been made in the statutes of the University, with
a view to the extension and improvement of that
Institution. Under the new regulations, which
come into operation from Michaelmas, the period of
residence will be extended to eight months in the
year, instead of six as heretofore, and students in
Arts, on passing the requisite examinations, will be
admissible to the degree of Bachelor of Arts after a
residence of two years. In the School of Physical
Sciences which has now been established, lectures
will be provided in Chemistry, Geology, Civil En-
gineering, and other kindred subjects.
new examinations and scholarships have been pro-
vided, which, as well as those previously existing,
will be disposed of by competitive examination.
No religious test or subscription will be required on
matriculation, nor for degrees, exhibitions, scholar-
ships, or fellowships.

SCHOOL INTELLIGENCE'

Various

SCHOLASTIC REGISTRATION.-The General Committee has printed and distributed the accompanying documents:

'Committee Room,

42 Queen Square, London, W.C.,
August 22. 1865.

SIR, The General Committee thinks it advisable to issue a somewhat detailed explanation of the proposed Scholastic Registration Bill, and I am therefore requested to invite your attention to the subjoined outline of the principal provisions, and to ask you to favour the Committee with any suggestions which it may occur to you to offer.

The measure, as below described, so far from injuriously affecting any one engaged in teaching at the time of its passing, would promote the interests of the whole profession, by giving it a legally recognised status; its gradual operation, by deterring unqualified persons from engaging in the business of teaching, would raise the general standard of scholastic qualifications, and thus powerfully promote the improvement of education; the public would be enabled to distinguish qualified from unqualified schoolmasters; and in this way an evil, which is admitted to be one of the worst now prevailing in our country, would be gradually but effectually remedied. It has been ascertained that there is an almost entire unanimity among teachers in favour of the principle of registration. Thus, on perusing the replies which have been received to some thousands of circulars distributed among all classes of the profession, we find that upwards of 92 per cent. of the writers are favourable, and less than 2 per cent. unfavourable; the rest being undecided.

A circular, dated February 9. 1863, issued by 'The Educational Institute of Scotland,' states that, at a meeting of a sub-committee appointed to consider a circular letter issued by the College of Preceptors, it

was resolved 'to recommend to the General Committee of Management, that the Educational Institute should strenuously co-operate with the College in endeavouring to secure for the teaching profession advantages similar to those which the members of the medical profession derive from its Registration Act.' The committee approve of the formation of a general committee in England, aud of a branch committee in Scotland, for the purpose of bringing the proposed measure before the public, the government, and the legislature.

At the conference of 'The General Associated

Body of Church Schoolmasters,' held at Oxford on the 30th and 31st December 1862, it was resolved, That, in the opinion of this meeting, it is desirable that application should be made to Parliament for a School Teachers' Registration Act, analogous to the Medical Registration Act of 1858.'

"The Scottish Central Association of Schoolmasters,' at their general meeting at Falkirk on the 11th of April 1863, adopted a series of resolutions in favour of the scheme, the first of which is as follows:-That this Association, convinced that s Scholastic Registration Act, analogous in its provisions to the Medical Registration Act of 1858, would be productive of great advantages to the profession, as well as to the public, cordially approve of the recently originated movement with the view of attaining this desirable object, and resolve to ∞ operate by all available means with the College of Preceptors and other educational societies, in securing for such a measure the general concurrence of teachers, and the assent of government and the legislature.'

Several other associations have also expressed their approbation of the principle of registration. A public meeting was held at the rooms of the Society of Arts, on the 5th of January 1865, when resolutions affirming the principle of a Scholastic Registration Act were carried unanimously; and four gentlemen were appointed to represent the views of the meeting before the Schools Inquiry Commission.

The general committee has unanimously resolved, after careful and long deliberation, to withdraw the clause which would prevent an unregistered person from recovering fees in a court of law, and to suggest that any penal enactment be confined to the assumption by any unregistered teacher of such a title as would signify that he had been registered.Signed on behalf of the General Committee,BARROW RULE, Hon. Sec., Aldershot.

Provisions.-[N.B.-The clauses to which an asterisk is prefixed are almost verbally identical with those of the Medical Registration Act.]

I. The General Scholastic Council shall consist of representatives of the following bodies:(1.) The several universities of Great Britain and Ireland.

(2.) All chartered bodies empowered to grant

(3.) The central governing bodies of training institutions recognised by the committee of council | privy council. on education, or by the commissioners of national education in Ireland.

(4.) Persons nominated by Her Majesty with the advice of the privy council, for England, Scotland, and Ireland, respectively.

