became largely interested in Lowell manufacturing companies, and subsequently Abbott Lawrence participated extensively in the China trade. In 1834 he was elected to Congress from Suffolk District, embracing Boston, and as a member of the committee of ways and means showed considerable financial ability. He was prominent in adjusting the Northeastern boundary, and more is due to him than to any other member of the commission for the successful accomplishment of the negotiation. He was an active supporter of Mr. Clay in the presidential canvass of 1844; and in 1848 he came within six votes of being a candidate for the vicepresidency. He was an earnest supporter of Gen. Taylor for President, and was offered a seat in his cabinet, which he declined. From 1849 to 1852 he represented with credit the United States at the Court of St. James, but was recalled at his own request. During the rest of his life he was devoted to his private business. One of the most admirable traits in his character was his benevolence, manifesting itself in daily alms-giving and public charities. The man can be easily read from the face which heads our article. The brain is not large but very well balanced, and the harmony between the developments of the nose and the brow indicates a steady and graceful energy. Such a man is not likely to plan what he can not carry out, nor project anything impracticable. That sort of a brow signifies, in

He was

general, a judicial turn of mind. adapted for formning and expressing a clear and sound opinion upon any question of justice, propriety, or expediency which was submitted to him; and during the latter part of his life such questions were being constantly revolved in his mind. This has stamped the face and made it what we see in the engraving. His character in its outline resembled his face. He was a fair, tasteful, graceful, and polished man, incapable of great or original thought, of vigorous or emphatic action, but careful of the feelings and rights of others, a person to whom every species of vulgarity was especially distasteful. He, by his original make-up, and by the habits of a lifetime, was a believer in social distinctions, and a natural aristocrat. We have produced very few persons in this country better adapted for moving in kings' courts than Mr. Lawrence. The atmosphere of St. James was to him native air. But we never look in such harmonious and handsome features for evidences of superior force, originality, or that hardy, irrepressible, masculine vigor which makes the deepest impression upon the age in which it is exercised. Such a man is the flower of the counting-room. It is the best specimen of manhood that traffic alone can produce for us. The wholesale house and the bank, the factory and the committee-room, can make the gentleman of polite exterior, graceful carriage, and faultless dress, the elegant routinist, and the successful negotiator; but the desk and the counter are incompatible with originality, freshness, and versatility.

Turn from this harmonious, bland, affable countenance to the rugged, energetic, original physiognomy facing it; one expresses talent and fine principles-the other, ideas and energy; one is the elegant representative of systematic routine and city polish-the other the embodiment of freedom from conventionality, the incarnation of boldness, of enterprise, fertility of invention. The outlines of his face are as rugged as the mountains of his native country; and the underlying granite of the hills he roamed over in boyhood is scarce firmer than the constitution he inherited from a robust and hardy ancestry. In every feature and on every line of this face is engraved as with steel upon flinty rock the action and purpose that must accomplish his ends. This man could follow in the wake of no other man's thought. He must by the force of his own vital power pioneer his way by new paths to assured success. He does not measure what can be done by any achievements of the past, but carefully surveying the field before him, he sees the possible results, and undaunted by opposition, regardless of difficulties insurmountable to weaker wills, with the goal ever in view he presses on to final victory.

Zadok Pratt was born October 30th, 1790, at Stephentown, Rensselaer County, New York. His father was a tanner, and of him Zadok learned the trade. During his leisure hours he braided whip-lashes, and thus earned quite

a sum. He was then apprenticed to a saddler, with whom he continued till his time expired, when he worked for his father for a year at ten dollars a month. He then commenced business for himself. His first project was to build a shop of his own, eighteen by twenty; and after this was completed and he had moved into it, "I felt then," said he, "half rich." He worked on an average, at this time, fifteen or sixteen hours a day. During the first year of his business life he commenced keeping an exact account of all business transactions, every year making an inventory of his possessions and calculating his profits, which system he adhered to ever afterward. The first year he made five hundred dollars, the second year twelve hundred, which continually increased till 1815. He now sold out his store and went into partnership with his brothers in the tanning business. Conducted with his fine judgment and rare energy it proved highly remunerative to all concerned. In 1820 he sold out his interest and went to Canada to traffic in furs. Only an iron constitution could have endured the cold and exposure he underwent, but he was successful in the object of his mission, and returned with a large purse full of golden "mint drops." Some years previous to this, just to test his powers of endurance, he walked forty miles without tasting food or drink. In 1825 he established among the wilds of Windham, at the foot of the Catskills, his gigantic tannery, the largest in the world. The immense fortune he accumulated, the thriving village that grew up around him, sufficiently attest the success of his enterprise. During these years he gave with unstinted hand to churches of all denominations and to charities of all sorts. His donations amounted to over twenty thousand dollars, and he paid over five hundred thousand dollars as security for friends.

