Carr, in his report, says Tiffany requested him to arrest or kill the medicine man.

On same day, August 13, I received the following:

FORT APACHE, August 13. It is the general impression here that the men of the Indian scouts company will go with their friends if they break out. Please give me authority to discharge them, or such of them as I may believe unreliable, and enlist reliable ones in their places. CARR, Commanding.

To which the following was sent in reply on August 14: COMMANDING OFFICER APACHE:

You are authorized to make such changes as may be necessary, but will exercise a wise discretion, and not suffer the disaffected scouts to join malcontents.

BENJAMIN, Assistant Adjutant-General.

In what manner this authority and these instructions were carried out nothing was officially known, except that the scouts had been disarmed up to the time of the Cibicu massacre, Carr's report of which was telegraphed you from Phoenix. Carr was telegraphed on August 13 to report the situation fully, to which he replied on 14th, "Nothing new to report." Nothing more of importance was heard from Colonel Carr (except his report of an interview on 17th with Pedro, Santo, and other Indians, which showed that the Indians were alarmed about a report that a big gun and more troops were coming to Fort Apache; this report has been forwardedto division headquarters) until the 29th, received 31st August. Meantime the troops that had been ordered forward by me from different points below and west of Camp Thomas were partly halted and partly turned back on reports received from Agent Tiffany by Captain Chaffee and Major Biddle, and communicated to me that no further trouble was to be apprehended. In this condition of affairs, on the 29th August Carr telegraphed :

ADJUTANT-GENERAL, Whipple Barracks :

I sent word to Nocky-del-klin-ne that I wanted to see him. He does not seem likely to come, and I am searching for his place in Cibicu, to try to catch him. CARR, Commanding.

This proved to be the march to Cibicu Creek undertaken by Colonel Carr, without special orders from me other than to arrest the medicine man if he deemed it necessary to prevent trouble, and as soon as practicable, he being at same time notified that re-enforcements were ordered him from Camp Thomas. The move was made without waiting for re-enforcements.

August 15, Carr, commanding at Apache, was telegraphed by my orders as follows: "If your company of scouts cannot be relied on, send them out to Stevens's Ranche, Eagle Creek, and thence down the Gila to Grant and Huachuca. Bailey's company, if needed, could replace them. More than the usual cavalry force might accompany them part of the way, if you deem it best. Notify Biddle and these headquarters of your action." But no notice was ever received of any such action. The only action I know of was by telegram from Colonel Carr to the effect that he had disarmed the scouts, and the next I hear of them was that they had turned their arms against him at Cibicu on occasion of the arrest of the medicine man.

The object of the march to Cibicu was to make said arrest and thereby put a stop to the medicine man's apparent efforts to stir up hostilities against the whites, which arrest was effected, but undoubt edly led to contrary results from those designed.

The immediate cause of the attack on Colonel Carr was the arrest of

the medicine man. The remote causes are unknown, as no grievance had ever yet been complained of by the White Mountain Indians; but it is possible that this attack and the subsequent one on Fort Apache were made under the inspiration of the medicine man's prophesying that the white men should be cleared out as soon as the corn was ripe, which time had nearly come. For the way in which the attack was made and resisted, including the subsequent attack on the fort, I refer you to Colonel Carr's report of September 6, which I desire to be attached to this report.

Notwithstanding high water in the rivers, the very limited means of transportation, and embarrassing and conflicting reports from San Carlos, the troops were moved to Cibicu country in such a manner and time as to drive the hostiles from their strongholds into the folds of the reservation without a fight, and the White Mountain Indians have not struck another blow. Many of the worst have surrendered. Those of the recreant scouts in our hands will be tried by court-martial; the rest will be disposed of according to such instructions as may be received.

The California re-enforcements have been of great service, and were sent down promptly as called for, and well equipped for the field. Part of them now are in pursuit of the Chiricahuas on the border. The outbreak of these Indians on the night of September 30 has been duly reported, and the causes of their sudden change are unknown. It is supposed to be the fear of being disarmed. If this is true, the outbreak was likely to come at any moment, and could not have come at a better time. This because we had adequate force at hand, and it has been used to such advantage that the smallest possible damage has been suffered. This tribe is now in full flight and utterly defeated.

Major Sanford's report of the fight at Cedar Springs, and my indorsement thereon, has been forwarded, and I wish it to be included with this report. Captain Bernard's report of subsequent operations will, when received through Colonel Mackenzie, now directing in the field, be duly forwarded.

