Constantinople to be central, or that the eastern parts of the empire required his presence, it may be considered unwise to make such an alteration in the seat of the government. Byzantium, to which Constantine gave his own name, Constantinople, the city of Constantine, was made by him the seat of the Roman empire.

It cannot be thought very probable that this change in the seat of the government was the cause of the fall of the Roman empire. Too many causes, within and without, existed for the decline and fall of the Roman empire. It seems impossible that its doom could have been averted.

Whilst Constantine was engaged in laying out the ground plan for a city at Chalcedon, in Asia Minor, an eagle caught the line and flew with it to Byzantium, a city on the opposite side (the European side) of the Bosphorus. This circumstance caused the emperor Constantine to choose Byzantium as the seat of the Roman empire, A.D. 328.

(4.) Constantine beautified Byzantium-henceforth Constantinople-with the most magnificent edifices-he divided the city into fourteen regions. He built a capitol, an amphitheatre, many churches, and other public works, and having made the city equal to his ideas and wishes, he dedicated it to the God of Martyrs; and about two years after he removed to his favourite Constantinople with his whole court, about A.D. 330, about 360 years after the battle of Actium. For two or three years no result from this change was observable.

The Goths discovered that the Romans had withdrawn their garrisons from their fortifications on the Danube. An invasion was planned and executed by the Goths, with unheard of cruelty. Constantine repressed their invasion; one hundred thousand of the Goths perished by cold and hunger.

(5.) The Empire was divided in the following manner— 1.-Constantine, the eldest son of the emperor, commanded in Gaul and in the western provinces.

2.-Constantius, the second son of the emperor, governed Africa and Illyricum.

3.-Constans, the youngest son of the emperor, ruled in Italy.

4.-Dalmatius, brother of the emperor, was sent to defend those parts which bordered on the Goths.

5.—Annihalianus, the nephew of the emperor, had the charge of Cappadocia and of Armenia Minor.

This division caused a want of union in resisting the invasions of the barbarous nations of the north of Europe. The result was the decline and fall of the Roman empire of the west. Constantine did not live to see the calamities which fell upon the western empire. The latter part of the reign of Constantine was full of splendour; his last days were politically peaceful; he reigned thirty years, and had passed his sixtieth year when his health began to fail. His disease was an intermitting fever. The warm baths of Constantinople afforded no relief. He removed to Helenapolis, a city which he had built to the memory of his mother Helena. disease grew worse-he changed again to Nicomedia.

His

Hope of recovery had now fled from him. He caused himself to be baptized; and having soon after received the Lord's Supper, he died, after a memorable and an active reign of nearly thirty-two years, A.D. 340.

The Christian writers of the time praise, and the heathen writers of the time reproach, the character of Constantine. The composition of his character may have been a mixture of virtues and of vices, of piety and credulity, of courage and cruelty, of justice and ambition. This may be said to be the character of Constantine. Yet the circumstances under which he felt himself oppressed, the enemies whom he found it necessary to oppose in the government, and the invasions of the barbarous nations which he had to repress, may render his faults more excusable, and his virtues more admirable. He established a religion in which, and by which, mankind have been blessed, but adopted a policy which terminated in the destruction of the empire, certainly of the western empire.

30. The destruction of the Western Empire-The three Cæsars, the sons of Constantine the Great

had been carefully educated, and resembled one another in their vices, as well as in their names. They divided the empire again upon the death of their father. They were all zealous to contend for territory, though they possessed not the ability to govern. The result was a war for twelve years after the death of their father. Constantius remained master of the whole. He secured to himself the throne by the murder of most of his relations.

1. Constantius was effeminate, debauched, and governed by eunuchs. He took to his assistance a state prisoner, Constantius Gallus, whose father he had formerly slain, created him Cæsar, and sent him into the east against the Parthians. This man's wife, Constantina, fomented his native arrogance. Constantius recalled him, and caused him to be put to death in Istria, a province of the west of Illyricum, at the top of the Adriatic Sea, A.D. 351.

His younger brother, Flavius Julian, from whom the suspicious Constantius believed he had nothing to fear, was appointed to take his place, was created Cæsar, and was sent to defend the frontiers of the Rhine. Julian had passed from study to warfare, A.D. 354. He succeeded in his war against the Germans, A.D. 355.