In 1836 Mr. Pratt entered upon his career as a public man and a statesman, being one of the electors of the President and Vice-President of the Democratic party and Representative in Congress of the Eighth Congressional District of New York. In his new sphere he displayed the same traits that in business life were so signally rewarded. He familiarized himself with the duties of his office, and then taking a broad survey of the wants of the country, he set himself to supplying them. We give a few of the results of his labors. His record shows him to be in the best sense a public benefactor. He originated the measure for reducing the postage. He proposed the plan of encouraging and elevating agricultural pursuits, by obtaining various kinds of the best seeds and plants, and distributing them gratuitously to the farmers of the country through the Patent Office. He showed the inadequacy of the material of which the public buildings at Washington are constructed, and moved that granite or marble should be used in their stead. To Zadok Pratt we are indebted for the plan of the General Post-Office and its ercction in marble. The Dry Dock in Brooklyn and the

PORTRAIT OF ZADOK PRATT.

branch of the Mint in New York were built at his suggestion. The burea of statistics and commerce was established at his instance and under his direction. The National Monument at Washington was the conception of his brain, and constructed according to plans submitted by him. He first presented to Congress a memorial showing the importance of a national railroad to the Pacific. In 1845, at his instance, delegations were sent to Corea and Japan to remove prejudices against trading with foreigners, and to extend American commerce. To him we are indebted for the benefits conferred upon agriculture and the mechanic arts by the Smithsonian Institute. He is the author of the movement to engrave patents and distribute them all over the country, to suggest thus by different improvements and models new trains of ideas which may become the germs of future inventions. These are some of the results of Mr. Pratt's public life. All of them look toward the improvement, the enriching, and elevating the great masses of the American people.

In 1846 he closed his extensive tannery at Prattsville, after tanning nearly a million sides of sole leather, using one hundred and fifty thousand cords of bark from ten square miles of bark land, one thousand years of labor, and six millions of dollars, without a single case of litigation.

The wide area of land which had been cleared of hemlock trees by the demands of the tannery was now converted into a large dairy farm. Colonel Pratt kept eighty cows. His stock was of the common breeds of the country, and he endeavored, not so much to see what can be done, as to prove what the common farmer can do. The farm under his management was in many respects a model. On the rocks opposite the gateway he has had cut this inscription: "On the farm lying on the opposite side of the road, 224 pounds of butter

from each cow were made from eighty cows in a season."

Mr. Pratt still lives, with his faculties bright and active as ever; the keen, black, glittering eye shows no dimming of mental vision, and the same restless energy that characterized him in his prime makes him, even now that nearly four-score winters have snowed upon him, still irrepressibly active in social and private life.

There are two or three lessons of great importance that may be derived from the lives of these men. While traffic tends to the growth

of cities, centralization, and aristocracy, the country is fertile with democracy and democratic ideas. The city values a man for what he has made the country for what he can do ; hence, as a great number of persons can do useful things, but can not make fortunes, the countryman's estimate of men is more just than the city man's. For that reason he makes the best natural ruler and administrator. In the past history of the United States, the North has been mainly commercial and manufacturing, while the South and West have been chiefly devoted to agriculture; and the men whose ideas and character have governed America, represented agricultural populations. Virginia was the mother of Presidents. In the West, Henry Clay, Stephen H. Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, were as strictly the products of rustic growth as a broad-spreading elm or a giant oak. Look at those statesmen who have made their mark on American society and in American history-Silas Wright, De Witt Clinton, Sam Houston, Thomas Benton, Andrew Jackson, and the public men whose names are mentioned above-none of them came from cities. They were not developed by urban society, they were not types of commercial culture.