Too much stress cannot be laid upon the necessity of having cavalry horses and pack-trains always on hand sufficient for emergencies, and that we should no longer be stripped to the bare necessities for troops in garrisons.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

O. B. WILLCOX, Brevet Major-General, Commanding Department.

The ASSISTANT ADJUTANT-GENERAL,

Presidio, Cal.

6. REPORT OF MAJ. GEN. 0. 0. HOWARD.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF WEST POINT, UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY, West Point, N. Y., October 12, 1881. SIR: I have the honor to submit my first annual report of the Military Academy:

LAW AND ORDERS; HOW COMPLIED WITH.

General Orders No. 84, dated December 18, 1880, from your headquar ters, paragraph I, read as follows: "Brig. Gen. O. Ó. Howard is assigned

to the command of the Department of West Point, and to do duty as superintendent of the United States Military Academy, according to his brevet of major-general, and will relieve Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield."

In compliance with the above instructions, I turned over the command of the Department of the Columbia to the next officer in rank, and proceeded to West Point, arriving the 20th of January, 1881. The next day I assumed formal command of this department, and entered at once upon the duties of superintendent of the academy.

Having been stationed here before, as an instructor, I was already comparatively well acquainted with the systems of instruction, govern ment, and discipline which have long prevailed at this post and institution. The law of Congress (see Revised Statutes, section 1314) which declares that the superintendent, as well as all other officers on duty at the academy, may be detailed from any arm of the service has caused scarcely any modifications in the rules and practices differing from those which prevailed before.

In General Orders No. 15, series of 1877, I find the following:

PAR. I. The Military Academy and the post of West Point shall constitute a separate military department, the commander of which shall report directly to the General-in-Chief of the Army. The General-in-Chief, under the War Department, shall have supervision and charge of the academy. He will watch over its administration and discipline and the instruction of the corps of cadets, and will make reports thereof to the Secretary of War.

The effect of the law was, first, to open the largest possible field of selection to the President, instead of confining it to any staff corps of the Army; and, by the orders last quoted, the effect has been virtually to advance a post to the importance of a military department. In this way the field of selection of superintendent embraces the general officers as well as those of lower grade. There has been necessarily some increase of reports to be made, and a slight increase of clerical labor. Again, a captain and regular quartermaster has replaced the former detailed lieutenant. Every change made, in fact, has rendered the general administration here more consonant with the usual administration of a department and of army posts.

Three good objects, under present arrangement, appear to be gained, with very little, if any, additional cost: First, the authority of the cammanding officer to order general courts for the trial of all enlisted men as well as cadets; second, to enable all concerned, officers and cadets, to be constantly familiar with practical Army methods of administration and government; and, third, to keep up the interest of the General-inChief and of all other officers of the Army in the management and welfare of the academy.

ACTING ASSISTANT ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE.

Though the limits of the department and the post are identical, the business is now so arranged as to prevent a duplication of records and accounts. For the sake of economy I have, as did my predecessors, dispensed with the services of an adjutant-general, having my senior aidde-camp do the duty. This officer supervises the correspondence of an official kind, which now comes to us from the outside, and in the last decade has, for some evident reasons, grown to very large proportions. The present average will give about 2,000 communications a year. also makes the post returns, receives the reports from the police, the detachments, engineer company, and general guards, and issues such

He

orders as may be required which pertain to officers, soldiers, citizens living in the department, with reference to furloughs, leaves of absence, means of transit, visitors, excursionists who come and go, and such like operations.

ADJUTANT'S OFFICE.

The adjutant of the academy is, ex officio, the secretary of the academic board, and is also recruiting officer, commanding officer of the band and field music and of the general service detachment. In addition, he is charged with carrying out in detail all the direct correspondence with the heads of the various departments of instruction and with the corps of cadets; he prepares the academic reports that require transmission to Washington, and sees that the punishment and demerit rolls are kept with accuracy, submitting them daily to the superintendent. He must also attend to the proper working of the academy printing office, the preparation of the staff records, the keeping up of the official correspondence with parents or guardians of cadets, and must also reply to the daily requests for information made by members of Congress, schools, and colleges, and would-be candidates for admission.

I have been thus particular with reference to these two offices so as to make a brief exhibit of the labor performed.

I have been asked by members of the board of visitors if there was any advantage in a department. My answer was that I thought the departmental functions were of advantage to the academy. I still think The same duties can be done by a post organization, or even by a simpler academy organization. In fact, the academy, like the staff of the Army, could be reorganized. Yet, in the end, I do not think it would be bettered.

so.

DISCIPLINE AND MANAGEMENT.