(5.) A President, to be elected by the general upon further representation from the general council, council from among its own members. or otherwise, to revoke any such order.

XI. *If any registered person shall be convicted of any felony, misdemeanour, crime, or offence, or shall after due inquiry, be judged by the general council to have been guilty of infamous conduct in any professional respect, the general council may erase the name of such person from the register.

XII. *If any person shall wilfully procure, or attempt to procure, registration by any false repre(2.) Diplomas and certificates granted by the sentation, he shall be punishable by fine or imprisonchartered bodies referred to in clause 1. ment, and shall, on conviction, be imprisoned for any (3.) Certificates granted by the committee of term not exceeding twelve months. council on education.

SCOTLAND.

TRAINING COLLEGES.-These institutions in Scotland seem to be still feeling the severity of the pressure of the Revised Code. The Established Church ones have made a still greater reduction on the number of their scholarships. The rates are now £16 for males, and £11 for females. The Free Church ones have still the same rates and numbers for both classes.

EVASIONS OF PRIVY COUNCIL RULES.-In the report of the evidence of the Scottish Education Commissioners, it will be found that various questions are asked as to whether the rules of the Committee of Council have been fairly carried out by school managers. We commend to the notice of the Commissioners the following case in point:-A teacher received the offer of an appointment to a vacant situation on the condition that, while he received as part of his income the sum of £10 from the managers, he should pay them back an equal amount “for feu-duty and other expenses." This of course would go to figure as £20 in the Government returns! To his honour the teacher declined the offer on such terms, but it is very much to be feared that others may be found not so courageous, nor so honourable.

APPOINTMENTS.

The Rev. William Ager, M A., of St John's Colledge, Cambridge, late curate of Baringham, Bury St Edmunds, has been appointed to the head-mastership of Kimbolton Grammar School.

The Rev. C. R. Alford, M.A., of Trinity College, Cambridge, late Principal of the Church of England College at Highbury, now closed, has accepted the incumbency of Holy Trinity Church, Islington, N., rendered vacant by the death of the Rev. F. R. Kite, M.A.

It is understood that the Rev. William Webster, Mathematical Master at Christ's Hospital, and reader at St James's, Garlick-hill, Upper Thames Street, will be presented by the Governors of Christ's Hospital to the valuable living of Colne-Engaine, Essex, just vacant by the death of the venerable Dr Greenwood, formerly head master of the school, and in their gift. The benefice is worth £800 a year. Mr Webster has been connected with Christ's Hospital for between thirty and forty years.

The Rev. William Allen Whitworth, M.A., late scholar of St John's College, Cambridge, has been appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Queen's College, Liverpool. Mr Whitworth is one of the editors of the Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin Messenger of Mathematics.

Education Abroad.

will give us other such men, and perpetuate among us an intellectual aristocracy; but we are adding to these another set of schools adapted to the masses, and by so doing we fill up a blank in our social organisation.

FRANCE. Scholastic Review.-On Monday, 7th | Bossuets, Racines, and Condés, in the hope that they August, the prizes in the annual competition among the pupils of the Paris and Versailles Lyceums and Colleges were distributed in the grand hall of the Sorbonne, under the presidency of M. Duruy, Minister of Public Instruction. His speech began with a review of scholastic progress in France throughout the year, of which the substance is subjoined :—

"A bill has been brought in by Government for the purpose of improving the condition of schoolmistresses and assistant masters, of multiplying girls' schools, and of enabling parishes to offer elementary instruction gratuitously.

"Another bill, of which the object is to establish schools intermediate between the primary school on the one hand, and the lyceum or classical school on the other, has had the rare good fortune of meeting with the unanimous approval of the legislative body. These schools will furnish the special instruction required in these days when science is continually modifying the processes of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce; a kind of instruction which, instead of being everywhere the same, like the primary and the classical, will vary in correspondence with the want of each particular district. We mean carefully to preserve the classical schools that trained our

"The acts of the legislature during the past year have been nobly seconded by individual efforts. No fewer than 800 adult classes have been taught gratuitously, the attendance amounting to 187,000. Of these, 15,911 learned to read in the course of four months; 23,080 to write; 40,480 to cypher; and 38,839 learned spelling, drawing, singing, or some other one of the optional subjects. Most of the others extended, or by revision confirmed what knowledge they already possessed; and of the whole 187,000, only 6675 remained completely without school lore. Gentlemen, we must have two or three times as many of these adult classes next year, and have them we shall; for logic governs men to a greater degree than is supposed; and the people are now bent upon rising morally, because the constitution has raised them politically."

