Barabbas the Jew, prototype of Shylock, desires wealth and commits a series of crimes to attain his desire. In Edward II the ambition which causes the tragedy is for affection, presumably received by the King from an unscrupulous follower and rewarded by power wrongly used.

The device of making the action turn on one large central character helped to a unity of interest which preceding dramas had lacked. The high-sounding rhetorical style of Mar

For these two fea

Contributions to English Drama. tures unity of interest and forceful style - Marlowe, despite the structural defects and over-emphasis of his plays, holds a high place in the development of the drama. It is manifest that he exerted a good influence on Shakspere; and a graceful though slight acknowledgment of indebted

ness is found in a passage in As You Like It (3. 5. 82), where

Phebe says:

"Dead shepherd, now I find thy saw of might,
'Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?""

The "saw" (i.e., saying) which Phebe found "of might (i.e., true) is taken from Marlowe's Hero and Leander.

"

WILLIAM SHAKSPERE, 1564-1616

Concerning the life and works of the greatest figure of the greatest literary period in English literature thousands of books and essays have been written. Theories almost without number have been advanced which have very slight claims to consideration. In the sketch here given effort is made to state as facts only what are known to be such, and to refrain from even a mention of many possibilities often mentioned, but resting on very slight evidence.

1

Early Life in Stratford. Shakspere was baptized in the Church of the Holy Trinity at Stratford on April 26, 1564; and what we know of the practice of baptism at that period leads us to suppose that he was less than a week old. Nothing is known of his boyhood, not even that he went to school. Though there is no record of his marriage, there is documentary evidence making it certain that in November, 1582, he was married to Anne Hathaway, of the village of Shottery

ANNE HATHAWAY'S COTTAGE AT SHOTTERY. A most picturesque little house a short distance from Stratford. near Stratford. A daughter was baptized in 1583, and twins, son and daughter, in 1585.

In London; and First Appearances in Print. When Shakspere went to London and why, and how he first occu

1 How the dramatist preferred to spell his name is not known. His father's name appears in the Stratford records in sixteen different forms, and the six authentic signatures of his own seem to show three forms. The spelling here adopted is used by Professors Dowden, Wendell, and Kittredge, and by the New Shakspere Society of London.

pied himself after his arrival there, are not known. By 1592 he had become successful enough at play-writing to arouse the jealousy of one Robert Greene. In a pamphlet called A Groatsworth of Wit Greene alludes to Shakspere as "an upstart crow," who has beautified himself with the feathers of Greene and other successful dramatists. The following year appeared the poet's first published work, the narrative poem Venus and Adonis,

with a dedication signed with the poet's name; and in 1594 came Lucrece.

The next bit of fact comes from the Stratford records, from which we learn that the poet's only son died in August, 1596. The year following Shakspere bought the largest house in Stratford; and from this time to his death he was conspicuous in the life of the town, not so much because of his artistic as because of his financial

success.

"Wit's

Early Recognition. Perhaps the best evidence that his contemporaries recognized his greatness is found in a publiIcation of the year 1598, called Palladis Tamia, or Treasury," by Frances Meres (Mērz). From a long passage in this book we learn that Shakspere was "accounted" the best among the English in both comedy and tragedy; and that the poems of the "mellifluous and honey-tongued were thought of as keeping alive "the sweet witty soul of Ovid." Six comedies and six tragedies are named as Shakspere's.

Success. In addition to being preeminent as playwright Shakspere was regarded before 1600 as, if not the best actor in his company, yet the best-known; for his name heads the list of the "Lord Chamberlain's Servants," the company to which he had for some time belonged. By 1600 he was also one of the principal owners of the Globe and Blackfriars theatres; and there are other indisputable evidences of his material prosperity.

Last Years - in Stratford. The poet's father died in 1601; his mother in 1608. That the poet himself spent his last years in Stratford is known from various references to him in the town records; but when or why he retired permanently from his London occupations of actor, playwright, and manager, is not known. In these references the appelation of "Gentleman" is usually added to his name, a result of the granting of a coat of arms to his father in 1599. Shakspere was buried April 25, 1616, and the inscription on the memorial states that he died April 23. There is no record of his death, and we do not certainly know when the memorial was erected or who was authority for the date on it.