is not to be a centralized agency to oversee this program-and it is our belief that there should be then, there should at least be a versatile coordinating committee or commission. This program must be properly formulated, coordinated, administered, and controlled if it is to accomplish the greatest good. Accountability of these agencies to such a commission for the successful implementation of this program is vital to the program's overall success. Essential to effective coordination is adequate communication, and assurance of properly operating channels of communications at all times among this many governmental agencies is in iteself a herculean task. This framework is further supported by the knowledge that to secure satisfactory results, a program must be planned. It is imperative that such a longrange program as this have a plan. Any research is dynamic. Denial of top-echelon planning ignores the fact that the operative level will ever face a choice among alternatives. When you deny the need for planning, implementa tion of your program is based on chance or emergencies. A good plan promotes the confidence that helps lead to success. Through such a framework, we should administer all Government-financed oceanographic research. There should be no cleaverage of military and civil oceanographic research. Avoid the delecate situation that accompanies our outer space research program; profit from that experience. Administration of this program should be a team effort, and such a team should be versatile to give the group breadth and stability. This administrative body should include representatives of the engineering (especially electronic), economic, legal, and sociological professions in addition to earth scientists. Such a group should then be memorialized to conduct a complete rethinking about inner space research, a reorientation of the state of the oceanographic art. A few examples: How many already perfected items, especially electronic and bionic, used in outer space exploration could also be effectively used in exploration of inner space? Why not an orderly plan for deep ocean researchwe did not attempt to orbit a human being in our initial outer space probe. Why can't more mothballed ships be overhauled for research use in contrast to construction of new ships? Should not more emphasis be placed on use of converted submarines for oceanographic research? I present these comments for your consideration. It is significant to note that wherever money has been spent in the past to outfit and encourage marine laboratories, oceanic research vessels, and marine studies, big dividends have eventually resulted. This has been true in Britain, Norway, Japan, France, Portugal, Iceland, and the Soviet Union. Research in the marine sciences takes place in several institutions in the United States. The two most prominent organizations are Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. The former is supported by the Navy and the University of California; the latter primarily by Navy funds. Several oceanographic stations, all with university ties, are active: For example, the University of Washington, Texas A. & M., the University of Miami, Johns Hopkins University, Chesapeake Bay Institute, and Columbia University at the Lamar Geological Observatory. The Nation also has 10 to 20 small marine laboratories. Expansion of present research establishments and creation of new ones must be accomplished. It is becoming more apparent that our knowledge of the ocean is closely linked to national security, and thus is of critical importance, but we lack sufficient basic understanding of the ocean. The attainment of increasing degrees of understanding will not only keep the level of oceanographic knowledge on a par with that in the other sciences, but will also contribute solidly to our military well-being and to our future integrity as a Nation. Meanwhile, as always, research remains a gamble but increasingly less so than the lack of research. Thank you. (Whereupon, at 12:40 p.m. the committee recessed subject to call of the Chair.) (The following information was subsequently submitted for the record :) STATEMENT BY WILLIAM J. HARGIS, JR., PH. D., DIRECTOR, VIRGINIA FISHERIES LABORATORY, PROFESSOR AND HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF MARINE SCIENCE, COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY, GLOUCESTER POINT, Va. By way of a preliminary statement, which is probably not really needed in this eminent group, I am sure most thoughtful people are aware of the importance of the oceans and their estuaries to society and its economy. At least I am sure they should be. Some of the ways that the seas impinge on man and his land are— (1) All, or almost all, the earth's water comes from and goes to the sea. (2) Much of the earth's soil, with its chemicals, wash into the sea or was once under the sea. (3) Life originated in the sea and much of the diversity of life evolved and still lives there. In addition, a great deal of this life is useful for food. (4) Much weather originates over the sea. (5) Seaborne commerce is vital. It is useful to industry. (6) Seaborne military weapons are important. (7) Seashores are extremely important sites for location of communities and industry. (8) The sea and seashore are very useful as sites for recreation. It is thus apparent that many depend on the sea at this time. This dependence is increasing. For instance, man will be driven to the sea for more food and water. He will need information to be able to wrest these basic necessities from her. Despite great present and future needs, man is despoiling the oceans and estuaries at an ever-increasing rate. For example, pollution, e.g., radioactive wastes, industrial wastes, domestic wastes, soil, farm and house pesticides; engineering projects, e.g., dams, channels, marsh fill and draininge; and, overexploitation, e.g., overfishing, excessive water use, are wreaking their havoc. Baldly, bluntly, the future of society depends on man's