Constantius, finding that his generals had been beaten by the Persians, was preparing to take the field against them in person. He recalled gradually the troops of Julian, who, suspecting his design, accepted the diadem presented to him by his soldiers.

31. Fl. Julian, the apostate, reigned from March, A.D. 360, to June 25, A.D. 363, from his twenty-ninth to his thirty-second year. He was the last and the most highly gifted prince of the house of Constantine. He was free from great vices. He commenced his

reign by reforming the luxuries of the court. He intended to suppress the new religion lately established, and to restore the old religion. He erred in policy as well as in religion. Providence did not suffer him to live to see this. Julian wished to terminate the war against the Persians. He went to the war, and penetrated as far as the Tigris. In an engagement there he lost his life. As he lay dying, he threw into the air some of his own blood which he had collected in his hand, and exclaimed, "Galilean, thou hast conquered."

32. Fl. Jovianus, June 25, A.D. 363, Feb. 24, 364, aged thirty-three years, was immediately raised to the purple by the army. He made peace with the Persians, and restored to them all the territory conquered from them since the year (A.D.) 297. After a short reign of eight months he was seized by a sudden disorder, which terminated his life.

33. Fl. Valentinian I., Feb. 26, a.d. 364, Nov. 17, 375.-The army proclaimed Fl. Valentinian at Nice, in the room of FI. Jovianus, deceased. Valentinian appointed his brother, Valeus, as his partner in the government, made him "præfectura Orientis," ruler of the præfecture of the east, and retained the rest for himself.

The reign of Valentinian I.-He created, A.D. 364, his son, Gratian Augustus, with himself. In religious matters Valentinian was tolerant. He recovered from the Germans the losses suffered in the reign of Julian. He attacked the Franks, the Saxons, and the Alemanni on the Rhine, and afterwards the Quadi and other nations on the Danube. He died of apoplexy at Guntz, in Hungary.

34. Valeus, A.D. 364, A.D. 368, the brother of Valentinian I., succeeded to the throne. He had to contend with insurrections in the east, raised by one Procopius, who had taught the people to rebel against Valeus, the Arian. His war against the Persians ended in a truce. In his reign the Huns entered Europe. This was towards the close of his reign.

The great popular migration followed. This was the overthrow of the Roman empire. The greater part of the Visigoths entered the Roman empire. A war was the consequence, in which war Valeus lost his life.

35. Gratian (aged 16 years to 24 years) succeeded his father, Valentinian I. in the west, and immediately associated with himself in the government his brother, Valentinian II., giving to him the præfectura Italiæ et Illyrici, A.D. 375, A.D. 392.

Valentinian II. (aged 5-21 years). The youth of Gratian and Valentinian was not favourable to the interests of themselves or of their governments.

Gratian proceeded to assist his uncle Valeus against the Goths. On his march he received an account of his uncle's defeat and death. He feared lest the east should fall a prey to the Goths. He made Theodosius (a Spaniard)" Præfectura et Orientis et Illyrici."

36. The revolt of Maximus, A.D. 383.-The indolent reign of Gratian led to the rebellion of Maximus. He was the commander in Britain. He crossed over into Gaul, and was supported by the defection of the

Gallic legions. Gratian fled. He was overtaken and put to death at Lyons.

Maximus was in possession of all the "Præfecturæ Galliarum." He made a promise to Theodosius not to interfere with the young Valentinian II. in Italy, and thus prevailed upon him to acknowledge Valentinian II. to be emperor. Maximus did not keep his word, He invaded Italy. He was defeated by Theodosius in Pannonia-[which contains the modern provinces of (1) Croatia, (2) Carniola, (3) Sclavonia, (4) Rosnia, (5) Windisch, (6) Marsh, (7) part_of Servia, (8) part of Hungary, (9) part of Austria]near Mæsia, and was soon after executed.

37. Valentinian II., a youth of great promise, became again master of all the west. Arbogaster, his "magister militium, ,"master of the soldiers, was offended, or thought he was offended, by Valentinian. He murdered the young emperor, and raised to the throne his own friend Eugebius, "magister officiorum," master of offices. Theodosius made him prisoner, and thus became master of the whole empire.

