ABSENTEE tax, the propriety of, considered with reference to Ireland, 379.
Accounts of money, in modern Europe, all kept, and the value of goods computed, in silver, 16.
Actors, public, paid for the contempt attend- ing their profession, 44.
Africa, cause assigned for the barbarous state
of the interior parts of that continent, 9. African company, establishment and constitu- tion of, 309. Receive an annual allowance from parliament for forts and garrisons, 310. The company not under sufficient controul, ib. History of the Royal African company, 311. Decline of, ib. Rise of the present company, ib.
Age, the foundation of rank and precedency in rude as well as civilized societies, 297. Aggregate fund, in the British finances, ex- plained, 588.
Agio of the bank of Amsterdam explained, 194. Of the bank of Hamburgh, 195. The agio at Amsterdam, how kept at a me- dium rate, 197.
Agriculture, the labour of, does not admit of such subdivisions as manufactures, 3. This impossibility of separation prevents agricul- ture from improving equally with manufac- tures. ib. Natural state of, in a new colony, 38. Requires more knowledge and experi- ence than most mechanical professions, and yet is carried on without any restrictions, 53. The terms of rent, how adjusted be- tween landlord and tenant, 60. Is extended by good roads and navigable canals, 62 Under what circumstances pasture land is more valuable than arable, 63. Gardening not a very gainful employment, 64. Vines the most profitable article of culture, 65. Estimates of profit from projects very falla- cious, ib. Cattle and tillage mutually im- prove each other, 93, Remarks on that of Scotland, ib. On that of North America, 94. Poultry, a profitable article in husban dry, ib. Hogs, 95. Dairy, 96. Evidences of land being completely improved, ib. The extension of cultivation, as it raises the price
of animal food, reduces that of vegetables, 103. By whom and how practised under feudal government, 137. Its operations not so much intended to increase, as to direct, the fertility of nature, 149. Has been the cause of the prosperity of the British colonies in America, 150. The profits of, exaggerat- ed by projectors, 154. On equal terms, is naturally preferred to trade, 156. Artificers necessary to the carrying it on, ib. Was not attended to by the northern destroyers of the Roman empire, 157. The ancient policy of Europe unfavourable to, 162. Was pro- moted by the commerce and manufactures of towns, 170. The wealth arising from, more solid and durable than that which pro- ceeds from commerce, 172. Is not encou- aged by the bounty on the exportation of corn, 207. Why the proper business of new com- panies, 251. The present agricultural sys- tem of political economy adopted in France, described, 275. Is discouraged by restric- tions and prohibitions in trade, 279. Is fa- voured beyond manufactures in China, 282. And in ludostan, 285. Does not require so extensive a market as manufactures, 284. To check manufactures in order to promote agriculture, false policy, 285. Landlords ought to be encouraged to cultivate part of their own land, 350.
Alcavala, the tax in Spain so called, explained and considered, 381. The ruin of the Spa- nish manufactures attributed to this tax, ib.
Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient cause of drunkenness, 148. 200. Allodial rights, mistaken for feudal rights, 168.
The introduction of the feudal law tended to moderate the authority of the allodial lords, ib.
Ambassadors, the first motive of their appoint- ment, 307.
America, why labour is dearer in North A- merica than in England, 29 Great in- crease of population there, ib. Common rate of interest there, 58. Is a new market for the produce of its own silver mines, 85 The first accounts of the two empires of Pe
ru and Mexico greatly exaggerated, ib. Im- proving state of the Spanish colonies there, 86. Account of the paper currency of the British colonies, 134. Cause of the rapid prosperity of the British colonies there, 150. Why manufactures for distant sale nave never been established there, 156. Its speedy improvement owing to assistance from foreign capitals, 157. The purchase nd improvement of uncultivated land the most profitable employment of capitals, 171. Commercial alterations produced by the dis- covery of, 181. But two civilized nations found on the whole continent, ib. The wealth of the North American colonies in- creased, though the balance of trade continu- ed against them, 203. Madeira wine, how introduced there, 204. Historical review of the European settlements in, 229. Of Spain, 232, 233. Of Holland, 234. Of France | ib. Of Britain, ib. Ecclesiastical govern- ment in the several European colonies, 235. Fish a principal article of trade from North America to Spain, Portugal, and the Me- diterranean, 237. Naval stores to Britain, 238. Little credit due to the policy of Eu- rope from the success of the colonies, 242. The dicovery and colonization of, how far advantageous to Europe, 243. And to America, ib. The colonies in, governed by a spirit of monopoly, 261. The interest of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to that of the producer, by the system of colo- nization, 274. Plan for extending the Bri-Balance of trade, no certain criterion to de- tish system of taxation, over all the provin- ces of, 397, 398. The question, how the Americans could pay taxes without specie, considered, 402. Ought in justice to con- tribute to discharge the public debt in Bri- tain, 402. Expediency of their union with Britain, 403. The British empire there a mere project, 404.
