between questions of morality and those of expediency and the limitations on expediency that are imposed by morality. "It is immoral to kill or maim another, yet it is justifiable in self-defense or to protect one's family. Although expediency points to all kinds of immoral conduct, it has its legitimate field." "The moral law fixes limitations. Expediency may freely lead in every path that touches forbidden ground.' "Not to destroy enemies by war but to destroy enmity by kindness and free intercourse; not to punish criminals but to eliminate crime by inducing right conduct; not to force the unwilling performance of duty but to lead man to voluntarily follow high moral standards for the joy of well-doing; not to enforce obedience to the arbitrary will of rulers but to induce the acceptance of such direction as is essential to concert of action; not to stifle individual liberty but to encourage and protect in all worthy efforts and enterprises, are the ideal purposes of governments and laws." The author attempts to show how the nations of the earth through ignorance of these fundamental truths have suffered and he attacks. this problem through a review of the rise and fall of states and the principles by which they have been governed. He then devotes a chapter to each of the following subjects: Unorganized Tribes; Tribal Organizations and Simple Despotisms; Pacific Islands; Mexico, Peru, Egypt, Caledonia, Babylonia, Judea and Persia; Arabia; India; China; Japan; Turkey; Greece; Rome; Medieval Europe; Russia; Italy; Spain and Portugal; Denmark, Sweden and Norway; Germany, Austria-Hungary and Poland; Holland and Belgium; Switzerland; France; the British Empire; the United States; Modern Mexico, Central and South American States. Following a chapter of generalizations is an appendix including the following titles: Code of Hammurabi; Laws of XII Tables; Code of Manu; Institutes of Justinian; Penal Code of China; Civil Code of France; Civil Code of Germany; Magna Charta; Constitution of the United States. Northwestern University. ROBERT H. GAULT. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS: A STUDY OF THE TRANSFORMA TION AND SYMBOLISMS OF THE LIBIDO. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HISTORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THOUGHT. By Dr. C. G. Jung, of the University of Zurich. Authorized Translation, with Introduction, by Beatrice M. Hinkle, M. D. For those not fully familiar with the genetic psychology of Freud and his school this book will serve a double purpose. First, it will give the beginner an excellent introduction to the entire subject through the most lucid introductory chapter contributed by the translator. We know of no better general introduction to the subject than is furnished by this chapter. Second, the body of the book represents an attempt to elucidate certain problems in genetic psychology by means of an analysis of the productions of Miss Miller's fantasies, as expressed in her "Quelque faits à imagination creatrice subconsciente," Vol. V, Archiv. der Psychologie, 1906. The theme which permeates Jung's extremely interesting and learned contribution is that of the Oedipus Complex and the struggle which the individual undergoes in his efforts to emancipate himself from his parental attachments and assume an independent existence in the world, a process which is of prime importance for a successful adaptation to life. Normally, as puberty is attained, the child gradually becomes more or less freed from his parents, and upon the degree in which this is accomplished depends his health and future well-being. This demand of nature upon the young individual to free himself from the bonds of his childish dependence and to find in the world of reality his independent existence is so imperious and dominating that it frequently produces in the child the greatest struggle and severest conflicts, the period being characterized symbolically as a self-sacrifice, by Jung. We shall encounter no great resistances in following Jung, thus far, but must leave to the reader to decide for himself as to the extent to which he is willing to subscribe to the idea that the so-called Oedipus Complex is a universal phenomenon. From the standpoint of criminalistics the discussion of the process of emancipation from the parental bonds is of extreme importance and suggestive of certain valuable lines of approach to the problem of antisocial behavior. In examining delinquent individuals, it has often occurred to us that if there is one characteristic that is common to a great many, if not most, habitual offenders, it is this, that they somehow have never succeeded in adequately differentiating themselves from their environment. As result of this, they seem to have but a vague conception of the notion of individual rights and by the same token fail to appreciate the benefits to society as well as to themselves inherent in the laws that society has evolved for the protection of these rights. One frequently feels that the habitual offender against society has carried over into his relations with his fellow man attitudes which he has held with reference to the narrower social group, namely, the home. Here that finer individualization which is demanded for a proper recognition of personal rights does not obtain, but the lack of this differentiation is bound to bring the individual into conflict with the larger social group, that is, society in general. In his chapter on the two kinds of thinking, namely, directed thinking and dream or phantasy thinking, Jung also gives us an insight into the phylogenesis of anti-social activities, in other words, he outlines to us the instinctive backgrounds of criminal behavior. Many acts which we at present consider as anti-social are nothing but expressions of instinctive desires and which were once in the infancy of the race perfectly normal and well tolerated in every community, although now considered immoral and illegal. It is a failure of a proper sublimation of these socially inacceptable instinctive desires that leads to manifestations of criminal behavior, and it is for this reason that some of the contributions in this volume point the way for a therapeutic approach to the problem of criminality. It is impossible within the scope of a brief review to even attempt to do justice to this work which represents a Herculean amount