Political Education.-M. Duruy then treated of political education in the following terms:-"Formerly the state interfered with everything;

now it

lets alone the questions which individuals and local teaching go on together. A number keep a publicassociations are competent to settle. The competi-house, and then the same room serves as wine-shop, tion of free trade obliges us to be active and skilful; industry discusses its interests, as science and art discuss their problems; and difficulties, out of which a score of emeutes would once have arisen, are now peaceably surmounted, because parties are allowed freely to consult and provide for their several interests without the intervention of the state, against which each man used to direct the expression of his disappointment, his distrust, and his displeasure. In this way a multitude of questions are removed from the sphere of politics to that of economic science, whose lessons must be accepted by all.

"The suffrage, too, is free; and nine millions of electors, after due consideration of their interests, have freely obeyed their several predilections.

school, and kitchen. But the great majority are beadles, bell-ringers, and gravediggers; and in these cases every marriage and every burial stops the school for the time. A school-house is quite exceptional, and the local authorities are often themselves so illiterate as not to see the use of a school at all. Thus the town council of Cognac passed a resolution to the effect that there was no occasion for establishing a school there; that it would be useless; though there were in the parish 128 children of the school age."

GERMANY.-Bopp Jubilee.-On the 16th May 1866, fifty years will have elapsed since the publication of that work of Francis Bopp's, which proved to be the This liberal policy, which calls the citizens to birth into the learned world of the new science called act under the sense of responsibility, is itself a great Comparative Philology." M. Bopp still lives, and system of education; but it imposes grave duties Germany invites the civilized world to aid her in upon us, whose business it is to prepare men for carry-honouring him by celebrating the jubilee of his work. ing the precious burden of freedom. Soon after our It is proposed to found a Bopp scholarship for the pupils leave us, they will be told of their rights; let encouragement of researches in comparative philous speak to them of their duties. Whilst encourag-logy, after the pattern of the Savigny and Winckeling the spirit of inquiry, which is the life of science, we must also strengthen in each heart the sentiment of reverence, the love of the good and the beautiful, and the resolution to keep both mind and body under worthy control.”

A Challenge to the World.-One extract more from M. Duruy's eloquent speech :-" In eighteen months you will see the nations assembled here to contend for a peaceful reward. In that competition you will have a place. When France is shewing what she can produce in manufactures and in art, the University may not stand idly by, but must shew to the world what she can produce in the department of public instruction. I give warning, then, whoever may be the prizemen in 1867, that their papers shall be sent to the committee of the Great Exhibition. If Germany, England, Italy, and the other powers, choose to do the same under like conditions, it will be seen which of us is achieving most. According to the saying of that Gaul in Livy, who challenged to combat the bravest of the Roman army, Ostendat eventus quae gens. . . . sit melior."

State of Elementary Education prior to M. Guizot's School-Bill of 1833.-M. Guizot's bill was preceded by a report on the state of elementary education throughout France, to which 490 inquirers contributed the necessary data. The worst, and now almost incredible, facts then reported are the following:"The want of schools is the least evil; the igno. rance of the teachers is amazing. Some of them can neither read nor write. In the department of the Lower Loire, three at most out of twenty know a little spelling. One was found who had come from the hulks. As the school often does not support the teacher, many are also farm labourers, or shoemakers; and in this latter case, the shoemaking and the

mann scholarships, for the encouragement respectively of legal and antiquarianr esearches. A committee has been formed for the purpose of carrying out these views, consisting of MM. Boeckh, Lepsius, Weber, Kuhn, and the most distinguished professors in Berlin University.

Gymnastics on Paper and in Fact. -The gymnastic movement has certainly penetrated farther in Germany than in any other country; but to suppose that gymnastics are actually taught in the schools as prescribed in the government plans, would be a great

mistake.

So long ago as 1842, gymnastic exercises were prescribed for all Prussian schools; but in this year of 1865, the want of suitable rooms and apparatus, and of efficient teachers in the elementary schools, is still a subject of complaint; yea, in many of these schools no gymnastic exercises at all are carried on, and, though they have been introduced into all the higher schools, so little time is allowed for them there,-two hours, and in some cases only one hour a week, that the result is not satisfactory.

In the kingdom of Saxony, government insists on having gymnastics taught in the elementary schools alone; and to attain this end, it established in 1863 a supplementary course of gymnastics, by attending which the regular teachers might qualify themselves for giving the required instruction. As yet, only 39 teachers have taken this supplementary course, and passed the prescribed tests of efficiency.