The mistake which our young men make is in supposing that a posted man is an intelligent man, and one whose ideas are valuable. To know the precise hour and minute when trains leave their dépôts; how to get from one part of the city to another in the most expeditious manner; where to find the best dinner for the least money; which is the best hotel; what tailor will give you the most fashionable cut of pantaloons; the arrival and departure of foreign steamers; the price of gold; how "Gould & Curry" is selling; the merits of the Drew and Vanderbilt controversy; the calculation of interest and percentages-this is not wisdom; ideas of this class do no make the individual

strong or able, they do not make communities powerful or nations great. He is the true and permanent benefactor of society who leaves a hundred acres of land in a better condition after fifty years of tillage than they were when he took possession of them; who knows how to grow wheat rather than how to sell it; who understands the relations between supply and demand; who appreciates the value of railroads to farming communities; who would give the poor man, instead of three narrow, illventilated rooms in a tenement-house, at an unrighteous rental, one hundred and sixty broad acres for his perpetual homestead; and the tendency of whose system is not toward piling wealth within the walls of five-story palaces, but sowing it broadcast like the sunshine and the rain of heaven.

On Physiology.

A knowledge of the structure and functions of the human body should guide us in all our investigations of the various phenomena of life.-Cabanis,

My people are destroyed for lack of knowledge.-Hosea iv. 6.

APPETITE PERVERTED.

BY DR. BUTOLPH.

ALIMENTIVENESS is the faculty which confers the desire to take food and drink. Man is possessed of an organized animal body, which requires food and drink for its growth and sustenance. To secure the introduction of proper and sufficient nourishment to meet the needs of his system and prevent the waste and decline of his bodily powers, and through them of the mental, a portion of his brain has been endowed with the capacity of perceiving or feeling the wants of his system; and as if to make assurance of his compliance with his animal wants doubly sure, the delicious sense of taste has been superadded. So far, however, he is only on a par with animals having appetites for food and drink, and nerves of taste to enjoy them.

To enable him to judge rightly in regard to the character and extent of his wants in these respects, and to secure him against mistake in all cases, intellectual faculties have been given him, which, when enlightened, are capable of ascertaining his bodily necessities and of determining the quality and quantity of nutriment which his animal nature requires.

Now, with all these advantages and safeguards, it would seem almost impossible for him to err in a matter so unequivocally plain; and yet the history of the race of man, from the tasting of the fatal fruit by our first parents in Eden down to the present hour, is largely composed of accounts of the disorderly and excessive action of this faculty of Alimentiveness. As before stated, its primary office is to confer a desire and relish for food and drink, and thus insure attention to man's wants as an organized animal; and yet, strange as it should appear to rational beings, and would appear to brutes, could they comprehend the nature and extent of human excesses, man often makes its exercise and gratification the chief object and aim of his earthly existence. Instead of partaking moderately, like quadrupeds, of simple nourishing food from nature's storehouse, and of the clear limpid fluid from her sparkling fountains, man, in his supremacy as a biped, gorges his body with unwholesome food to the bursting, deluges it with artificial drinks to the drowning point; and then, as if his original compliance with the suggestions of that archfiend, the serpent, to sin through this greedy faculty did not sufficiently attest the supremacy of his tempter, he resigns the use of legs altogether, and in his debasement imitates both the posture and motion of his reptile counselor; yes, he even exceeds the brutality of the former, and marks his rolling, writhing track, with his own overflowing gore. This form

and degree of excess, however, occurring occasionally, nay, even frequently, is not usually regarded as an indication of insanity, though the loss of balance in both mind and body, through the excessive functional activity of this organ would seem to dictate some such charitable conclusion.

The perverted faculty under notice still goes on in the occasional indulgence of disorderly excesses of this kind for brief periods, permitting its possessor to simulate the character of a man, and then again prostrating him in the dust, until, finally, as if in despair at the degradation to which they are subjected, all his higher human powers yield to the sway of appetite, and he becomes a senseless, uscless thing of earth, having the form of a man, the habits of a reptile, and the spirit, only, of a demon or a bottle.

