ously near the great altar, while the Te Deum Laudamus was chanted by the choir and the people. When the pageant was over, the general retired to his quarters to resume the stern duties of a soldier; and that night the city of New Orleans blazed with a general illumination. On the spot where the arch was erected, in the centre of the public square in front of the cathedral, has been erected a bronze equestrian statue of Jackson, by Clark Mills.

Jackson, like a true soldier, did not relax his vigilance after the victory that saved Louisiana from British conquest. He maintained martial law in New Orleans rigorously, even after rumors of a

proclamation of peace reached that city. When an official announcement of peace was received from Washington he was involved in a contention with the civil authorities, who had opposed martial law as unnecessary. In the legislature of Louisiana was a powerful faction opposed to him personally, and when the officers and troops were thanked by that body (Feb. 2, 1815), the name of Jackson was omitted. The people were very indignant. A seditious publication soon appeared, which increased their indignation, and as this was a public matter, calculated to produce disaffection in the army, Jackson caused the arrest of the author and his

trial by martial law. Judge Dominic A. Hall, of the Supreme Court of the United States, issued a writ of habeas corpus in favor of the offender. Jackson considered this a violation of martial law, and ordered the arrest of the judge and his expulsion beyond the limits of the city. The judge, in turn, when the military law was revoked (March 13, 1815) in consequence of the proclamation of peace, required Jackson to appear before him and show cause why he should not be punished for contempt of court. He cheerfully obeyed the summons, and entered the crowded court-room in the old Spanish-built courthouse in citizen's dress. He had almost reached the bar before he was recognized, when he was greeted with huzzas by a thousand voices. The judge was alarmed, and hesitated. Jackson stepped upon a bench, procured silence, and then, turning to the trembling judge, said, There is no danger here there shall be none. The same hand that protected this city from outrage against the invaders of the country will shield and protect this court, or perish in the effort. Proceed with your sentence." The agitated judge pronounced him guilty of contempt of court, and fined him $1,000. This act was greeted by a storm of hisses. The general immediately drew a check for the amount, handed it to the marshal, and then made his way for the court-house door. The people were intensely excited. They lifted the hero upon their shoulders, bore him to the street, and there an immense crowd sent up a shout that blanched the cheek of Judge Hall. He was placed in a carriage, from which the people took the horses and dragged it themselves to his lodgings, where he addressed them, urging them to show their appreciation of the blessings of liberty and a free government by a willing submission to the authorities of their country. Meantime, $1,000 had been collected by voluntary subscriptions and placed to his credit in a bank. The general politely refused to accept it, and begged his friends to distribute it among the relatives of those who had fallen in the late battles. Nearly thirty years afterwards (1843), Congress refunded the sum with interest, amounting in all to $2,700.

In 1817 he successfully prosecuted the war against the Seminoles. In 1819 he

war, of any pretensions to carry on any trade with the colonies of belligerents not allowed in time of peace; and 3. The allowing British ships-of-war to enforce, by capture, the American non-intercourse acts with France and her allies. Jackson declared that the rejection of that part of the arrangement of Erskine relating to the affair of the Chesapeake and Leopard was owing partly to the offensive terms employed in the American note to Erskine concerning it. This note had offended the old monarch, with whom Admiral Berkeley was a favorite. In it Secretary Smith said, April 17, 1809: “I have it in express charge from the President to state that, while he forbears to insist on a further punishment of the offending officer, he is not the less sensible of the justice and utility of such an example, nor the less persuaded that it would best comport with what is due from his Britannic Majesty to his own honor." Jackson's manner was offensive. He had an unbounded admiration for the government he represented, and a profound contempt for the Americans as an inferior people. He treated the officers of the United States government with the same haughty bearing that he did those of weak and bleeding Denmark, and, after one or two personal interviews, Secretary Smith refused to have any further intercourse with him except in writing. The insolent diplomat was offended, and wrote an impudent letter to the Secretary. He was informed that no more communications would be received from him, when Jackson, disappointed and angry, left Washington with every member of the diplomatic family, and retired to New York. The United States government requested his recall, and early in 1810 he was summoned to England. No other minister was sent to the United States for about a year.

Jackson, HELEN MARIA FISKE, author; born in Amherst, Mass., Oct. 18, 1831; daughter of Prof. Nathan W. Fiske; was educated in the Ipswich Female Seminary; married Capt. Edward B. Hunt in 1852. She first became known as an author under the letters "H. H." in 1875, when she married William S. Jackson. In 1879 she became deeply interested in the condition of the American Indians and their treatment by the United States

government. In 1883, while a special commissioner to inquire into the circumstances of the Mission Indians of California, she studied the history of the early Spanish missions, and a short time prior to her death she wrote the President a letter pathetically asking for the " righting of the wrongs of the Indian race." Her works include Verses; Bits of Travel; Nelly's Silver-Mine; The Story of Boone; A Century of Dishonor; Mammy Littleback and her Family; Ramona; Glimpses of Three Coasts; Hetty's Strange History, and others. She died in San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 12, 1885.

Jackson, HENRY ROOTES, military officer; born in Athens, Ga., June 24, 1820; graduated at Yale College in 1839, and admitted to the bar in 1840, when he settled in Savannah. He was appointed United States district attorney for Georgia in 1843. During the Mexican War he was colonel of the 1st Georgia Volunteers. At the close of the war he became part proprietor of The Georgian, in Savannah. In 1853 he was sent to the Court of Austria as the United States chargé d'affaires. In 1854-58 he was minister to Austria. Returning to the United States he was commissioned a special United States district attorney for Georgia, to aid in trying notorious slavetrading cases. When the Civil War broke out he entered the Confederate army with the rank of brigadier-general. During the battle of Nashville, in December, 1864, he was taken prisoner, and was held till the close of the war. Returning to Savannah he resumed law practice. In 1875-88 he was a trustee of the Peabody Educational Fund. In 1885 he was appointed minister to Mexico, but served only a few months, owing to his opposition to the government in seizing the American ship Rebecca. He published Tallulah, and other Poems. He died in Savannah, Ga., May 23, 1898.

Jackson, HOWELL EDMUNDS, jurist; born in Paris, Tenn., April 8, 1832; graduated at the West Tennessee College in 1848; admitted to the bar in 1856; elected United States Senator from Tennessee in 1881, but resigned in 1886, when he was appointed United States district judge by President Cleveland; appointed justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1893.