The academic board consists of the nine professors, the commandant of cadets, the chief instructors of ordnance and gunnery and practical military engineering, and the superintendent, who is, ex officio, president of the board. This makes up a membership of thirteen. Every interest of the academy is carefully weighed by this body of able men. In my judgment, it is the most powerful agent at work here. It is my earnest desire while superintendent to work in harmony with the board as at present constituted. This will give unity and strength to all official action.

Since my arrival a few changes have been made in the regulations. For example:

Paragraph 30, Regulations for the United States Military Academy of 1877, is revoked and the following substituted therefor:

"PAR. 30. This course will comprise topography and plotting of surveys with leadpencil, pen and ink, and colors; problems in descriptive geometry, shades and shadows, and perspective; practical surveying in the field; free-hand drawing and landscape in black and white; constructive and architectural drawing in ink and colors. Lectures by the head of the department will accompany instruction, covering the subjects of: General rules for rectlinear and map drawing, scales, lettering, &c.; topography, different systems and methods of terrene drawing, &c.; methods of projection of meridians and parallels; plotting from field-work; field-sketching; general principles of triangulation, plotting, and filling in; free-hand drawing, light and shade, methods and material; theory of color; quality and character of pigments; methods of coloring and tinting in water-color; the orders of architecture; fundamental architectural forms and general proportions; drawing of plans."

Paragraph 72, Regulations for the United States Military Academy of 1877, is revoked and the following substituted therefor:

"PAR. 72. If any cadet shall have a total number of demerits thus recorded exceed

ing one hundred and twenty-five (125) for the time between June first and December thirty-first, both dates inclusive, or exceeding ninety (90) for the time between January first and May thirty-first, both dates inclusive (no credits being allowed other than those belonging to the time considered), he shall be reported to the academic board by the superintendent deficient in discipline; and the board shall consider and act upon such a deficiency as in cases of deficiency in studies."—(G. O. No. 22, A. G. O., February 19, 1881.)

Paragraph 75, Regulations for the United States Military Academy of 1877, is revoked and the following substituted therefor:

"PAR. 75. Every cadet of the first class who shall have been found proficient in all the studies and exercises of the entire academic course prescribed, including discipline, and whose character as shown by his conduct as a cadet shall be deemed satisfactory, shall receive a diploma signed by the members of the academic board, and shall thereupon become a graduate of the Military Academy.

"The names of the graduates shall be presented to the War Department, with the recommendation of the academic board for commission in the several corps of the Army, according to the duties each may be judged competent to perform.

"If the academic board doubt the physical ability of a graduate for military service, his case shall be referred to a board composed of the superintendent, the commandant of cadets, and the medical officers provided in paragraph 19, as prescribed in the last paragraph of this article."-(G. O. No. 22, A. G. O., February 19, 1881.)

The recommendation of the academic board that paragraph 129, Regulations of the United States Military Academy of 1877, be expunged, and that the following be substituted for it: "The use of tobacco in any form by cadets is prohibited," has been approved by the Secretary of War.—(G. O. No. 6, June 11, 1881, Headquarters United States Military Academy.)

These changes were recommended by the academic board after careful consideration, and I believe will prove decidedly beneficial to the academy.

I have myself made some modifications of existing orders, such as abolishing the cadet "all-night guard" in the barracks, relieving academic officers from company duty with the cadets, the confining of sergeantcies to the second class and corporalcies to the third class, the cutting down of Sunday permits recently given cadets to go beyond the limits, and a few others of relatively small importance. In each instance my purpose has been not to make changes, but to recall some already made which our experience has proved beyond question to be injurious to the cadets. My earnest judgment is in favor of a thorough discipline, but not of a martinetism which overloads the young men with espionage and punishments too numerous and too heavy to be borne. Of course, the cheerful, hearty performance of duty in the main effected by doing right because it is right is the best. The tendency here, with a view of keeping abreast of other institutions of learning, is naturally in the course of time to multiply the text-books and lengthen the lessons. The tendency in discipline is ever to multiply the reports of delinquency and to enforce the reporting by an almost inflexible system of action. The relief to these things, so far as the studies are concerned, is found in the conservative wisdom of the academic board, and in the discipline the burdens are relieved by the watchful kindness of the tactical and other executive officers. Thus believing, I have endeavored to diminish the number of reports, all possible, consistent with good order and good training, and to use all the influence in my power in favor of a kindly and paternal execution of our rules and regulations. The results are good. I have thus far met only good will. There was no hazing during the last summer encampment. Cadets generally appear contented and are very industrious. In order to facilitate the official intercourse between the cadets and the superintendent without interfering with the essential order of business, one hour every day, except Sundays, is now given to the cadet, if he so desires, to visit the superintendent. Further, he can easily obtain permission from the officer in charge to do so at any other time if necessity appears to him to warrant it.