Such are the abuses to which this appetite is subject; and such the sad results to which they inevitably tend in untold numbers of our race; and yet the appointment of a legal guardian to check and restrain the excesses of this body-and-soul-destroying faculty when it had become perverted, is considered a direct infringement of its freedom and vested rights! "Oh, shame, where is thy blush?"

If, however, the destruction of the possessor was the only misfortune attending the excessive functional activity of this organ, the picture of human ill, thus darkly drawn, would be much less painful and revolting; but be it remembered, that the poverty and crime induced by its disorderly action blasts the earthly prospects and deranges parts of or whole families to which such slaves of appetites belong; and thus the evils of which we speak are trans-. mitted to and directly interfere with the health and happiness of generations yet unborn.

66

ТОВАССО.

BY EMMA AUGUSTA THOMPSON.

39.66

Now, perhaps, some confirmed lover of the weed" will elevate his lordly brow and wonder what we have to say about his favorite; and he fortifies himself with a fresh cigar, his way of saying he "don't care a snap." Or if he happens to be of an ill-natured turn of mind, he may grumble out something about "motes" and "beams," women always harping about men's faults" (poor souls), "don't know that it hurts them any if men do use tobacco," etc. Now, it makes no difference to us who you happen to be-a "retired merchant," a millionaire in a "coach-and-four," an ex-Congressman, or an "ex" anybody else, we beg leave to differ from you. Nay, we do differ from you, sir, plainly and pointedly, without your permission, and not merely for the sake of controversy, but with good reasons. Why, we are the very half of humanity who suffer from your disgusting tobacco chewing! Do you know that you are the terror of every neat housekeeper, as well as of every feminine nose of refined sensibilities? Did it ever occur to

you that your most valued lady friend feels glad, sometimes, when you take yourself and your tobacco together out of her front door? And have you any idea how many household blessings are sent after your retreating footsteps, and how many times in an imaginary way your filthy habit is scrubbed out of you under her skillful brush, and its very back-bone snapped up, twisted around, and squeezed out of you through her relentless mop? As much as she may value your friendship, believe me, she despises your pernicious habit.

We have often watched with an amused kind of pity an inveterate tobacco chewer who has entered a neatly-furnished room. How sheepishly he looks about for a spittoon, a seat by an open window, or a convenient corner by the hearth, to empty his mouth of its disgusting contents! And it never fails to remind us of the way little boys look when they are caught in a neighbor's hen-roost. Of course we speak to an intelligent public through the JOURNAL, so we will not address any remarks to the ignorant or besotted wretch, in broadcloth or rags, who never discriminates between a Brussels carpet and a bar-room floor, a lady's dress and the pavement; whose very skin and clothes seem to be saturated with tobacco odor, whose very perspiration seems to be distilled tobacco juice, who makes a match safe of his vest pocket, and a stove pipe or a mortar of the mouth God gave him for a better purpose. We are not writing these things at random, merely for the reader's amusement or disgust, as the case may be, but because they are facts, and show the deplorable effects of this beastly habit. My dear young lady, you do not know but that your perfumed Leander, in patent leathers and lavender kids, who smokes his fragrant Havana so daintily and drinks your precious health so gracefully among his boon companions, may one day personate this fearful picture! We can offer you no assurance to the contrary, for what has happened a thousand times may happen again. The "honeymoon" may hardly get to be an old song when those marvelous preparations for "purifying and sweetening" the breath, so indispensable to the lover, will be considered a superfluous item in the domestic catalogue, and what you at first thought to be only a harmless pleasure will after a while become a source of perpetual annoyance in your household and a “skeleton in your cupboard."

Much has been said and written

upon

this

subject, but it is not "threadbare" yet, and Benever will be so long as tobacco grows. sides, we have a kind of individual right to speak of it, for among our very earliest “adventures" comes the dropping of a great coal into our baby bosom from the paternal "meer. schaum," balanced above our little brown, curly head resting in fancied security against the paternal vest pattern. We might be cheated into the belief that it was only an ugly dream, but the scar remains to "tell the tale!"