38. Theodosius the Great, A.D. Jan. 19, 379, Jan. 17, A.D. 395, reigned from his thirty-fourth to his fiftieth year in the east, with vigour, equally devoted to politics and to religion. He broke the power of the victorious Goths. They still retained their possessions on the Danube. Theodosius persecuted the Arians. The Arians were the prevailing Christians in the east. He restored the orthodox belief. directed a persecution against the Pagans. ordered the destruction of their temples. The carrying out of these mandates caused dreadful convulsions. He taxed heavily, that he might be able to preserve the boundaries of the empire.

He

He

The internal depopulation of the empire made it necessary to take barbarians into the Roman pay. In this reign especially the necessity was great; and the number of barbarians enrolled as soldiers in the Roman army exceeded the numbers enrolled in former reigns. Then followed, of necessity, a change in the Roman tactics, as well as in the arms of the Roman armies.

39. Arcadius and Honorius, A.D. 395, A.D. 408.— Theodosius left two sons: 1. Arcadius (aged 18-31 years), who had the eastern empire allotted to him, comprising the "Præfectura Orientis et Illyrici." 2. Honorius (aged 11-39 years), to whom the western empire was allotted, or the Præfectura Galliarum et Italiæ.

1. Ruffinus, the Gaul, had the guardianship of Arcadius. 2. Stilico, the Vandal, had the guardianship of Honorius.

The western empire, under Honorius and his successors, must now be followed in its decline, even to its fall. The western empire suffered, in the reign of Honorius, such violent shocks as most distinctly, told that its fall was approaching. Stilico,

the Vandal, sought by intrigues to make himself master of the whole empire. A way was thus opened into the interior of the empire for the Goths, who had then a leader superior to any of their former leaders. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, established

He

himself and his people in the Roman empire. became master of Rome; he ascended the throne of the Cæsars. It seemed wonderful that he did not overthrow the Roman empire of the west by a full and perfect overthrow.

40. A great part of Spain and of Gaul, during the reign of Honorius, was cut off from the Roman empire. Honorius died, A.D. 423. The secretary, John, usurped the government; he was defeated by Theodosius II., the eastern emperor, A.D. 425.

The Nephew of Honorius, Valentinian III., a minor (aged 6-36 years), was raised to the throne under the guardian care of his mother Placidia, A.D. 450. Under his miserable reign, the western empire was stripped of almost all her possessions, except Italy.

His mother's government, and his own want of ability, injured the empire as much as did the stormy migration of barbarous tribes now convulsing all Europe, A.D. 425-455.

The Huns. In this falling condition of the western empire another torrent burst upon Europe-a torrent of barbarous nations. The hordes of the Huns, who were in possession of the territory formerly occupied by the Goths, between the Don and the Thriss, and even as far as the Volga, had united themselves since the year 444, under one common chief, Attila. By this union, and by his own superior talents as a warrior and a ruler, Attila became the most powerful prince of his time. The eastern empire bought his peace by paying to him a yearly tribute, A.D. 452. He fell with a mighty army on the western provinces; the united forces of Etius and the Visigoths, near Chalons (in Campis Catalonnicis), obliged him to retreat, A.D. 451. In the following year he again invaded Italy. He had a secret understanding with the licentious Honoria-Valentinian's sister. The cause of Attila's second retreat is unknown. He died, A.D. 453, soon after his second retreat. He was called " The Terror of the World," and "The Scourge of God."

The miserable Valentinian deprived the Roman empire of its best general, Ætius, whom he put to death on suspicion, A.D. 454.

Petronius Maximus (whose wife had been dishonoured by Valentinian), and the friends of Etius, whom Valentinian had executed, formed a conspiracy, and murdered the debauched Valentinian, A.D. 455.

41. The Interval of Twenty Years, A.D. 455-475, between the assassination of Valentinian and the destruction of the western Roman empire, was almost a continued series of intestine revolutions. No less than nine sovereigns rapidly succeeded one another.

Genseric, king of the Vandals, filled the Roman empire with terror. He became master of the Mediterranean sea by his ships, could ravage the coasts of the defenceless Italy at his pleasure; and he captured even Rome itself.

In Italy, the German, Ricimer, general of the foreign troops in Roman pay, permitted a series of emperors to reign in his name. He might have terminated this series of Augusti. The honour was reserved for his son and successor, Odoacer, four years after his father's death.

