developed harmonious and well-balanced heads and characters.

CHOOSING ASSOCIATES.

It is the privilege of each to decide with whom he will form intimate relations. We may, indeed we are in duty bound to, look after the welfare of our neighbors. The poor ye shall always have with you-and it is fortunate, especially for the rich, that it is so. Has it not been said that "it is more blessed to give than to receive?" But this does not imply a necessity of intimate social relations with ignorant boors, nor with clowns or jockeys. Nor should virtuous children be contaminated by mixing with the dissolute. Keepers of prisons and alms-houses will discriminate as to where and with whom to place new-comers, in order to prevent the unfortunate from becoming bad. It is very wrong to place juvenile offenders with old criminals. If one at first is only a thief, he may be rescued, or by bad associations he may become a robber and a murderer.

THE OBJECTS OF LIFE

are made more clear by the aid of our science. Instead of groping our way in the dark-not realizing for what we were created; blundering first one way and then another, we lose half a lifetime in learning how to live; accomplishing, too many of us, little or nothing, while thousands simply clog the wheels of progress by their worthless presence. Can it be doubted that any of these would thus waste the golden opportunities which are open to every one, did he know his capabilities as Phrenology would have made it clear to him?

FINALLY.

There are millions of human beings in the world, and no two exactly alike; as we differ in size, shape, color, and complexion, so we differ in thought and in action. Hitherto, in times long past, men were put to death for simple differences of opinion. Consider the holy wars, the Christian martyrs, religious persecutions, and say if "man's inhumanity to man" has not "made countless millions mourn ?" But a brighter day is dawning. Let us survey the field of life and light to-day. What do we see? Religious conventions of different denominations exchanging deputations and salutation; Young Men's Christian Associations in every considerable town and

city; munificent sums donated by wealthy men and women for every worthy charity; and hospitals, asylums, colleges, schools, being built and endowed in every State; every heart vying with its neighbor to do the most good. Say what we may of religious bigotry and superstition, there is at present religious freedom in America, and soon will be the world over. The days of absolutism in politics and in religion are numbered. Phrenology sheds light on the entire rights, duties, and privileges of man. Embrace it, apply it, disseminate it, and God will bless it to our use, and to His glory.

OUR COUNTRY.

WHILE discontent and unrest are everywhere apparent in the old world— and not without good cause-while revolutions are constantly threatened; and standing armies, which produce nothing, but eat up the substance of the industrious, are required to keep the peace; while commotions and upheavals are constantly occurring among the monarchies, we are quietly settling our political disputes, electing our servants for a brief period-not hereditary rulers for life and an unwelcome succession-reconstructing our communities and industries; reorganizing all things, improving our rivers and harbors, opening up vast new territories for settlement, improving our schools and all educational facilities, mul

tiplying churches and missionary services everywhere, making wonderful strides in mechanical inventions, perfecting our architecture-both public and private, opening beautiful and healthful public parks for the people; when, we ask, was there ever a nation with prospects so bright? We are now, and have been from the start, clearly on a rising scale.

Since the birth of our great Republic we have had but a single "drawback," and that our late war-which can never be repeated-for the cause is removed, and we are to-day stronger in mind, muscle, material, and patriotism than ever before.

Let us see what we have bought, and what we paid for it. Since the present government was established, the United States have acquired the following territory, on the terms named:

1. The purchase of Louisiana and the

Mississippi Valley, in 1803, from France, for $15,000,000.

2. The purchase of Florida, in 1810, from Spain, for $3,000,000.

3. The annexation of Texas, in 1845. 4. The purchase of California, New Mexico, and Utah, from Mexico, for $15,000,000, in 1848.

5. The purchase of Arizona, from Mexico, for $10,000,000, in 1854.

6. The purchase of the immense Russian Possessions, running down on the Pacific coast from the north pole to 54° 40', north latitude, at which line it strikes the British Possessions, for $7,000,000.

We wait the wish of the Canadas, adjoining provinces, Mexico, Cuba, the Bahamas, and West India Islands to come under the Stars and Stripes and annex themselves, and become parts of the United States.

