other vessel, or any car, stage-coach, vehicle, or other conveyance, not actually used in carrying the mail, the words "United States Mail," or any words, letters, or characters of like import; or to give notice, by publishing in any newspaper or otherwise, that any steamboat or other vessel, or any car, stage-coach, vehicle, or other conveyance, is used in carrying the mail, when the same is not actually so used; and every person who shall violate, and every owner, receiver, lessee, or managing operator thereof, who shall cause, suffer, or permit the violation of any provision of this section, shall be liable, and shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than two years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1124.]

See R. S. sec. 3979, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 904. R. S. sec. 3979 punishes the person who paints upon or attaches to any car or boat the words "United States Mail," when the same is not engaged in carrying the mail. But this sec

tion does not reach the person who directs or causes it to be done. For this reason the section has been broadened so that it will reach those in authority and responsible for the unlawful use of such words.

SEC. 189. [Injuring mail bags, etc.] Whoever shall tear, cut, or otherwise injure any mail bag, pouch, or other thing used or designed for use in the conveyance of the mail, or shall draw or break any staple or loosen any part of any lock, chain, or strap attached thereto, with intent to rob or steal any such mail, or to render the same insecure, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1124.]

See R. S. sec. 5476, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 972.

SEC. 190. [Stealing post-office property.] Whoever shall steal, purloin, or embezzle any mail bag or other property in use by or belonging to the PostOffice Department, or shall appropriate any such property to his own or any other than its proper use, or shall convey away any such property to the hindrance or detriment of the public service, shall be fined not more than two hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1124.]

See R. S. sec. 5475, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 971. The change in this section consists in the omission of the words "for any lucre, gain or convenience," wherever they occur, so that the

mere stealing, embezzling, or purloining shall constitute an offense, irrespective of the intent with which the property is taken.

SEC. 191. [Stealing or forging mail locks or keys.] Whoever shall steal, purloin, embezzle, or obtain by any false pretense, or shall aid or assist in stealing, purloining, embezzling, or obtaining by any false pretense, any key suited to any lock adopted by the Post-Office Department and in use on any of the mails or bags thereof, or any key to any lock box, lock drawer, or other authorized receptacle for the deposit or delivery of mail matter; or whoever shall knowingly and unlawfully make, forge, or counterfeit, or cause to be unlaw fully made, forged, or counterfeited, any such key, or shall have in his possession any such mail lock or key with the intent unlawfully or improperly to use, sell, or otherwise dispose of the same, or to cause the same to be unlawfully or improperly used, sold, or otherwise disposed of; or whoever, being engaged as a contractor or otherwise in the manufacture of any such mail lock or key, shall deliver or cause to be delivered, any finished or unfinished lock or key used or designed for use by the department, or the interior part of any such lock, to any person not duly authorized under the hand of the PostmasterGeneral and the seal of the Post-Office Department, to receive the same, unless the person receiving it is the contractor for furnishing the same or engaged in

the manufacture thereof in the manner authorized by the contract, or the agent of such manufacturer, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars and imprisoned not more than ten years. [35 Stat. L. 1125.]

See R. S. sec. 5477, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 972. This section is broadened by affording protection to all classes of receptacles for the

receipt or delivery of mail matter, and also by providing a fine as a part of the punishment in addition to imprisonment.

SEC. 192. [Breaking into and entering post office.] Whoever shall forcibly break into or attempt to break into any post-office, or any building used in whole or in part as a post-office, with intent to commit in such post-office, or building, or part thereof, so used, any larceny or other depredation, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars and imprisoned not more than five years. [35 Stat. L. 1125.]

See R. S. sec. 5478, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 972. This section has been reframed so as to express in precise language the true meaning of the section as construed by the courts.

SEC. 193. [Unlawfully entering postal car, etc.] Whoever, by violence, shall enter a post-office car, or any apartment in any car, steamboat, or vessel, assigned to the use of the Mail Service, or shall willfully or maliciously assault or interfere with any postal clerk in the discharge of his duties in connection with such car, steamboat, vessel, or apartment thereof, or shall willfully aid or assist therein, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1125.]

See the Act of March 3, 1903, ch. 1009, sec. 5, 10 Fed. Stat. Annot. 337. This section has been enlarged so as to protect postal clerks

employed on vessels; and the words " or both " have been added at the end of the section.