tion of long apprenticeships, ib. The sta- tute of, ought to be repealed, 191. Arabs, their manner of supporting war, 289. Army, three different ways by which a nation may maintain one in a distant country, 178. Standing, distinction between and a militia, 292. Historical review of, 294. The Macedonian army, ib. Carthaginian army, ib Roman army, ib. Is alone able
to perpetuate the civilization of a country, 296. Is the speediest engine for civilizing a barbarous country, ib. Under what cir- cumstances dangerous to, and under what favourable to liberty, ib.
Artificers prohibited by law from going to foreign countries, 273. Residing abroad, and not returning on notice, exposed to ontlawry, ib. See Manufactures.
Asdrubal, his army greatly improved by dis- cipline, 294. How defeated, ib. Assembly, houses of, in the British colonies, the constitutional freedom of, shewn, 240, Assiento Contract, 312.
Amsterdam, agio of the bank of, explained, 194. Occasion of its establishment, 195. Advantages attending payments there, ib. Rate demanded for keeping money there, ib. Prices at which bullion and coin are received, 196, note. This bank the great warehouse of Europe for bullion, 197. Demands upon, how made and answered, ib. The agio, how kept at a medium rate, ib.
The treasure of, whether all preserved in its repositories, 198. The amount of its treasure only to be conjectured, ib. Fees paid to the bank for transacting business,
Assize of bread and ale, remarks on that sta- tute, 75, 77.
Augustus, emperor, emancipates the slaves of Vedius Pollio for his cruelty, 241.
Balance of annual produce and consumption explained, 203. May be in favour of a nation, when the balance of trade is against it, ib.
termine on which side it turns between two countries, 192. The current doctrine of, on which most regulations of trade are founded, absurd, 199. If even, by the exchange of their native commodities, both sides may be gainers, ib. How the balance would stand if native commodities on one side were paid with foreign commodities on the other, ib. How the balance stands when commodities are purchased with gold and silver, ib., 200. The ruin of countries often predicted from the doctrine of an unfavour- able balance of trade, 202.
Banks, great increase of trade in Scotland since the establishment of them in the prin- cipal towns, 120. Their usual course of business, 121. Consequences of their issu- ing too much paper, 122. Necessary cau- tion for some time observed by them with regard to giving credit to their customers, 124. Limits of the advances they may im- prudently make to traders, 125. How in- jured by the practice of drawing and re- drawing bills, 126, 127. History of the Ayr bank, 128. History of the bank of England, 130. The nature and pubuc advantage of banks considered, 131. Ban- kers might carry on their business with less paper, 132. Effects of the optional clauses in the Scotch notes, 133. Origin of their establishment, 194. Bank money explain- ed, 195. Bank of England, the conduct of, in regard to the coinage, 226. Joint stock companies, why well adapted to the trad
Barons, feudal, their power contracted by the grant of municipal privileges. 163. Their extensive authority, 168. How they lost their authority over their vassals, 169. And the power to disturb their country, 170. Barter, the exchange of one commodity for another, the propensity to of extensive o- peration, and peculiar to man, 6. Is not sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse of mankind, 10. See Commerce. Batavia, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263.
Beaver skins, review of the policy used in the trade for, 273.
Bef. cheaper now in London than in the reign of James J., 63. Compared with the prices of wheat at the corresponding times, 64.
Benefices, ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why rendered secure, 335. The power of col- lating to, how taken from the pope, in Eng- land and France, 338. General equality of, among the presbyterians, 340. Good effects of this equality, ib.