A.D. 476. Odoacer, the leader of the Germans in the Roman pay, at Rome, sent Augustŭlus, the last of the series of Augusti, after the execution of Orestes, into captivity, and allowed to him a pension.

Odoacer now remained master of Italy till a.d. 492 (16 years), when the Ostrogoths, under their king, Theodoric, founded there a new empire. Thus fell the empire of the west. Its final dissolution happened about five-hundred-and-twenty-two years after the battle of Pharsalia; one-hundred-andforty-six years after the removal of the imperial seat to Constantinople; and four-hundred-and-seventy-six years after the nativity of our blessed Saviour.

1. "That track of land which lies between the Palus Moōtis, the mountains of Caucasus, and the Caspian sea, was inhabited by a numerous savage people, who went by (called) the name of Huns, and Allanes. Their soil was fertile. They were fond of robbery and plunder. They imagined it impracticable to cross the Palus Moōtis. They were unacquainted with the Romans, and were confined within the limits assigned to them by nature, while other nations plundered with security."

2. "It is supposed by some that the slime, which was rolled down by the current of the Tanais, had by degrees formed a kind of incrustation on the current of the Cimmerian Bosphorus, over which the people are supposed to have passed. Others relate that two young Scythians, being in full pursuit of a heifer, the terrified creature swam over an arm of the sea, and the youths immediately following her, found themselves in a new world, upon an opposite shore. They returned, and related to their countrymen the wonders of strange lands and countries which they had discovered. The Huns crossed the straits. final destruction of the Roman empire of the west, thus and thus commenced."

The

Fall of the western Roman empire, A.D. 476. Fall of the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 1453. The eastern Roman empire continued to exist longer than the western 977 years.

The fall of the western dated from the time when Odoacer sent Agustulus into captivity, A.D. 476. The fall of the eastern dated A.D. 1453. The interval is 977 years; in round numbers, one thousand years. 3. Alaric, king of the Goths, was bought off by the Romans, by the richest of their homes and of their temples. He sternly told to them he would leave to them their lives.

4. Alaric came a second time. He took Rome: how, is not decided. Rome, which had plundered the rest of the world, now felt a sad reverse of fortune (v.c. 1163, A.D. 410), and suffered all which barbarity could inflict or patience endure. The barbarians were allowed to pillage all places except the Christian churches, and the pagans found shelter by applying to the Christians for protection. dreadful devastation continued for three days. Precious monuments of art and learning, invaluable, sunk under the fury of the conquerors. This was a correction rather than an overthrow, so rich was Rome in her remnant of monuments of art and science.

5. The soldiers of Genseric, king of the Vandals, for fourteen days together, plundered in that venerable place (Rome). Neither private dwellings nor public buildings-neither sex, nor age, nor religion-were the least protection against their lust and avarice.

Honorius lived till he saw himself stripped of the greatest part of his dominions; his capital taken by the Goths; the Huns possessed of Pannonia; the Alans, the Suevi, and the Vandals established themselves in Spain; and the Burgundians settled in Gaul, where the Goths also fixed themselves at last.

Britain and Armorica (Britany) in Gaul, began to feel the necessity of domestic legislation.

6. "Thus fell (says Heeren) the Roman empire of "the west, while that of the east, pressed on every “side, and in a situation almost similar, endured one "thousand years (977) longer than the western, "notwithstanding its intestine broils (which alone would "have sufficed to destroy any other nation), and hosts of "barbarians who attacked it during the middle "ages."

The impregnable situation of the capital, which "usually decided the fate of such kingdoms-joined "to its despotism, which is not unfrequently the main "support of a kingdom in its decline-can alone, in some measure, explain a phenomenon which has no "equal in the history of the world."

Rollin fixes the date of the battle of Actium (B.c. 31) as the termination of ancient history. I have followed Rollin. Heeren fixes the fall of the western Roman empire (A.D. 476 or 5) as the termination of his Outline of Ancient History.

A. The condition of Rome to the time of Pope Gregory I. -1. The Invasion of England. 2. The Fathers. 3. The Popes. 4. The General Councils. 5. The Creeds. 6. The Liturgies. 7. The Apostolic Succession. 8. Evidences. All these things may be considered evidences to prove that Christianity commenced at the time stated in the New Testament.

