greatest privations. Slowly, however, buildings were erected for Divine worship, livings were endowed, the resources of the Free Church were multiplied, and at the same time the zeal of the National Church re-awakened, strifes were appeased, the chasm that had yawned at the moment of separation was in a great degree filled up, and the ministers of the National Church and those of the Free Church labored side by side for the salvation of souls and the practical amelioration of society. It was a rare and beautiful instance of sincerity in religious convictions leading men to extreme sacrifices, without impairing their candor and their good judgment. As has been the case in England between the partisans of High Church and Low Church, the antagonism between the National Church and the Free Church of Scotland has borne fruit more widely in good works than in the bitter results which usually follow from controversy.

This great mental and spiritual activity manifested in the church by religious controversies, broke forth elsewhere in literary, scientific, and philosophic labors. The reign of Queen Victoria forms an epoch of itself in the history of the human mind, as well as in the history of the free and peaceful development of parliamentary government. The most distinguished of the writers who had rendered illustrious the earlier part of the nineteenth century were dead before her accession to the throne. Sir Walter Scott, Lord Byron, Coleridge, Keats, had ceased to live. Wordsworth was destined to survive for many years yet, also Southey, Moore, and Walter Savage Landor, but the reputation of each of these authors was already made, and their most important works had been given to the public before the year 1837. The names of certain persons eminent in science were beginning to be known,- Brewster, Faraday, Sir John Herschel, Owen, Hugh Miller, Mrs. Somerville, but their great works were yet to appear. As had been the case in France a few years earlier, historic studies were

coming into the foremost rank of science and literature. Thomas Carlyle, one of the most brilliant among the historians of his time, eloquent and sagacious, although often led into error by prejudice, was giving to England and to the world the first fruits of his vast labors. Carlyle painted with ardor the heroes who had struck his imagination. Dr. Lingard slowly and conscientiously carried forward the history of England up to the year 1688, a network of facts and dates, dryly but accurately set forth. Sir Francis Palgrave had commenced his learned researches; and Sir Henry Hallam and Lord Macaulay, the two most illustrious historians of the period we are considering, unequal in age as well as in talent and brilliancy, were throwing the light of their judicious and penetrating criticism upon the remote periods of history or upon the life of personages who had played a great part upon the world's stage.

"Since I have known Mr. Hallam," writes M. Guizot in his Mémoires," and the better I have known him, the more his mind and character have alike attached me to him. Before 1830, his admirable historic works, above all, his Constitutional History of England, — had established friendly relations between us. Since then I have met him in Paris, and we have entered into correspondence. He has often expressed to me his opinion in respect to what was going on in England; among other things, upon the Parliamentary Reform of 1831; and I have been struck with the firm independence as well as with the judicious sagacity both of his abstract ideas and his views upon contemporary events and measures. I never have known a man more thoroughly and sincerely liberal, and at the same time more exempt from all national prejudice and all party spirit, or one who occupied himself more exclusively with seeking the truth and with doing justice to all, without any desire either to please his friends or to get the better of his adversaries. The natural

rectitude of his judgment, his exact and extensive knowledge, his personal high-mindedness, and his entire impartiality, rendered him absolutely equitable, and made him not less incapable

in the cause even that he had the most at heart, that of religious and political liberty-of fanaticism than he was of indifference or lukewarmness. I have heard it aid that in the earlier part of his life, Mr. Hallam was somewhat severe and imperious, but he had endured great domestic afflictions. He had lost his wife and several children, among them his eldest son Arthur, a young man of rare distinction, to whose memory Tennyson, his friend, has consecrated one of the most beautiful works of moral poetry, In Memoriam.' Instead of embittering and rendering him gloomy, misfortune and advancing age had upon Mr. Hallam the effect of rendering him gentle and affable. Every trace of asperity vanished from his manner; he preserved all his alertness of mind, all his literary and social tastes, and seemed to enjoy existence as one may who finds it sweet yet, and desires to render it sweet to those who surround him, although having known acute griefs, he can never, in the depths of his soul, love it as before. A rare man, and modest as he was rare, lacking only a little more brilliancy in his mental endowment, and a somewhat more ardent desire for success, to have had over the public as much power as he obtained esteem and affection from those who knew him well.

"I was not equally intimate with Lord Macaulay, and even after seeing him frequently, my acquaintance was still rather with the author than with the man. Before we met I had admired his brilliant skill in gathering facts, in grouping them, in giving life to them, and transforming the narrative into a drama, while, in the character of a spectator of this drama, he followed each actor with his observations and his criticisms; he excelled in throwing a flood of light and color over the past, and bringing it constantly face to face with the ideas and manners of the pres