Bengal, to what circumstances its early im- provement in agriculture and manufactures was owing, 9 Present miserable state of the country, 30. Remarks on the high rates of interest there, 39. Oppressive con- duct of the English there, to suit their trade in opium, 263. Why more remarkable for the exportation of manufactures than of grain, 284.
Berne, brief history of the republic of, 164. Establishment of the reformation there, 338. Application of the revenue of the catholic clergy, 341. Derives a revenue from the interest of its treasure, 344.
Bills of Exchange, punctuality in the payment| of, how secured, 126. The pernicious prac- tice of drawing and redrawing explained. ib. The arts made use of to disguise this mutual traffic in bills, 127.
Birth, superiority of, how it confers respect and authority, 298.
Bishops, the ancient mode of electing them, and how altered, 335, 337.
Body, natural and political, analogy between,
Bohemia, account of the tax there on the in- dustry of artificers, 366.
Bounty, on the exportation of corn, the ten- dency of this measure examined, 81. Bounties, why given in commerce. 183. On exportation, the policy of granting them]
considered, 205. On the exportation of corn, 206. This bounty imposes two taxes on the people, 207. Evil tendency of this bounty, 209. The bounty only beneficial to the exporter and importer, ib. Motives of the country gentlemen in granting the bounty, 210. A trade which requires a bounty, necessarily a losing trade, ib. Tonnage bounties to the fisheries consi- dered, 211. Account of the white herring fishery 212. Remarks on other bounties, 213. A review of the principles on which they are generally granted, 267. Those granted on American produce founded on mistaken policy, 268. How they affect the consumer, 274.
Britain, Great, evidences that labour is suf- ficiently paid for there, 30. The price of provisions nearly the same in most places, 31.
Great variations in the price of labour, ib. Vegetables imported from Flanders in the last century, 32. Historical account of the alterations interest of money has under- gone, 37. Double interest deemed a rea- sonable mercantile profit, 40. In what re- spects the carrying trade is advantageous to, 152, 153. Appears to enjoy more of the carrying trade of Europe than it really has, 153. It is the only country of Europe in which the obligation of purveyance is abolished, 161. Its funds for the support of foreign wars inquired into, 178, 179. Why never likely to be much affected by the free importation of Irish cattle, 186 Nor salt provisions, ib. Could be little affected by the importation of foreign corn, 187. The policy of the commercial restraints on the trade with France examined, 192. The trade with France might be more ad- vantageous to each country than that with any other, 202. Why one of the richest countries in Europe, while Spain and Por- tugal are among the poorest, 221. Review of her American colonies, 234. The trade of her colonies, how regulated, 236. Dis- tinction between enumerated and non-enu- merated commodities explained, 237. Re- strains manufactures in America, 238, 239 Indulgences granted to the colonists, 239. Constitutional freedom of her colony go- vernment, 240. The sugar colonies of, worse governed than those of France, 241. Disadvantages resulting from retaining the exclusive trade of tobacco with Maryland and Virginia, 244, 245 The navigation
act has increased the colony trade, at the expense of many other branches of foreign trade, 245. The advantage of the colony trade estimated, 247. A gradual relaxation of the exclusive trade recommended, 250. Events which have concurred to prevent the ill effects of the loss of the colony trade, ib. The natural good effects of the colony trade more than counterbalance the bad effects of the monopoly 251. To maintain a mono- poly, the principal end of the dominion as- sumed over the colonies, 254. Has derived nothing but loss from this dominion, ib. Is perhaps the only state which has only in- creased its expenses by extending its empire, 256. The constitution of, would have been completed by admitting of American repre- sentation, 258. Review of the administra- tion of the East India Company, 264, 265. The interest of the consumer sacrificed to that of the producer in raising an empire in America, 274. The annual revenue of, compared with its annual rents and interest of capital stock, 345, 346. The land tax of, considered. 348. Tithes, 352 Window- tax, 357. Stamp duties, 363, 365. Poll- taxes in the reign of William III., 367. The uniformity of taxation in, favourable to internal trade, 382. The system of taxa- tion in, compared with that in France, 384. Account of the unfunded debt of, 387.