Hanover is behind most German States in the matter of gymnastics; and in Bavaria, military drill is being introduced into schools in preference to gymnastics proper, the apparatus required for which is not only costly, but makes a demand for space and shelter which can seldom be conveniently met. Be

sides, according to the experience of many schools in the larger towns of Wurtemberg, Baden, and Switzerland, military drill proves to be the very best means of correcting those defects in carriage which boys are apt to contract by sitting long and in awkward positions on a bench or at a desk.

PRUSSIA.-Realschulen. - The earliest of these schools was that founded at Brunswick in 1745 by the Abbé Jérusalem. A few others arose between years 1816 and 1818; but the year 1830 is the era of their establishment throughout Germany.

religion, German, writing, arithmetic, geography, physics, natural history, drawing, gymnastics, and singing.

AUSTRIA.-Primary instruction irregularly distributed. Though attendance at school is obligatory by law, and almost gratuitous, it exhibits the followthe school age, ing enormous variations: Of boys who have attained

Gallicia
Hungary
Silesia
Bohemia
Moravia
Tyrol

Realschulen were established in the belief that the study of science and of the modern languages is not less capable of awakening thought, and of forming intelligent men and useful citizens, than is the study of Latin and Greek. Accordingly, the ancient languages were excluded from the original programme of the Realschulen, but success beyond expectation tempted these schools to compete with the gymnasien or classical schools; Latin accordingly began to be reintroduced, and since 1860 it has been an obliga-instruction. tory branch in all the Realschulen of Prussia.

A fully equipped Realschule consists of six classes, the course in the three lower ones being of a single year, and in the three upper ones of two years, so that nine years are required for the whole curriculum. For the benefit, however, of those who cannot spend so many years in study, the lessons are so arranged that in five years' time a sufficient preparation can be had for industrial and commercial pursuits; but the great majority remain nine years because of the solid advantages attached to the diploma for which those only may compete who have taken the whole curriculum. The competition, partly oral and partly written, extends over the following subjects, Religion, German, Latin, French, English, history, geography, physics, chemistry, mathematics, and drawing; more particularly, the written tests are, (1.) An original composition on a given subject in German, French, and English, with the aid of dictionaries, but without that of grammars. 2. A translation, without the aid of dictionary or grammar, from English into French, or from French into English. 3. One theoretical question on equations of the second degree; questions in solid geometry and conic sections; one problem in analytical geometry; one in plane or spherical trigonometry; one in mixed mathematics; one on optics, heat, or light; and one in chemistry.

Bürgerschulen.-Preparatory to the Realschule, and intermediate between it and the Volkschule or strictly primary school, is the Bürgerschule, which may be translated burgess or citizen school. Children enter it at the age of ten, and continue attending it till they are deemed fit for the Realschule, or till the age of fourteen or fifteen, excepting those—and they are not few-who, because of poverty or marked proficiency, are allowed to leave sooner, generally between twelve and thirteen. The subjects taught here are

The interpretation of this last and apparently ab surd per-centage is, that in Tyrol some children are sent to school even before the age of obligatory attendance. The deficiency of school attendance in Gallicia and Hungary is of course due to the antipathy of the Poles and Hungarians to the Austrian government, even when offering the gift of elementary

Maria Theresa's Academy.-This institution, which may be briefly described as a training college for the higher classes of government functionaries, was founded in 1746 by the Empress Maria Theresa, and managed for a while by Jesuits. Closed by Joseph II., and reopened by the Emperor Francis, it was managed by the piarist fathers till 1849, when laymen were substituted for these fathers, and the Academy itself, previously accessible only to nobles, was opened to all classes.

The limits of the age for admission are eight and fourteen; and the complete curriculum is of thirteen make up the academy as follows:years, divided among the different schools, which Preparatory School Gymnasium

School of Law

1

8

4-13

In the case of pupils imperfectly grounded, attendance at the preparatory school is prolonged through a second, and if necessary, even a third year. The ordinary course of study comprises religion, Latin, Greek, German, history and geography, mathematics and philosophy. The extraordinary subjects are the Bohemian, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, French, Italian, and English languages; short-hand, drawing, dancing, gymnastics, fencing, swimming horsemanship, caligraphy, and singing. The academy has a splendid library, large collections of natural history specimens, and of the mineral and manufacturing produce of different countries; a fine botanic garden, including a nursery of forest trees, a chemical laboratory, &c. Connected with the academy are no fewer than 174 bursaries, the annual cost to pupils who pay being sixty guineas.

RUSSIA.-Female Medical Student.-By the academic regulations of 1863, women are expressly excluded from the university classes; but notwithstand