1. The condition of Rome to the time of Pope Gregory I. -The Germans, under Odoacer, had conquered Rome. The western Roman empire had fallen. Theodoric, king of the Ostro Goths, had undertaken to subdue Odoacer, really for his own advantage, apparently to gratify the wishes of those who invited him to free them from German mercenaries, who kept them, their paymasters, under their authority. Between Theodoric and Odoacer three battles were fought, in which Theodoric was victorious. The first battle, August 28, A.D. 489. The second battle, September 27, A.D. 489. The third battle, August —, Aa.d. 490.

The bishop of Ravenna negociated a peace.—The Ostro Goths were admitted into the city of Ravenna. The hostile kings agreed to govern, with equal authority, the provinces of Italy. Days of festivity were held in honour of the agreement, in the conclusion of which Odoacer was stabbed by the command of Theodoric. The mercenaries were slaughtered. The Goths proclaimed Theodoric sole emperor. The emperor of the east gave a tardy and ambiguous consent to the appointment. Theodoric visited the old capital

F

of the world in the seventh year of his reign, A.D. 500. The Senate and people in solemn procession met him, and saluted him as a second Trajan, a new Valentinian. The Gothic kings preserved the monuments of antiquity. Theodoric preferred Ravenna as his place of residence, where he cultivated an orchard with his own hand. Theodoric was an Arian. Italy was Athanasian. Theodoric was tolerant. He treated the orthodox with great respect, and with an open and generous hospitality. The Nicene faith was the faith of Italy. The professors of the Nicene creed were called orthodox, or catholic. This is to be remembered, especially when repeating the Nicene creed. The old age of Theodoric was sullied by popular hatred, and by patrician blood. He was provoked to persecute the Catholics, or the orthodox. Theodoric commanded the bishop of Rome and four illustrions senators to visit Constantinople. The reception at Constantinople of the bishop of Rome and his companions irritated the jealous Theodoric. He prepared a mandate prohibiting, after a certain day, the exercise in Italy of the Catholic or orthodox religion. Boethius, with whose family the reigning sovereigns boasted that they were connected, had defended the senator Albinus, who was accused of conspiracy to overthrow the government of Theodoric. Albinus was convicted. Boethius was imprisoned and put to death, A.D. 524. When in prison, whilst oppressed by fetters, and each moment expecting the sentence or the stroke of death, he composed, in the tower of Pavia, The Consolation of Philosophy, “a golden volume, not unworthy of the leisure of Plato or Tully."-Gibbon, vol. v. p. 39. Pavia, called also Ticīnum, was a small town in Italy, so called from a river which flows near to the town. The Romans were defeated by Hannibal near this river. town is situated on the Ticinus, a little above its confluence with the Po, 20 miles S.S.W. Milan.

The

Symmachus, the father-in-law of Boethius, indiscreetly spoke what he felt. He was dragged in chains from Rome to Ravenna. The suspicions of Theodoric were appeased by the blood of an aged senator. A.D. 525.

Theodoric had led a life of virtue and of glory. The deaths of Boethius and of Symmachus threw a cloud over the splendour. He was terrified by the head of a large fish served on the royal table. Theodoric thought he saw Symmachus come to devour him. He retired to his bedchamber, and in broken murmurs confessed to his physician, Elpidius, his deep repentance for the murders of Boethius and Symmachus. He felt his end approaching. divided his treasures and provinces between his two grandsons, and fixed the Rhone as their common boundary.

He

Amalaric was restored to the throne of Spain. Italy, with all the conquests of the Ostro Goths, was bequeathed to Athalaric, aged ten years. He was the last male offspring of the line of Amāli, by the short-lived marriage of his mother, Amalasintha, with a royal fugitive of the same blood.

In the presence of the dying monarch, the Gothic

chiefs and Italian magistrates mutually engaged their faith and loyalty to the young prince and to his guardian mother, and received, in the same awful moment, the emperor's last salutary advice, to maintain the laws, to love the Senate and people of Rome, and to cultivate with decent reverence the friendship of the emperor of the east.

A chapel of a circular form, thirty feet in diameter, is crowned by a dome of one entire piece of granite. From the centre to the dome four columns arose, which supported, in a vase of porphyry, the remains of the Gothic king, surrounded by the brazen statues of the twelve apostles.