Funded debt, 388. Aggregate and general funds, ib. Sinking fund, 389. Annuities for terms of years and for lives, ib. Perpetual annuities the best transfer able stock, 391. The reduction of the pub- lic debts during peace bears no proportion to their accumulation during war, 392. The trade with the tobacco colonies, how carried on, without the intervention of specie, 401. The trade with the sugar co lonies explained, ib. Ireland and America ought in justice to contribute towards the discharge of her public debts, 402. How the territorial acquisitions of the East India Company might be rendered a source of re- venue, 403. If no such assistance can be obtained, her only resource pointed out, ib. Bullion, the money of the great mercantile re- public, 179. See Gold and Silver. Burghs, free, the origin of, 163. To what cir- cuinstances they owed their corporate juris- dictions, ib. Why admitted to send repre- sentatives to parliament, 164. Are allowed to protect refugees from the country, 165. Burn, Dr. his observation on the laws relating to the settlements of the poor, 58, 59. Butcher's meat, nowhere a necessary of life,
Calvinists, origin of that sect, 339.
principles of church government, ib. Cameron, Mr. of Lochiel, exercised, within thirty years since, a criminal jurisdiction over his own tenants, 168.
Canada, the French colony there, long under the government of an exclusive company,
234. But improved speedily after the dis- solution of the company, ib.
Canals, navigable, the advantages of, 62. How to be made and maintained, 303. That of Languedoc, the support of, how secured, ib. May be successfully managed by joint stock companies, 317.
Cantillon, Mr. remarks on his account of the earnings of the labouring poor, 28. Cape of Good Hope, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch settlement there, 263. Cupital, in trade, explained, and how employ- ed, 112. Distinguished into circulating and fixed capitals, ib. Characteristic of fixed capitals, 113. The several kinds of fixed capitals specified, ib. Characteristic of cir- culating capitals, and the several kinds of, 114. Fixed capitals supported by those which are circulating, ib. Circulating capitals how supported, ib. Intention of a fixed capital, 116. The expense of maintaining the fixed and circulating capitals illustrated, ib. Money, as an article of circulating ca- pital, considered. ib. Money no measure of capital, 118. What quantity of industry any capital can employ, 120. Capitals, how far they may be extended by paper credit, 125. Must always be replaced with profi by the annual produce of land and labour, 136 The proportion between capital and revenue regulates the proportion between in- dustry and idleness, 138. How it is increas- ed or diminished, ib. National evidences of the increase of, 141. In what instances private expenses contribute to enlarge the national capital, 142. The increase of, re- duces profits by competition, 145. The dif- ferent ways of employing a capital, 147. How replaced to the different classes of traders, 148. That employed in agricul ture puts into motion a greater quantity of productive labour than any equal_ca- pital employed in manufactures, 149. That of a manufacturer should reside within the country, 150. The operation of capi- tals employed in agriculture, manufactures, and foreign trade compared, ib. The pros- perity of a country depends on the due proportion of its capital applied to these three grand objects, 151. Different returns of capitals employed in foreign trade, 152 Is rather employed in agriculture than in trade and manufactures, on equal terms, 155, 156. Is rather employed in manufactures than in foreign trade, 156. The natural progress of the employment of, 157. Acquired by trade, is very precarious, until realized by the cultivation and improvement of land, 172. The employment of, in the different species of trade, how determined, 183. Capitation taxes, the nature of, considered, 367. In England, ib. In France, ib. Carriage, land and water, compared, 8. Wa- ter carriage contributes to improve arts and industry in all countries where it can be used, 9, 62, 87. Land, how facilitated and reduced in price by public works, 303.
lay proprietors, 351. The nature and ef- fect of tithes considered, 352.