At present we are three thousand miles in advance of England on our routes to China, Japan, and the Indies. There are fourteen hundred million acres of public land undisposed of, in which is included our Walrussian purchase; and there are thirty-seven thousand miles of railroad already completed, which, counting from the time of commencing to build them, averages one thousand miles a year. There are 17,860 miles now

in course of construction.

We need not enumerate our vast forests, our mountains of iron, beds of copper, coal, lead, silver, and gold in inexhaustible quantities, nor the incomparable richness of our soils, our rivers and lakes, the variety of our climates-tropic, temperate, and arctic, salubrity and clearness of our atmosphere, purity of water, abundance of vegetation, nor of the ten thousand other God-given beauties, grandeurs, and utilities vouchsafed to a young, vigorous, and hopeful nation.

But we are in debt! What nation is not? We are heavily taxed! Not to compare with any of the old-world monarchies; and every year will increase our means and reduce our debt and our taxes.

Our legislators and politicians are low, selfish, and corrupt! This is not worse than old-world imbecility, ambition, and corruption. Besides, here it is clearly our own fault; for we can, if we will, choose honest, honorable, and intelligent men to fill all our places of trust. There, it is rather a misfortune to the people

fection, love of money, ambition, all are to be subordinated to the spiritual, and in the love and fear of God we are to do our duty by doing His will.

YOUR DUTY.

WITH the questions-What is original sin? In what consists the fall of man? . Will the heathen be saved? Predestination, Free-will, and so forth, we will not now involve ourselves or our readers. When the old-school philosophers, and theologians of all schools, finish ciphering out these problems, we may open our phrenological camera and let in the clear light of day on these and other vexed questions. At present, we have to do with present duties-duties relating to growth, health, character, life.

Mainwayringe quaintly, but truly, says: "Nor is it left arbitrary, at the will and pleasure of every man, to do as he list; after the dictates of a depraved humor and extravagant phancy, to live at what rate he pleaseth; but every one is bound to observe the Injunction and Law of Nature, upon the penalty of forfeiting their health, strength, and liberty- the true and long enjoyment of themselves." In other words, no man has a right to injure his health by dissipation or "fast living." He has no right to indulge any habit which may impair his strength, his mind, or his morals.

Disease is an abnormal condition, and results from violated law. Health is the normal condition, and comes from obedience to natural law. There are degrees of health and disease, as there are of virtue and vice. Sickness is an evidence of physical sinning; it may be done knowingly, or it may be done ignorantly-the penalty is the same. violate a civil law, the penalty is a fine, imprisonment, or the gallows. If we violate a moral law, we must confess and repent, if we would be free from its condemnation. There is no such thing as sinning without suffering. Appetite, af

If we

WE TOUCH THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS BY RAIL! It is invigorating even to contemplate the vast achievements of the human mind and human hand. Under God, man is working out his salvation, physically and spiritually, in a most He is glorifying God by

marvelous manner.

his faith and his works. He believed that a railway could be built from the Atlantic to the Pacific ACROSS THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, and lo, 'tis done! or it soon will be. We have the

rails laid from Portland, Maine, to Omaha, Nebraska, over 1,800 miles, and from Omaha500 miles west-to the base of the Rocky Mountains! Ten thousand Chinamen and others are blasting the rocks, shoveling, wheel- | ing earth, and laying track at the west end, working toward the east; while thousands of others are working toward the west. They will meet ere long, when the iron steed will be heard rushing through the Western wilds, carrying intelligence, commerce, and civilization into the richest portion of our globe.

We are not ambitious for riches, nor even for a pecuniary interest in the gold and silver mountains; but we want the road that we may visit the aborigines in their primitive homes. We want to visit our cousins and correspondents in California. We want to "summer" in the land of the Crows, Flatheads, Blackfeet, Snakes, Diggers, and the rest. What a resort for ruralizing! Buffalo, elk, antelope, deer, wild fowl, prairie dog, fish, etc., in abundance, and in endless variety. Then what a land for farming, fruit-growing, grazing, pasture lands, among the best in the world! and may be had for the asking. Climate, the most salubrious and healthful. We are impatient to take a through ticket on an early through train. Those who want to invest in this greatest of all national enterprises, with a prospect for large profits, are referred to the advertisement of the Union Pacific Railroad.

