cluded the authority to "make all needful rules and regulations for the government of the Zone, and for the correct administration of the military, civil, and judicial affairs of its possessions until the close of the Fifty-eighth Congress." The instructions which the President gave to the Commission relative to the government of the Zone contained the following:

"The inhabitants of the Canal Zone are entitled to security in their persons, property, and religion, and in all their private rights and relations. They should be so informed by public announcement. The people should be disturbed as little as possible in their customs and avocations that are in harmony with principles of well ordered and decent living. The laws of the land, with which the inhabitants are familiar, and which were in force on February 26, 1904, will continue in force in the Canal Zone and in other places on the Isthmus over which the United States has jurisdiction until altered or annulled. . . but there are certain great principles of

government which have been made the basis of an existence as a nation which we deem essential to the rule of law and the maintenance of order, and which shall have force in said Zone. The principles referred to may be generally stated as follows:

"That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation; that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right of a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense; that excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishment inflicted; that no person shall be put twice in jeopardy for the same offense, or be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; that the right to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures shall

not be violated; that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall exist except as a punishment for crime; that no bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed; that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or of the rights of the people to peaceably assemble and petition the Government for a redress of grievances; that no law shall be made respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof."

The effect of the foregoing was the establishment of a bill of rights, and the power of the Commission to that extent was restricted, yet the following proviso was added:

"That the Commission shall have power to exclude from time to time from the Canal Zone and other places on the Isthmus, over which the United States has jurisdiction, persons of the following classes who were not actually domiciled within the Zone on the 26th day of February, 1904, viz.: Idiots, the insane, epileptics, paupers, criminals, professional beg

gars, persons afflicted with loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases; those who have been convicted of felony, anarchists, those whose purpose it is to incite insurrection and others whose presence it is believed by the Commission would tend to create public disorder, endanger the public health, or in any manner impede the prosecution of the work of opening the canal; and may cause any and all such newly-arrived persons or those alien to the Zone to be expelled and deported from the territory controlled by the United States, and the Commission may defray from the canal appropriation the cost of such deportation as necessary expenses of the sanitation, the police protection of the canal route, and the preservation of good order among the inhabitants."

In other words, while certain rights were secured to the individual, the latter was not protected against invasion by the Commission, to which was given a power that could not be exercised by any judicial or executive tribunal in the United States,