the Organized Reserves. object of the Red Course:

First, to bring together young men of all types, both native and foreign born; to develop closer national and social unity; to teach the privileges, duties, and responsibilities of American citizenship; to stimulate the interest of the youth of this country in the importance of military training both to the individual and to the nation.

Second, to show the public by actual example that camp instruction of the kind comtemplated will be to the liking of their sons, will develop them physically, mentally, and morally, and will teach Americanism in its true sense, thus stimulating patriotism and self-discipline.

Third, to qualify young men for service in the Organized Reserves.

In a like manner and in furtherance of the results obtained through the Red Course, it is the purpose of the White Course:

First, to qualify selected privates of the Organized Reserves as noncommissioned officers, so that they will be capable of training recruits in the duties of privates and in leading them in active service.

Second, to provide preliminary training for candidates in the Officers' Reserve Corps.

Third, to provide further military training for those civilians who have completed the Red Course or who have had equivalent training.

In rounding out the training camp idea, the Blue Course aims to provide more advanced training for warrant officers and selected noncommissioned officers of the Regular Army, National Guard, and Enlisted Reserve Corps, and for civilians, with a view toward

With only a limited appropriation in prospect to cover the camps to be held during the summer of 1921, every emphasis is being placed upon the Red Course. Interest in the War Department is centered upon this course. Red Courses in every corps area will be open to all physically fit male citizens between the ages of 16 and 35, both inclusive. There are no educational qualifications as to admission; but the candidate must have average general intelligence and be of good moral character. The Red Course, it is believed, will appeal especially to boys and young men between the ages of 16 and 21. Through them and through their parents, the Army will be given an opportunity to show what military training and military environment really are.

In view of the youth of the candidates, particular attention is being given to the selection of personnel for the duties to be performed at the camps, due regard being paid to temperament, training, and the high character necessary to carry on specialized work of this nature. In assigning noncommissioned officers for the training and instruction of candidates, care is being exercised that those selected be especially fitted and qualified for the duty involved. The number of Reserve Officers who may be called to active duty and utilized as instructors in connection with the various courses will be announced by the War Department.

Every effort is being made to assure an interesting course of training and excellent medical supervision and care. In the Red Course, the candidates will

be organized into rifle companies of Infantry. The program of instruction will cover elementary Infantry training, including the schools of the soldier, squad, and company, the care of equipment, small arms rifle practice, guard duty, camping and marching, individual cooking, personal hygiene, physical development, discipline, and morale. All instructions will be practical. Normally, five hours a day will be devoted to military instruction, exclusive of the time devoted to ceremonies and physical training, and, at the discretion of the corps area commander, to instruction in gallery and range practice. Full advantage also is to be taken of motion pictures on military subjects and pictures of the World War. These pictures and short talks on military subjects will form an important part of the program of amusement in the evening.

Physical training will be given prominence in all the camps. According to the best estimates, some 400,000 young men reaching maturity each year have physical defects which, if allowed to pass uncorrected, impair their worth as citizens of the nation. From the standpoint of physical development in civilian communities, the training camps will serve a double usefulness, the value of which will increase rapidly in proportion to the number of years the camps are held and the number of candidates attending each year. In the first place, by actual physical examination of candidates, remedial defects will be discovered and advice looking toward correction will be given the individual; and, secondly, instruction in personal hygiene and physical training will be given the candidates, who, in turn, will carry

back to their communities right standards of physical life.

In publishing regulations governing the conduct of the courses, the War Department has suggested that, at each camp, a physical training board be formed, consisting of representatives from each company, with the camp physical training officer as chairman. Within each company, under this plan, there should be a smaller committee made up of representatives from each platoon, who would meet with the company board member for the purpose of increasing the efficiency of physical training and stimulating the intracompany athletics. The purpose of the whole is to develop:

The health and physical efficiency of all candidates;

Soldierly bearing;

Mental and physical alertness and concentration of attention;

Strength, speed, endurance, and skill in climbing, vaulting, jumping, and running;

A spirit of rivalry regarding the physical efficiency of units;

Confidence and aggressiveness in competition because of knowledge of ability to achieve;

Esprit and morale, and to furnish wholesome recreation by sports and athletic competitions;

Disciplinary response;

Spirit of team play and mutual helpfulness.

Especial emphasis will be placed upon universal participation in athletics and games. While a spirit of interorganization rivalry will be stimulated through contests between unit teams, every effort will be made to secure the frequent participation in competitions of every individual-in other words, to

get the bleachers on the playing field and in the game. Thus, through the candidates when they return to their homes, the Army's scientific and efficient methods of physical training will be introduced into civilian communities, which, in this way, will be brought to an appreciation of one of the benefits derived from military service.

In addition to being utilized to the fullest extent in physical training activities, the psychological value of competitions will be taken advantage of in perfecting drills and in securing general training results. Regarding training management and methods suggested for use in the training camps, the War Department recommends the following, which have produced good results in the past:

First, the rotational group system of training: This method is especially effective when several forms of special training are to be conducted for comparatively brief periods, and an instructor of exceptional ability is available to conduct each. The organization is divided into groups of convenient size, and the groups rotate from one form of instruction to another, either on the same or on successive days.

Second, the supervised small group system of individual training: This

method of individual training is particularly useful because it permits candidates frequently to assume command and instruction, thereby developing leadership. Candidates should be permitted to pass to the next subject as soon as tested and found qualified. Third, the cadence system of close order drills and physical exercises: This system requires the men in ranks to voice commands and counts during

close order drills and physical exercise. It is of great value in effecting concentration of attention, cadence and smartness in drill, and it has an excellent influence upon morale.

Demonstrations by individuals and by units also are contemplated with a view to keeping vividly in the minds of candidates the results to be attained and standards of perfection sought. Where practicable, demonstrations presenting the specialties of warfare also are suggested, while carefully planned and well conducted ceremonies recommended to develop pride and spirit of organization.

Details relative to the establishment and maintenance of the training camps are being placed directly under the control of corps area commanders. An officer formerly with the General Recruiting Service has been assigned to each corps area headquarters, for duty in connection with the work of these camps. One of the first activities, so soon as the passage of the appropriation bill warrants the move, will be a campaign to obtain candidates. Civilians desiring the training will apply direct to the proper corps area headquarters, which will make all arrangements for the attendance and training of those whose applications are approved. In thus distributing the

responsibility for the promotion and

maintenance of the camps, the War Department again is emphasizing the fact that, under the National Defense Act, each corps area commander is charged not merely with the administration of the Regular Army, but also with the development of all three components of the Army of the United States, which includes as well the great citizen