Circulation, the dangerous practice of raising money by, explained, 127. In traffic, the two different branches of, considered, 132. Cities, circumstances which contributed to their opulence, 165. Those of Italy the first that rose to consequence, ib. The commerce and manufactures of, have occasioned the improvement and cultivation of the country
Clergy, a supply of, provided for, by public and private foundations for their education, 55. Curates worse paid than many me- chanics, ib. Of an established religion, why unsuccessful against the teachers of a new religion, 330. Why they persecute
Carrying trade, the nature and operation of, | examined, 152. Is the symptom, but not the cause of national wealth, and hence points out the two richest countries in Eu- rope, 153. Trades may appear to be car- rying trades which are not so, ib. The disadvantages of, to individuals, 183. The Dutch, how excluded from being the car- riers to Great Britain, 187, 188. Draw- backs of duties originally granted for the encouragement of, 205. Carthaginian army, its superiority over the Roman army accounted for, 294. Cattle and Corn, their value compared, in the different stages of agriculture, 62. The price of, reduced by artificial grasses, 63. To what height the price of cattle may rise in an improving country, 92, 93. The raising a stock of, necessary for the supply of manure to farms, 93. Cattle must bear a good price to be well fed, ib. The price of, rises in Scotland in consequence of the union with England, ib. Great mul- tiplication of European cattle in America, 94. Are killed in some countries merely for the sake of the hides and tallow, 97. The market for these articles more extensive than for the carcase, ib. This market some- times brought nearer home by the establish- ment of manufactures, ib. How the ex- tension of cultivation raises the price of ani- mal food, 103. Is perhaps the only com- modity more expensive to transport by sea than by land, 186. Great Britain never likely to be much affected by the free im-Coal must generally be cheaper than wood to portation of Irish cattle, ib.
Certificates, parish, the laws relating to, with observations on them, 58.
Child, Sir Josiah, his observation on trading companies, 309.
Children, riches unfavourable to the produc- tion, and extreme poverty to the raising, of them, 33. The mortality still greater among those maintained by charity, ib. China, to what the early improvement in arts and industry there was owing, 9. Concur- rent testimonies of the misery of the lower ranks of the Chinese, 30. Is not, how- ever, a declining country, ib. High rate of interest of money there, 40. Great state assumed by the grandees, 86. The price of labour there lower than in the greater part of Europe, 87. Silver the most pro- fitable article to send thither, ib. The pro- portional value of gold to silver, how rated there, 89. The value of gold and silver much higher there than in any part of Europe, 101. Agriculture favoured there beyond manu- factures, 282. Foreign trade not favoured there, 283. Extension of the home mar- ket, ib.
Great attention paid to the roads there, 305, 300. In what the principal re- venue of the sovereign consists, 353. The revenue of, partly raised in kind, ib. Church, the richer the church the poorer the state, 341. Amount of the revenue of the church of Scotland, 342. The revenue of the church heavier taxed in Prussia than
their adversaries, ib. The zeal of the in- ferior clergy of the church of Rome, how kept alive, ib. Utility of ecclesiastical es- tablishments, 331. How connected with the civil magistrate, ib., 332. Unsafe for the civil magistrate to differ with them, 334. Must be managed without violence, ib. 335. Of the church of Rome, one great army cantoned over Europe, ib., 356. Their power similar to that of temporal barons during the feudal monkish ages, ib. How the power of the Romish clergy declined, 337. Evils attending allowing parishes to elect their own ministers 339.
Clothing, more plentiful than food in unculti- vated countries, 68. The materials for, the first articles rude nations have to offer, ib.
gain the preference for fuel, 70. The price of, how reduced, ib. The exportation of, subjected to a duty higher than the prime cost of, at the pit, 273. The cheapest of all fuel, 370. The tax on absurdly regu lated, ib.
Coal mines, their different degrees of fertility, 70. When fertile, are sometimes unprofit able by situation, ib. The proportion of rent generally paid for, ib., 71. The ma- chinery necessary to, expensive, 112. Coal trade from Newcastle to London em- ploys more shipping than all the other car- rying trade of England 155.
Cochin China, remarks on the principal arti- cles of cultivation there, 66.
Coin, stamped, the origin and peculiar advan- tages of, in commerce, 11. The different species of, in different ages and countries, ib. Causes of the alterations in the value of, ib., 12, 13, 14. How the standard coin of different nations came to be of different metals, 16. A reform in the English coin- age suggested, 19. Silver, consequences attending the debasement of, 82. Coinage of France and Britain examined, 193. Why coin is privately melted down, 225. The mint chiefly employed to keep up the quantity thus diminished, ib. A duty to pay the coinage would preserve money from being melted or counterfeited, ib. Stan- dard of the gold coin in France, ib. How a seignorage on coin would operate. 226.
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