FORMATION OF CHARACTER.-Have you ever watched the icicle as it formed? Have you noticed how it froze one drop at the time until it was a foot long or more? If the water was clean the icicle remained clear, and sparkled brightly in the sun; but if the water was slightly muddy the icicle looked foul, and its beauty was spoiled. Just so our characters are formed. One little thought or feeling at a time adds its influence. If each thought be pure and right the soul will be lovely, and will sparkle with happiness; but if impure and wrong, there will be deformity and wretched

ness.

Our bodies are composed of bone, muscle, nerve, etc., all which are formed from the blood. And this is either healthy or diseased. Good

|

food, good drink, good air, etc., make good blood; while poor food, impure drink, filthy tobacco, and other disease-generating substances are enemies to the human system, and tend to cause disease and shorten life. We can not be too careful in what we eat, drink, and think.

SUGGESTIONS.-Our readers will find some excellent thoughts in the article on "Uses of Culture in the Ministry," and much interesting information in the chapter on "Europe, and its Prominent Sovereigns." "The Idiotic Trained" is an instructive contribution from the pen of a prominent New York author and editor.

IN our November number of 1867 we published a short article on the "Condition of the Earth Internally," and, as we expected, its unique character has drawn several responses, one of which we print in this edition, as furnishing a carefully prepared exposition of the theory generally entertained by the learned of the dynamic relations of our planet with other heavenly bodies. It was quite evident that the author of "Condition of the Earth Inter

nally" ignored altogether the grand principles enunciated by Newton. It is probable that he had never read the Principia, but came out boldly in the strength of a, to him, new-found idea, and announced it as a triumph of masterly ingenuity.

ANNOUNCEMENTS -In our next number we will give the first installment of a series of papers on "Mental Action according to the Doctrines recognized by Phrenology." We can promise the prospective reader some excellent food for thought and many interesting suggestions in the course of this series. The papers are the result of much close thinking, and of extended comparative research into the works of the most prominent writers on mental philosophy. A comparative view of the Lords Derby and Stanley, leading representatives of the English ministry, will also be published; besides an article on Principle, from a Shaker contributor at Mount Lebanon. We have in preparation a group of our most eminent American artists, which will be presented, if not in the next, in an early number.

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FITZ GREENE HALLECK.

THIS distinguished American poet died at his residence in Guilford, Conn., on the night of the 19th of November. He was seventy-seven years of age, having been born in Guilford in 1790. In 1818 he came to New York and entered the mercantile house of Jacob Barker, remaining in his employ for many years. He was afterward for a long time in the employment of John Jacob Astor, and was by him nominated as one of the trustees of the Astor Library. Since the year 1849 Mr. Halleck, having retired from business, has resided in his native place. When very young he began to write verses, and in 1818 his productions first appeared in print. In 1822-23 he visited Europe, and in 1827 published an edition of his poems, since which time several editions of his work have appeared. Mr. Halleck was the author of that renowned poem entitled "Marco Bozzaris," the writing of which would have been sufficient to establish the fame of any man. The chief fault of Mr. Halleck as a writer was that he wrote so little. All that he wrote was carefully and thoroughly studied; but he had the rare talent and tact to hide the labor it cost him. There is nothing loose or slipshod in his productions. Everything is pruned, compacted, and thoroughly digested. There is no evidence of carelessness, inattention, or crudeness, and, as we have said, he has not a labored style, as if he had applied every maxim of scholarship, every canon of criticism to his writings. Still, though they flow naturally, and seem to be precisely what no person could have avoided saying, they are neither stilted, extra dignified, or loaded with mannerisms. No American writer of his ability has written so little, and his reputation is as firmly fixed in the public esteem as that of any other.

Mr. Halleck was a man of medium size, remarkably well built, and very harmonious in the different portions of the physical system. His head was relatively large for the size of his body, which may account for the fact of his writing so little. Men like the late Hon. Thomas H. Benton, who have only a full-sized brain, and a body immensely large and vigorous, can supply to the brain the stimulus for action, and, as it may be said, can hammer away from day to day through a long life, and always make an acceptable effort, while men of large heads and relatively small bodies but occasionally give forth their best efforts.