SEC. 194. [Stealing, secreting, embezzling, etc., mail matter or contents.] Whoever shall steal, take, or abstract, or by fraud or deception obtain, from or out of any mail, post-office, or station thereof, or other authorized depository for mail matter, or from a letter or mail carrier, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or shall abstract or remove from any such letter, package, bag, or mail, any article or thing contained therein, or shall secrete, embezzle, or destroy any such letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein; or whoever shall buy, receive, or conceal, or aid in buying, receiving, or concealing, or shall unlawfully have in his possession, any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail, or any article or thing contained therein, which has been so stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted, as herein described, knowing the same to have been so stolen, taken, embezzled, or abstracted; or whoever shall take any letter, postal card, or package, out of any post-office or station thereof, or out of any authorized depository for mail matter, or from any letter or mail carrier, or which has been in any post-office or station thereof, or other authorized depository, or in the custody of any letter or mail carrier, before it has been delivered to the person to whom it was directed, with a design to obstruct the correspondence, or to pry into the business or secrets of another, or shall open, secrete, embezzle, or destroy the same, shall be fined not more than two thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1125.]

See R. S. sec. 3892, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 838; R. S. sec. 5469, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 965; R. S. sec. 5470, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 968. The three Revised Statutes sections from which this section is derived enumerate the various articles or things the taking of which is made punish

able. This enumeration has been omitted and the section changed so as to punish the taking of anything from the mail by one not authorized to do so. The other changes are of minor importance.

SEC. 195. [Postmaster or employee of postal service detaining, destroying, or embezzling letter, etc.] Whoever, being a postmaster or other person employed in any department of the postal service, shall unlawfully detain, delay, or open any letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail intrusted to him or which shall come into his possession, and which was intended to be conveyed by mail, or carried or delivered by any carrier, messenger, agent, or other person employed in any department of the postal service, or forwarded through or delivered from any post-office or station thereof established by authority of the Postmaster-General; or shall secrete, embezzle, or destroy any such letter, postal card, package, bag, or mail; or shall steal, abstract, or remove from any such letter, package, bag, or mail, any article or thing contained therein, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than five years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1125.]

See R. S. secs. 3890, 3891, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 837; R. S. sec. 5467, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 959. This section punishes any person employed in the postal service for unlawfully

delaying or interfering with the mail, and omits the enumeration of the articles mentioned in the three Revised Statutes sections from which it is derived.

SEC. 196. [Postmaster, etc., detaining or destroying newspapers.] Whoever, being a postmaster or other person employed in any department of the postal service, shall improperly detain, delay, embezzle, or destroy any newspaper, or permit any other person to detain, delay, embezzle, or destroy the same, or open, or permit any other person to open, any mail or package of newspapers not directed to the office where he is employed; or whoever shall open, embezzle, or destroy any mail or package of newspapers not being directed to him, and he not being authorized to open or receive the same; or whoever shall take or steal any mail or package of newspapers from any post-office or from any person having custody thereof, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1126.] See R. S. sec. 5471, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 969. The punishment provided in this section is changed so as to apply to all persons, whether in or out of the postal service, and is

increased both as to fine and imprisonment, in view of the changes in the character of mail matter.

SEC. 197. [Assaulting mail carrier with intent to rob, and robbing mail.] Whoever shall assault any person having lawful charge, control, or custody of any mail matter, with intent to rob, steal, or purloin such mail matter or any part thereof, or shall rob any such person of such mail or any part thereof, shall, for a first offense, be imprisoned not more than ten years; and if in effecting or attempting to effect such robbery, he shall wound the person having custody of the mail, or put his life in jeopardy by the use of a dangerous weapon; or for a subsequent offense, shall be imprisoned twenty-five years. [35 Stat. L. 1126.]

See R. S. sec. 5472, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 969; R. S. sec. 5473, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 970. The Revised Statutes sections from which this section is derived provided life imprisonment for one of the offenses therein described, and

a minimum imprisonment of two years and five years respectively, with a maximum of ten years imprisonment, for other offenses therein described.

SEC. 198. [Injuring letter boxes or mail matter; assaulting carrier, etc.] Whoever shall willfully injure, tear down, or destroy any letter box, pillar box, lock box, lock drawer, or other receptacle established or approved by the Postmaster-General for the safe deposit of matter for the mail or for delivery, or any lock or similar device belonging or attached thereto, or any letter box or other receptacle designated or approved by the Postmaster-General for the

receipt or delivery of mail matter on any rural free-delivery route, stár route, or other mail route, or shall break open the same; or shall willfully injure, deface, or destroy any mail matter deposited in any letter box, pillar box, lock box, lock drawer, or other receptacle established or approved by the PostmasterGeneral for the safe deposit of matter for the mail or for delivery; or shall willfully take or steal such matter from or out of any such letter box, pillar box, lock box, lock drawer, or other receptacle, or shall willfully and maliciously assault any letter or mail carrier, knowing him to be such, while engaged on his route in the discharge of his duty as such carrier, or shall willfully aid or assist in any offense defined in this section, shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars, or imprisoned not more than three years, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1126.]

See R. S. sec. 3869, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 822; R. S. sec. 5466, 7 Fed. Stat. Annot. 105; Act of April 21, 1902, ch. 563, sec. 1, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 822; Act of March 3, 1903, ch. 1009,

sec. 3, 10 Fed. Stat. Annot. 333. This section has been broadened in its terms so as to protect all facilities now used in connection with the mail service.