of labor on the part of the author and which in some places reaches the loftiness of poetic charm. One would not recommend this work for a beginner in psychoanalysis, for the highly specialized phase with which it deals must strike many a person as almost belonging within the realm of the improbable, and yet, there are many fundamental truths expressed which have a tremendous importance for a proper understanding of conduct and character formation and no one dealing with human problems in a clinical way can afford to overlook it. The translator has achieved a singular success and it is only rarely that one finds a highly technical German work put into such clear and understandable English. BERNARD GLUECK. Ossining, N. Y. GENERAL STATISTICS OF CITIES. U. S. Census Report on American Police Departments. Washington, D. C., Census Bureau, 1915. II. Civilian Employees. Introduction. The statistics regarding the number of civilian employees and the number of detailed members of the uniformed force assigned in each city to the performance of special police duties not directly involving the maintenance of order and the arrest of criminals is of distinct practical value to police executives because the problem of police details is one of the most difficult in the field of police administration. Statistics. It is interesting to note that nearly one-half of the 714 telephone operators in American police departments are civilians, as in New York it has been found to be in the interests of efficiency to have these duties performed exclusively by detailed members of the uniformed force. Only 41% of the 980 police clerks are civilian, although it is generally conceded by experts that there are comparatively few clerical positions which cannot be efficiently and economically filled by civilians. That only 26% of the 2,290 drivers and only 18% of the 1,084 turnkeys are civilians is easily understood when we bear in mind that these men come into intimate contact with lawbreakers in positions in which a uniformed man has a distinct advantage. Thirty-eight of the smaller cities have no civilian employees whatever. Comparisons. Chicago has 1,253 employees on special duty while New York has only 803. This difference is due principally to the larger number of men detailed to drive patrol wagons in Chicago. Unfortunately the report contains no explanation of the difference in administrative organization in this respect. Chicago appears, for the same reason, to have a larger number of detailed policemen. St. Louis, which has only 399 men assigned to special duties, has 315 civilians and only 84 detailed men, thus having the smallest percentage of detailed men of any city of 500,000 population. Of the 204 cițies, 29 have no detailed policemen, 38 have no civilian employees, 4 have neither detailed policemen nor civilian employees and 69 have more civilian employees than detailed employees. Cincinnati is the largest city which has no detailed policemen. Special Employees. In addition to giving for each city the number of civilian employees and the number of detailed policemen assigned to driving, clerical, turnkey, telephone, sanitorial, surgical and matron duties, the report also calls attention to 509 employees assigned to special duties. These employees cover a wide field of usfulness as appears from the following partial enumeration: Examiners of auto applicants (Chicago), gymnasium instructors (four cities), police judges (two cities), prosecuting attorney (Springfield, Mass.), interpreters (two cities), motion picture censors (Chicago), theater officer (Hoboken), sealers of weights and measures (Buffalo), probation officers (two cities), humane officers (three cities), poundkeepers (four cities), fire marshals (Philadelphia), sanitary officers (Rochester), swimming pool guards (Pittsburgh), photographers (five cities), printers (four cities), engineers (ten cities), cooks (four cities), messengers (three cities), elevator men (four cities), insect exterminators (Chicago), and machinists, .mechanics, laborers and cleaners in many cities. New York City. LEONARD FELIX FULD. COMING ANNUAL CONFERENCES. THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINOLOGY, will be Held on MONDAY AND TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 3 AND 4, AT SARATOGA, N. Y. 2 P. M. MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 3rd. PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES AND GENERAL BUSINESS. 8:30 P. M. 2 P. M. ANNUAL ADDRESS AND REPORTS OF COMMITTEES. TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4th. ELECTION OF OFFICERS, REPORTS OF COMMITTEES AND GENERAL BUSINESS. THE CONFERENCE OF THE SOCIETY OF MILITARY LAW WILL BE HELD AT THE SAME PLACE ON TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, at 3 p. M., WHEN REPORTS OF COMMITTEES AND PAPERS WILL BE PRESENTED AND GENERAL BUSINESS TRANSACTED. THE ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION WILL BE HELD IN NEW ORLEANS EARLY IN OCTOBER. AUTHORS' INDEX No. Page Anderson, Victor V.-The Alcoholic As Seen in Court... 1- 89 Barnes, Albert C.-Causes of Delay in Criminal Cases.. 3- 330 Bingham, Anne T.-Practical Application of the Results of Intensive Study of Delinquents 6- 867 Bisch, Louis E.-A Police Psychopathic Laboratory.. 1- 79 Chiperfield, B. M.-The Legal Status of the National Guard Under the Cross, William T.-Jails, Lockups, and Police Stations (Report of the 5-672 Coxe, Warren W.-Grading Intelligence by Years and by Points...... 3— 341 4 544 3- 379 5- 740 Davis, Katherine Bement-Probation and Parole (Report of the Com- 2-165 5-732 Ellwood, Charles A.-The English Prison System and What We Can 1- 22 Fernald, Guy G.-The Mental Examination of Reformatory Prisoners. 3- 393 5- 722 Garrett, G. P.-False Presumptions Counter to the Presumption of In- nocence.. 6- 851 Gemmill, William N.-Review of the Work of the English Court of 1- 17 Gilliland, A. R.-The Mental Ability of One Hundred Inmates of the 6- 857 Haines, Thomas H.-Feeble-Mindedness Among Adult Delinquents.... 5— 702 the Committee of the American Prison Association).......... 2— 186 3-373 Keedy, Edwin R.-Insanity and Criminal Responsibility. (Report of Committee "A" of the Institute)...... 4- 484 Kilbride, Thomas M.-Probation and Parole in Their Relation to Crime. 2- 173 2- 219 Kuhlmann, F.-Distribution of the Feeble-Minded in Society.. 2- 205 4- 492 Forces 2- 248 |