The forehead, as seen in this portrait, is

long, high, and amply developed in the upper

portion. It is also expanded, indicating the

philosophical and logical tendencies of the

mind. He had strong reasoning powers, and ability to describe and analyze sharply. He had an excellent memory of facts and of ideas. Everything he saw or heard was as it were absorbed by his reasoning and imaginative powers, hence he was a sound thinker, was comprehensive in his thoughts, plans, and purposes. His Ideality being large, gave him a fertile imagination, and served to impart polish to his thoughts.

His Imitation qualified him to glide into the habits and usages of society without noise or pretension, and to make himself acceptable wherever he went.

His Benevolence was uncommonly well developed, indicating a generous nature, and sympathy for everybody in trouble.

As a reader of human nature few men surpassed him.

His Language was accurate and compact

GREENE

HALLECK.

rather than copious; clear and pertinent rather than affluent.

His Veneration was large, and he had also large Spirituality, giving a tendency toward religious contemplations and a sympathy with spiritual life. Such a head as a writer or speaker can make appeals to a higher life, and to the considerations which relate to man's future state of being with admirable effect.

Mr. Halleck had dignity, ambition, prudence, great perseverance, and self-reliance. He was strong in affection, and adhered to those who were his companions and friends with uncommon fidelity. He was by organization not a man for the common multitude, but inclined to be select in associations, comparatively retired in his habits, and to cultivate refinement, intelligence, taste, and morality, more than to mingle in the common ambitions and strifes of the times. His temperament indicated a predominance of the mental, leading to thought and sentiment rather than to physical vigor and mere force of character.

THE LION-CHARACTER AND HABITS.

-King John.

"What, shall they seek the lion in his den? And fight him there; and make him tremble there? O, let it not be said!" FOREMOST among the beasts which frequent the wilds of nature, the lion has obtained the admiring attention of writers ancient and modern.

The extensive travels and researches which have been made within a few years past by such men as Livingstone, Baker, and Du Chaillu, among the haunts of the largest and most powerful of the species, have served to detract much from the old respect entertained for the "king of beasts," and to reduce his grade considerably in the scale of savage brutes. Whether or not he has deteriorated in size and power since the days of his earliest mention by writers sacred and profane -which is probable-and whether or not he was accorded more honor than was really his due, we will not say; but one thing is certain, that in the organization of the lion the naturalist finds the highest carnivorous developments. He is the largest and strongest of the feline family, or felida. His head is characterized by its great breadth, and by the strength and

size of the jaws, and the immense size of the mouth. As a practical proof of the capacity of the last, we would merely instance that the keepers of lions on exhibition have been accustomed to put their heads in the animal's mouth for the amusement, or horror, of spectators. A front view of a male lion is impressive on account of the immense head, massive neck and fore shoulders, and luxuriant mane, which in itself adds greatly to the apparent size of the head. From the fore shoulders backward the body tapers rapidly, so that there seems to be an absolute disproportion between the fore parts and back parts. This apparent lack of harmony is due to the fact, that from the fore shoulders backward the hair is short and close, while about the head and neck it is long and shaggy, sometimes sweeping the ground It is probable that in the earlier ages of the world lions inhabited nearly every portion of its surface. The ancient Greek and Roman writers speak of their existence in certain parts of Europe; from which all traces of them have disappeared. They are now confined to Africa and Asia, and even in those primitive sections they are diminishing rapidly in numbers and influence. It is only in the vast and untrodden jungles of central and

southern Africa that the lion can be found in all the glory of savage freedom and ferocity. Zoologists distinguish but two principal varieties of lions, the Asiatic and the African; the only marked difference between them being the generally smaller size and smaller mane of the Asiatic. In color, lions vary from a deep chestnut brown to gray. Some have been met by travelers in South Africa with hair so silvery as to give rise to a belief in the existence of a race of white lions. The lion of the Cape of Good Hope is nearly black; while the Nubian is of a pale fulvous or dull yellow hue.