not ruining the sea. But pressures to do so are increasing as a result of the population explosion and the concomitant industrial explosion. We must not foul the spring from which we will have to drink. We must make wise use of our marine resources. This calls for knowledge-knowledge demands research. Greater research must be carried out. There is urgency for getting this work done because the race to wrest facts from the sea is slow and we fall behind more rapidly all the time. Thus, there is urgency-great urgency. Because the urgent need for facts demands much additional effort in research, more research people will be needed. This in turn calls for the training of additional scientists. All of this requires much greater financial support from the Federal Government than is now available. Senate bills 2692 (1960) and 901 (1961) are designed to provide this support. I thought that S. 2692 was a good bill, I am certain that S. 901 is better. Therefore, I wish to be counted as supporting S. 901 and strongly urging its approval. The bill is well thought out and framed. There are only a few places where emendations should be made if the committee thinks it advisable to do so. These are (1) Page 8, line 3: "six" should be changed to read "eight." This is designed to give a more adequate representation of non-Federal agencies. Also, in this regard perhaps the chairman of this committee should be elected by the committee? (2) Page 8, line 21: If NSF was intended to contribute significantly to the shipbuilding program, the sum of $9,950,000 is clearly inadequate. As an illustration, a 1,200-ton ship will cost between 5 and 6 million now as against the Woods Hole estimate (1959) of 4.5 million. May I suggest 20 to 25 million for building NSF-supported ships. (3) The money for maintenance and support of these ships should be revised upward. This is a vital and necessary item in order that the ships will be adequately used. TELEGRAM FROM AUBIN R. BARTHOLD, PRESIDENT, ASSOCIATION OF Senator WARREN G. MAGNUSON, SEATTLE, WASH., March 17, 1961. Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate Office Building, Washington, D.C.: Association of Pacific Fisheries strongly endorses S. 901 and urges close coordination of studies in physical oceanography with studies directed at solution of our urgent fisheries problems. AUBIN R. BARTHOLD, President. TELEGRAM FROM JOHN N. PLANCICH, PRESIDENT, PUGET SOUND SALMON CANNERS, INC. SEATTLE, WASH., March 17, 1961. Senator WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Imperative that United States proceed with oceanography research and coordinate it with fisheries research which is also of vital importance. JOHN N. PLANCICH, President. COMMUNICATION FROM DR. J. E. LIPP, CORPORATE DIRECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT PLANNING, LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORP., BURBANK, CALIF. Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, MARCH 4, 1961. DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: Thank you for your letter of February 28, 1961, concerning the coming hearings on S. 901, the new bill on marine sciences. I shall not be able to attend the hearings of March 15-17 in Washington, however, I shall place my comments in this letter. Although the sea is man's oldest ancestral environment it is also his newest, and receptive to a massive technical and industrial penetration in the next few decades. There is now little doubt of our basic ability to improve economic or living standards the world over by energetic exploration and development of the oceans. The United States must lead this trend, for its own progress as well as to assure stability and peace for future generations. A world with adequate water, food, and material supplies will be a world of reduced tensions, reduced warfare, increased welfare. A program of marine development, to be effective on a large scale, must be comprehensive and well organized. Clearly, encouragement by the U.S. Government will be decisive in placing this country on a path of rapid advance in knowledge, with rapid and beneficial application of that knowledge. The proposed bill, S. 901, is a major step in declaring national goals in marine science, as well as erecting the program and finances necessary to achieve those objectives. In our opinion, every effort should be made in this session of Congress to pass the bill and to follow it with any steps necessary to place the program in effect. Further, we believe that public opinion will approve such a move as being in the interest of the national welfare and security. Sincerely yours, J. E. LIPP, Corporate Director of Development Planning. COMMUNICATION FROM MR. K. ROBERT HAHN, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, LEAR, INC., SANTA MONICA, CALIF. Subject: S. 901. Hon. Senator Warren G. MAGNUSON, Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. MARCH 17, 1961. DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: We have read with a great deal of interest your proposed bill for Marine Sciences and Research Act of 1961, and sincerely believe that a national oceanographic program and policy should be enacted. There is a need for strong leadership, direction, and coordinated long-range planning in this total effort and assurance that multiprogram efforts are not duplicated and wasteful within the several Government agencies and private institutions. With this kind of leadership, there will be a tremendous payoff to our national welfare and defense. This program is long overdue and you can count on our support in assisting in anyway we can to support enactment of this legislation in 1961. Very truly yours, K. ROBERT HAHN, Executive Vice President. COMMUNICATION FROM DR. F. E. ELLIOTT, ADVANCED UNDERSEA WARFARE ENGINEERING, DEFENSE ELECTRONICS DIVISION GENERAL ELECTRIC CO., Ithaca, N.Y., March 16, 1961. Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, MY DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: Thank you very much for the copy of S. 901, and let me congratulate you on the excellent work you and your committee have done. Since you are inviting comments and suggestions, I would like to make a recommendation. I believe that the bill would be greatly enhanced if the Congress would authorize the establishment of a central interagency clearinghouse for oceanographic instrumentation. One of the great problems connected with oceanographic instrumentation is that most equipment is built at institutional laboratories, works only for the individual who has built it, and does not lend itself to production. However, there is a great deal of development and production know-how in private industry, and also a willingness to contribute to this great oceanic development program. At the present time there is no central place in the Government where industry can go to get information on what is needed; nor where to offer an instrument that has been designed; nor where to submit a proposal. It is very time consuming and therefore costly to make the rounds from agency to agency, bureau to bureau, department to department, ad infinitum, only to learn later that one has missed the unit that has an urgent need for a certain piece of equipment. Much time and money could be saved and duplication avoided by having this clearinghouse, which should be abreast of the needs of the 16 Federal agencies mentioned on page 6 of S. 901, and should be aware of who is doing what. In other words, those in private industry who are willing to contribute their engineering resources and know-how cannot only be informed of the needs, but also be directed to the appropriate person in case he wishes to offer specific instruments, systems, etc. My recommendation is based on over 10 years' experience as an oceanographer with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the Navy Hydrographic Office, and the General Electric Co. Sincerely, FRANCIS E. ELLIOTT. COMMUNICATION FROM MR. W. T. SHANNON, DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME, STATE OF CALIFORNIA Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, SACRAMENTO, CALIF. Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: Thank you for your letter of March 9, 1961, requesting comments on your bill to authorize a national 10-year program of oceanographic and Great Lakes research and surveys. We have read the copy of the bill S. 901, dated February 9, 1961, and would again like to take the opportunity to congratulate you for the great forethought that will certainly enable the development of our Nation in the marine area when your bill becomes law. The modified bill embodies those suggestions that we sent to you in our letter of March 1, 1960, and because they do we can heartily support the present version. We think it is a fine piece of work and will result in a widespread increase of the knowledge of the marine environment, which this Nation will so vitally depend upon in the future in both the resources as well as the environmental area. You have our wholehearted support. Sincerely, W. T. SHANNON, Director. COMMUNICATION FROM DR. JOSEPH L. MCCARTHY, DEAN, THE GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, SEATTLE, WASH. HON. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, MARCH 16, 1961. DEAR SENATOR MAGNUSON: This letter is written to set forth an opinion in support of the need for legislation of the type proposed in Senate bill 901 (Marine Sciences and Research Act of 1961) and to suggest the influence that such legislation may be expected to exert on programs being conducted at the University of Washington. During the last session of Congress, a number of members of our faculty made comments and suggestions relating to Senate bill 2692 and this information is, of course, already available. The University of Washington, by reason of its location in Seattle, Wash., and by reaosn of the importance of the ocean in many aspects of the life of the citizens of the State of Washington, has a long tradition of teaching, research, and service in oceanography and the marine sciences. For nearly 60 years out of the even hundred years of the existence of the university, members of the faculty in the fields of oceanography, fisheries, biology, and other related fields of science and technology have focused their attention on the seas. At present the university is reviewing its total effort in the field of marine sciences. This review is being carried out by a committee of the faculty and the findings will provide a broad picture of the present status of the marine sciences at the university. This same committee has also made substantial progress in formulation of a plan for the further development of marine sciences at the University of Washington. You and your colleagues have invited representatives of the university to present statements on Senate bill 901 before the Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce and we are honored and pleased that this opportunity is being provided. Information concerning graduate and undergraduate programs of teaching and research is being given by Dr. Richard H. Fleming, professor and executive officer of the department of oceanography. Some of the university's programs of research in the marine sciences will be described by other members of the faculty, i.e. Dr. Robert L. Fernald, associate professor of zoology and director of the Friday Harbor Laboratories, Dr. Lauren R. Donaldson, professor of fisheries and director of the Laboratory of Radiation Biology, and Dr. Joseph E. Henderson, professor of physics and director of the Applied Physics Laboratory. Additional information will be provided to your committe by Dr. Dixy Lee Ray, associate professor of zoology and member of the National Academy of Science Committee on Oceanography. Of foremost interest at the university is the academic program of teaching in oceanography and the marine sciences. Direct teaching activities in the marine sciences are being conducted in the department of oceanography, the college of |