SEC. 199. [Deserting the mail.] Whoever, having taken charge of any mail, shall voluntarily quit or desert the same before he has delivered it into the post-office at the termination of the route, or to some known mail carrier, messenger, agent, or other employee in the postal service authorized to receive the same, shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than one year, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1126.]

See R. S. sec. 5474, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 971. Aside from the omission of redundant matter, the only change in this section con

sists in providing that both fine and imprisonment may be imposed.

SEC. 200. [Delivery of letters by master of vessel.] The master or other person having charge or control of any steamboat or other vessel passing between ports or places in the United States, arriving at any such port or place where there is a post-office, shall deliver to the postmaster or at the post-office within three hours after his arrival, if in the daytime, and if at night, within two hours after the next sunrise, all letters and packages brought by him or within his power or control and not relating to the cargo, addressed to or destined for such port or place, for which he shall receive from the postmaster two cents for each letter or package so delivered, unless the same is carried under a contract for carrying the mail; and for every failure so to deliver such letters or packages, the master or other person having charge or control of such steamboat or other vessel, shall be fined not more than one hundred and fifty dollars. [35 Stat. L. 1126.]

See R. S. sec. 3977, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 904. The words "or other person having charge or control" have been inserted in this section,

together with other slight changes. Nothing material has been omitted.

SEC. 201. [Obstructing the mail.] Whoever shall knowingly and willfully obstruct or retard the passage of the mail, or any carriage, horse, driver, or carrier, or car, steamboat, or other conveyance or vessel carrying the same, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars, or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. [35 Stat. L. 1127.]

See R. S. sec. 3995, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 911. This section is broadened so as to punish the interference or retarding of the mail and of

any facility now used in transporting it, and by providing for imprisonment as a part of the punishment.

SEC. 202. [Ferryman delaying the mail.] Whoever, being a ferryman, shall delay the passage of the mail by willful neglect or refusal to transport

the same across any ferry, shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. [35 Stat. L. 1127.]

See R. S. sec. 3996, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 915. The punishment for a violation of this section has been changed from a penalty of fifty dol

lars to a fine of "not more than one hundred dollars."

SEC. 203. [Letters carried in a foreign vessel to be deposited in a post office.] All letters or other mailable matter conveyed to or from any part of the United States by any foreign vessel, except such sealed letters relating to such vessel or any part of the cargo thereof as may be directed to the owners or consignees of the vessel, shall be subject to postage charge, whether addressed to any person in the United States or elsewhere, provided they are conveyed by the packet or other ship of a foreign country imposing postage on letters or other mailable matter conveyed to or from such country by any vessel of the United States; and such letters or other mailable matter carried in foreign vessels, except such sealed letters relating to the vessel or any part of the cargo thereof as may be directed to the owners or consignees, shall be delivered into the United States post-office by the master or other person having charge or control of such vessel when arriving, and be taken from the United States postoffice when departing, and the postage justly chargeable by law paid thereon; and for refusing or failing to do so, or for conveying such letters or other mailable matter, or any letters or other mailable matter, intended to be conveyed in any vessel of such foreign country, over or across the United States, or any portion thereof, the party offending shall be fined not more than one thousand dollars. [35 Stat. L. 1127.]

See R. S. sec. 4016, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 932. This section has been changed so as to punish a person having charge or control of a vessel

for failing to comply with its provisions, and also makes clear the prohibition against the carrying of mailable matter other than letters.

SEC. 204. [Vessels to deliver letters at post office; oath.] No vessel arriving within a port or collection district of the United States shall be allowed to make entry or break bulk until all letters on board are delivered to the nearest post-office, and the master or other person having charge or control thereof has signed and sworn to the following declaration before the collector or other proper customs officer:

I, A. B., master

of the

arriving from

every

and now lying in the port of do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have to the best of my knowledge and belief delivered to the post-office at letter and every bag, packet, or parcel of letters which was on board the said vessel during her last voyage, or which were in my possession or under my power or control.

And any master or other person having charge or control of such vessel who shall break bulk before he, has delivered such letters shall be fined not more than one hundred dollars. [35 Stat. L. 1127.]

See R. S. sec. 3988, 5 Fed. Stat. Annot. 908. This section is changed so as to punish the person having charge or control of any vessel for failing to comply with its provisions.

SEC. 205. [Using, selling, etc., canceled stamps, removing cancellation marks from stamps, etc.] Whoever shall use or attempt to use in payment of postage, any canceled postage stamp, whether the same has been used or not; or shall remove, attempt to remove, or assist in removing, the canceling or defacing marks from any postage stamp, or the superscription from any stamped envelcpe, or postal card, that has once been used in payment of postage, with the intent to use the same for a like purpose, or to sell or offer to sell the same,