As the lion's habits are predatory, he is an object of great fear to weaker animals. He is obliged in most cases to seize his prey by stealth. When lying in wait for or approaching his unsuspecting victim, he does so in complete silence, and when within fifteen or twenty feet of it, a tremendous leap and a sudden seizure by teeth and claw are the only premonitions of death to the poor brute, be it an antelope, a deer, a zebra, a goat, or even a powerful horse. According to Livingstone, who greatly disparages him, the lion fears man, except at night, and never attacks him unless from necessity; a large buffalo is more than a match for him; and he will not approach a full-grown elephant or rhinoceros.

Livingstone in his practical and-as compared with some who have highly panegyrized the beast-somewhat contemptuous way, as if inclined to relieve us of any remnant of admiration which we may cherish for him, says: "One is in much more danger of being run over when walking in the streets of London than he is of being devoured by lions in Africa, unless engaged in hunting the animal."

Unlike Burchell and Hunter, this sturdy traveler finds nothing very majestic in the lion's appearance, "but merely an animal somewhat larger than the biggest dog, and partaking very strongly of the canine features. Two of the largest I ever saw seemed about as tall as common donkeys; but the mane made their bodies appear rather larger." On the other hand, Gordon Cumming and M. Gerard, who have rendered themselves notorious as "lion killers," have dressed up their accounts of lion hunting in a manner well calculated to impress their readers with the regal and magnanimous character of the quasi monarch of the forest. It would appear evident, however, from the zest with which they carried on the sport, and the large number of lions which they are acknowledged to have slain, that the animal has not the terrific character so frequently attributed to him. Certainly an animal so gigantic in strength as to be capable of" seizing a fullgrown ox and leaping at full speed with it over streams and other barriers to its retreat to the jungle," must be one approximating to the elephant in size rather than to a common donkey. However, let us consider the lion from as reasonable a point of view as a fair inference from the descriptions of different travelers will admit, and we will find in him the most compact structure and the most powerful muscular organ

ization conceivable in an animal but little larger than a Bengal tiger. His weight, as compared with his size, is very remarkable, on account of the close texture of his frame and muscular tissue. Scarcely less formidable than his great jaws and teeth are the lion's claws, which, as is the case with all animals of the cat-tribe, can be sheathed or extended as circumstances may require. By a single blow of a paw thus armed he can rip up the side of a horse or buffalo. When quiet, or in a playful mood, these claws are concealed from view in the hair and recesses of his cushioned paw.

The average length of a full-grown lion from the nose to the root of the tail is between six and seven feet; and the height at the shoulder nearly three feet. The lioness is considerably smaller than the male, and her form is much more slender and graceful. She has no mane, but a thick furry coat of hair, which covers the entire body. In her motions more agility is displayed, and she is more impetuous in her passions. The ferocity of both the lion and lioness is greatly increased during the breeding period; and both protect their young with the utmost jealousy and suspicion. It is commonly believed that a lioness has but one cub at a birtha notion probably founded on a fable of Esop's, which relates that there was once a great stir among all the beasts which could boast of the largest family. So they came to the lioness. "And how many," said they, "do you have at a birth?" "One," said she, grimly; "but that one is a Lion." The truth is, that she has from two to four at a litter. When young, they mew like a cat; at the age of twelve months the mane appears on the males, and at the age of eighteen months they are considerably developed, and begin to roar. The roar of a large lion, according to Burchell, sometimes resembles the sound of an earthquake (a slight one, we presume) and is produced by his laying his head on the ground and uttering a half-stifled growl, by which means the noise is conveyed along the earth. The larynx of the lion is very large, hence his powerful cry.

The average length of a lion's life has been estimated to be about twenty-two years. At the Tower of London, where lions have been kept for two or three centuries, one, died in 1760, which was said to have been confined there above seventy years; and another subsequently died there, believed to be over sixty years old.

