were no longer the same, and Normandy, which John was so ready to resign before it was in his possession, was now too desirable to be yielded to the demands of another. One method of securing it in the Plantagenet family yet remained, and this was effected by the union of Blanche of Castile, a near relation of John's, to Louis the Dauphin, the son of King Philip. In 1202 a new cause of difference arose between the French and English Sovereigns, in John's supposed murder of Arthur, Duke of Bretagne; which was succeeded by that series of wars and truces between them, of which the story has been already recited, wherein Philip was generally victorious by land, although the English were in a great measure successful by sea. A peace for five years was at length concluded, but during this period, Prince Louis was invited to join the English Barons; which deceit, whilst Philip affected to discountenance, he secretly encouraged and supported. When the five years had expired, a renewal of hostilities took place with King Henry III.; this was succeeded by another truce, and shortly after, in 1223, Philip died, whilst his son Louis was engaged in a Crusade.

It is usual to assign to this Monarch, the great virtues and honour which were so conspicuous in the reign of Augustus Cæsar; but if nationality be allowed for, Montfaucon has given as fair and moderate a character of the Prince as can now be drawn, with which this sketch of his life may well be concluded. "Philip," says he," was one of the greatest Kings which France has had; wise, deliberate, of brave deportment, and enterprising. He expelled the English from Normandy, Anjou, Maine, and the greater part of Acquitaine, and by so doing extended the boundaries of his kingdom. But fortune had a material part in these conquests; for if Richard the Lion-hearted, had not died young, there seems much fear that, through the violence of so powerful an adversary, some of his undertakings would have failed. Historians accuse him of having been oppressive to his people. He reigned forty-four years, beginning at the time when he was declared King by his father."

BUT little is now known concerning this once celebrated religious ambassador; and, indeed, the lives of the ecclesiastics of his period, present scarcely any thing beside the monotonous acts of conventual seclusion, or the more inconsistent histories of clerical ambition. But although Pandulph certainly partook of these general characters of his age, yet he was at the same time well qualified, both by his natural and acquired abilities, to fill the most important political offices with honour to his own country. From those authors who have had occasion to mention the Cardinal, such as Ciaconius, Vossius, Auberi, Moreri, and Blomefield, the following brief notices have been collected.

Pandulphus, or Pandulfo, surnamed Di Masca, was a native of Pisa, and was created Cardinal-Priest in the year 1182 by Pope Luke III., by the title of Cardinal of the Twelve Holy Apostles. It would appear that he was considerably employed as a Legate; for in 1196 he was sent to Genoa by Celestine III., to compose the differences between the Pisans and the Genoese: in 1198 he was sent by Innocent III., in conjunction with another Cardinal, to Tuscia, to annul the league made by the Tuscan cities without the Pope's consent: and in 1207 he was sent by the same Pontiff with one Durand, a Knight-Templar, as Nuncio into England; and whilst in this country he received the Bishopric of Norwich. After Pandulph was elected to that See, he preferred so many Italians to benefices in his own Diocess, and was otherwise so arbitrary in his proceedings, that Archbishop Langton at last appealed to the Pope concerning him, and inhibited his institution of priests in the Province of Canterbury. It is farther related of him that he died in Italy on September 16th, 1226, and that his body

a Vide a Copy of the Instructions, given to these Ambassadors, in Rymer's Fœdera, new edition, Volume I., Part i., page 109.

was brought to England, and buried in Norwich Cathedral, although the particular spot is now unknown. He died rich, and is said to have been covetous; but he was, nevertheless, a benefactor to his Monks, and deposited in that Church several reliques which he had brought with him from Italy. With respect to his literature, it is supposed that he was employed upon a History of the Popes of Rome.

V. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF

HUBERT DE BURGH, THIRD EARL OF KENT. THIS Baron, whose name has been frequently referred to in the preceding pages, was descended from a brother of William Fitz-Adelme, Steward to King Henry II., and Governor of the City of Wexford in Ireland; and the earliest notice of him relates, that he was employed in the service of King Richard I., although the office which he held under that Monarch is now wholly unknown. In the the first year of the succeeding reign, whilst John was strengthening his interests at Rouen, De Burgh was sent on an embassy to Portugal to demand of King Sancho one of his daughters in marriage to the English Sovereign. John appears always to have entertained a high sense of Hubert's value; for having constituted him Chamberlain of his Household, about the year 1201 he placed him in the important office of Warden of the Welch Marches, with 100 soldiers under his command to support his authority in the Western provinces. In the same year the King also made him Sheriff of Cornwall, Governor of Landstaneton and Dover Castles, and commanded him to fortify that of Dunster, in the County of Somerset. He was likewise Sheriff of Dorset, Somerset, and Herefordshire, from 1201 to 1205; for Berkshire, for half of the King's fourth year 1203 to 1205; and for Lincolnshire for the fourth part of his tenth year, 1209, to the end of 1214, his fifteenth. Although the honours which Hubert de Burgh derived from King John, were of a nature that benefitted his Sovereign and his country rather

than himself, yet upon an assessment of Scutage in the kingdom of Scotland, he became responsible for fourteen Knights fees and a fourth part of the ancient feoffment, in his own right, for the Honour of Wirmegay; beside a fourth part more of the new feoffment, belonging to him by marriage with the relict of Dodo Bardolf, and two others brought to him by his second wife, daughter and heir of William de Norwich. In 1215 he was made Steward of Poictiers, and in the same year was constituted one of the King's Commissioners at the assembly of Runnemede; indeed John held Hubert's services in such great esteem, that after that event he raised him to the situation of Chief Justiciary of England, the same day on which Magna Charta was concluded, in presence of the Earls Warren, Ferrers, and many others of the nobility. On June 25th, De Burgh was made Sheriff of Kent and Surrey, and Governor of Canterbury Castle; within five days after Constable of Dover Castle; and on July 19th, Sheriff of Hereford, and Castellan of the fortresses of Norwich and Oxford. He was also entrusted with the custody of the Honour of Reyleigh on August 13th, and in October he had a grant of the Lordship and Hundred of Hoo in Kent, formerly belonging to Hugh Bardolf; and on November 19th, he was appointed one of the King's Commissioners to treat with Richard, fourth Earl of Clare, and the Barons at Erith Church, upon a peace to be concluded between the King and themselves. In the Baronial Civil Wars, De Burgh was wholly devoted to the King's cause, and when Louis the Dauphin of France attacked Dover Castle, of which he was Governor, with a few servants and about 140 soldiers, Hubert not only maintained that fortress for his forsaken master, but obliged Louis to retreat with considerable loss.

These were the actions and important services he rendered to his Sovereign, and in the succeeding reign, the honest integrity of his character was not less conspicuous. After Henry III. had ascended the throne of England, the Castle of Dover was still beseiged by Louis; who then urged its surrender to Hubert, alledging that King John being deceased, he was no longer bound by any ties to

defend it in his cause; at the same time adding, that he would reward him with great honours, and advance him to be chief of his council. De Burgh, however, replied, that although the King his master was no more, yet he had left issue to succeed him; though when he had related the Dauphin's proposal to his fellow-soldiers he would speak farther with him. All attempts to shake De Burgh's loyalty were in vain; the siege of Dover was raised, and the Barons and Louis returned to London, to pursue their purposes in parts more attached to their interests.

Though no victory was gained by this honest conduct, yet a material damage was effected to the opposing party; Dover Castle was an important post to aid the designs of Louis, and the sequel proved that by leaving it in the possession of the enemy, a considerable shock was given to their cause. A short time after the Dauphin and the Baronial army had returned to London, Lord Eustace de Moyne, with ten other French peers, came with a large fleet to the assistance of Louis; De Burgh with a trifling armament of eight ships put to sea, and, encountering the expedition, made their chief prisoner and then beheaded him. The minority of Henry III. had hitherto been under the prudent care and government of William Marshall, Earl of Pembroke; in the year 1219, however, that excellent Baron died, and Hubert de Burgh was appointed to succeed him in the execution of this important charge: in 1220, he was united at York, to Margaret, sister of Alexander II., King of Scotland; which ceremony took place in presence of the English and Scottish Sovereigns. In the same year he suppressed a great and dangerous insurrection in London, begun by one Constantine, a principal person in the City; and in 1223-24, the 8th of Henry III., he was made Governor of Arundel and Rochester Castles.

Trusted and trustworthy as De Burgh had proved, it is not surprising that the other Barons of England should display much discontent at his increasing power in the state, but it should at the same time be observed, that as Hubert was well acquainted with his own importance in Britain, he might have assumed, especially after having entered