The visions of the monks and other persons may be related orally. The written records of these mental aberrations is a trespass upon even human credulity. The following words may explain the meaning of this censure:-" His spirit, after some previous expiation, might have been permitted to mingle with the benefactors of mankind, if an Italian hermit had not been witness, in a vision, to the damnation of Theodoric, whose soul was plunged by the ministers of divine vengeance into the volcano of Lipări (one of the Lipari islands, at the N. coast of Sicily), one of the flaming mouths of the infernal world."

A.D. 526, August 30.-Theodoric died in the palace of Ravenna in the thirty-third, or, if we may compute from his invasion of Italy, in the thirty-seventh year of his reign.

Constantine established Christianity, and held the Council of Nice, A.D. 325. He was not baptized till he was near to his last moment of life. Some doubt rests upon the date of his adherence to Christianity. Theodoric, the Ostro-Goth, having expelled, and assassinated at the last, the German, Odoacer, established the Gothic empire of the west, reigned thirtyseven years, and died, A.D. 526. Constantine died, A.D. 337. He reigned 31 years.

Christianity took captive its proud conquerors, and subdued its cruel persecutors.

In the reign of Augustus, Horace described the benefits which Rome derived from Greece, subdued by the arms of Rɔme:—

"Græcia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes
Intulit agresti Latio."-Ep. L. ii. v. 125.

Captive Greece took captive her fierce conqueror, and introduced the arts to rustic Latium.

The conquered Roman empire of the west took captive her fierce conquerors by the weapons of the Christian warfare, "which are not carnal, but mighty, through God, to the pulling down of strongholds. [The strongholds of ignorance, of superstition, of idolatry, of sin, of the world, and of the devil.]

Revelations xii. 16: "And the earth helped the woman, and the earth opened her mouth, and swal lowed up the flood which the dragon cast out of his mouth."

Bishop Newton, in his discourse upon this part of the prophecies, has written these words: "Nothing was more likely to produce the ruin and utter subversion of the Christian church than the eruptions of so many

barbarous nations into the Roman empire. But the event proved contrary to human appearance and expectation. The earth swallowed up the flood.' The barbarians were rather swallowed by the Romans than the Romans by the barbarians. The heathen conquerors, instead of imposing their own [religion], submitted to the religion of the conquered Christians; and they not only embraced the religion, but affected even the laws, the manners, the customs, the language, and the very name of Romans. So that the victors were in a manner absorbed and lost among the vanquished."

The Roman soldiers were missionaries for Christ. In all parts of the civilised world St. Paul had formed Christian churches. The Roman soldiers, converts to Christianity, as many or as few as they were, carried help to their brethern in all the parts of the Roman empire where Christ was known, and planted the doctrines of the Cross amongst people who had not known the Gospel by any previous instruction.

The converted Roman empire, overrun by the unheard of tribes of barbarians from the north, became to their savage conquerors the ministers of that word which "gave to them an inheritance amongst those who were sanctified."—Acts xx. 32.

This is historic evidence of the existence of Christianity-of its origin, as described in the New Testament of the Gospel being the power of God unto salvation to every one who believeth-of the truth of the word of prophecy, that sure word which shineth as a light in a dark place—and of the fulfilment of our blessed Lord's promise, "Lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world."

A.D. 476-527. The western Roman empire had fallen. An interval of fifty years, till the memorable reign of Justinian, is faintly marked by the obscure names and imperfect annals of Zeno, Anastasius, and Justin, who successively ascended the throne of Constantinople. During the same period, Italy revived and flourished under the government of a Gothic king who might have deserved a statue among the best and bravest of the ancient Romans.

B. The birth of Justinian is dated, May 5th, 482, or May 11th, 483. The emperor Justinian was born near to the ruins of Sardica (the modern Sophia), of an obscure race of barbarians, the inhabitants of a wild and desolute country, successively named Dardania, Dacia, and Bulgaria.

Justinian, his uncle Justin, and other two peasants, forsook husbandry and the occupation of shepherds, and with a scanty provision of biscuit in their knapsacks, followed the high road to Constantinople. They were soon enrolled, on account of their strength and stature, among the guards of the emperor Leo.

1. Justin, a Dacian peasant, was elevated to the throne of Constantinople, July 10th, A.D. 518, to April 1st, or August 1st, A.D. 527.

2. Justinian reigned from April 1st, A.D. 527, to November 14th, A.D. 565. He reigned thirty-eight years.