The lion, especially when captured in infancy, is susceptible of domestication and training to a considerable extent. It usually attaches itself to but one or two persons, whose kindness it returns by a strong affection. When irritated, however, the tamest specimen is a dangerous companion for any one. Many stories are on record of the generosity and magnanimous conduct of the lion even when in the savage state. Cassell relates that part of a (ship's crew was sent on shore, on the coast of India, for the purpose of cutting wood. One of the company, induced by curiosity to stray to a considerable distance from his companions,

was greatly alarmed by the sudden appearance of a large lioness walking toward him. His fear was allayed by her lying down at his feet and gazing first piteously in his face and then at a tree a short distance off, and afterward walking toward the tree, yet looking back at him, as if she were asking him to follow. At length he ventured, and saw perched in the upper limbs of the tree a great baboon with two cubs in his arms, which he immediately presumed were those of the lioness. The sailor, being provided with his ax, decided on cutting down the tree, and set about it, the lioness, meanwhile, apparently watching every movement. As soon as the tree fell, she seized the baboon, tore him in pieces, and then turned round and tenderly licked her cubs. She now turned to the sailor, rubbed her head softly against him, as if thanking him for the kindness done her, and then picked up her cubs and carried them into the forest.

As an instance of the enduring affection felt by the lion for its master or keeper, it is said that Sir George Davis, an Englishman of some note, was presented a young lion by the captain of a ship from Barbary. Sir George exhibited much interest in the beast, and by careful training brought him up quite tame. When

HEAD OF A LION.

about five years old the lion occasionally did some little mischief by pawing and gripping people in his frolicsome moods, so that, finally, Sir George being apprehensive of some future catastrophe, ordered him to be shot. A friend hearing of this determination asked the lion as a present, and obtained him. Some years afterward, while Sir George was the English consul at Naples, he had occasion to go to Florence, and there visited one day the menagerie of the Grand Duke. At one end of the inclosure, in which the animals were kept, was a lion, which the keepers stated they had been unable to tame, though every effort had been made for upward of three years. No sooner had Sir George reached the cage of this fierce fellow than he ran to the gate, reared himself up, purred like a cat when pleased, and licked the hand Sir George put through the bars. The keeper was astonished, and on the visitor's demanding to be allowed to enter the cage, thought him insane. Sir George, however, persisted in his demand, and succeeded in

overcoming the keeper's scruples. The moment he entered, the lion manifested the greatest delight, threw his paws on his shoulders licked his face, ran about him with all the joyful frolicsomeness of a pleased dog. This occurrence became the talk of Florence, and reached the ears of the Grand Duke, who, knowing the former sullen and angry conduct of the lion, requested an interview with Sir George, and witnessed a recurrence of the scene in the lion's den. It was the lion which Sir George had formerly owned.

The lion is to some extent gregarious, but is not found in herds. Two, three, or four consort together, and appear to do so in a very friendly state. It is very rare, even in those parts of Africa where lions are most numerous, to find more than two families of them frequenting the same district and drinking at the same spring. At the time of pairing, we are told by some naturalists, the lioness selects her mate, and prefers the attentions of him who is the champion of his set. Sometimes she displays coquettish tendencies, leaving one lion, with whom she may have been consorting, for the companionship of another, whose superior strength and nobler appearance attracts her attention. On such occasions a terrific combat usually takes place between the male beasts; and the jilted suitor must be vanquished before he will relinquish his claims in favor of his rival. The appearance of a lion when in confinement or in a good-humor does not convey the idea of ferocity so much as most of the other large felidæ, and his wide head, overhanging brows, and flowing mane give him a majestic look, which, no doubt, contributed more than any special element of superiority that he may possess over other wild beasts, to the timeho:.ored appellation of "king of beasts." Besides, when unexcited, his movement is measured and impressive, as if conscious of his strength.

Fossil remains of lions have been found, which indicate their existence at former periods in the world's history. Cuvier describes a fossil lion discovered in Europe, the remains of which were one fourth larger than the corresponding parts of the existing lion. We are told by the savants that this animal, like most of the other large species of carnivora which roam the forests of the East, is disappearing slowly, and that ere many generations shall have passed away, the jungles and forests of Persia, India, Arabia, and Africa will cease to resound with his terrific roar; yet we are assured by the prophet Isaiah, in his declarations concerning the New Jerusalem, that "the calf and the young lion and the fatling" shall lie down together, and "a little child shall lead them." And still further, as describing a new condition of things relating to those beasts now considered wild and ferocious, "the lion shall eat straw like the ox." Isaiah's language may be taken as figurative, as strongly expressing a new and blessed order of things in the times of "the great restoration." But taken as literal, it implies the continued existence of the lordly beast, and in relations perhaps like unto those it knew in paradisian times,

"Ere our first parents lost their fair estate."