refined and admixed with one or more other metals before it is suitable for manufacture into type. Ordinarily type metal consists of about three parts lead to one part antimony, and sometimes a little tin. A good grade contains 50 to 55 per cent lead, 25 to 30 per cent antimony, and 15 to 25 per cent tin; for many grades, however, 2 per cent tin is sufficient.

Production of antimonial lead amounted to 18,646 short tons, valued at $3,781,560, in 1917. In addition to the type metal produced as a by-product of lead refining, about an equal amount of secondary antimonial lead comes from lead dross, babbitt metal, solder, and pewter.

Imports.-Practically the entire antimonial lead or type-metal imports are produced in bonded smelting works from imported lead base bullion, mainly from Mexico. The type metal is withdrawn for consumption, as provided for in Section IV, paragraph N, subsection 1, of the tariff act of 1913. Imports have fluctuated widely-2.120 tons in 1915, none in 1916, and 105 pounds, valued at $20, in 1918. Exports. No appreciable quantity of type metal is exported.

TYPES.

Production and imports.-No production statistics are available, but domestic output exceeds consumption. Imports of new type are normally small-in 1918, 21,785 pounds, valued at $4,894.

Exports of type amounted to 614,421 pounds, valued at $219.491, in 1914, and to 313,464 pounds, valued at $144,573, in 1918.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

A mirture of about 81 per cent of lead and 17 per cent of antimony and negligible quantities of other metals, such as arsenic, copper, or silver, was held to be type metal. (2 Ct. Cust. Appls., 231, of 1911.)

Material containing from 86.40 per cent lead and 9.50 per cent antimony to 86.50 per cent lead and 13.30 per cent antimony, imported in block or lump form, is dutiable under this paragraph as type metal rather than exempt from duty under paragraph 637 as type, stereotype, or electrotype metal. (G. A. 8257, T. D. 38018, of 1919.)

Type metal in the form of antimonial lead is imported chiefly from Mexico, where it has no sale, nor has it a foreign market value in the condition imported; accordingly it is appraised under paragraph L rather than paragraph K of Section III of the act of 1913. A specific duty either on the gross weight or on the lead content would obviate this incongruity. (See par. 637.)

ACT OF 1909.

PARAGRAPH 161.

192. Watch movements, including time detectors, whether imported in cases or not, if having not more than seven jewels, 70 cents each; if having more than seven jewels and not more than eleven jewels, $1.35 each; if having more than eleven jewels and not more than fifteen jewels, $1.85 each; If having more than fifteen and not more than seventeen jewels, $1.25 each

ACT OF 1913.

161. Watch movements, whether imported in cases or not, watchcases and parts of watches, chronometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, lever clock movements having jewels in the escapement, and clocks containing such movements, all other clocks and parts thereof, not otherwise provided for in this section, whether separately packed or otherwise, not composed wholly or

ACT OF 1909-Continued.

and 25 per centum ad valorem; if having more than seventeen jewels, $3 each and 25 per centum ad valorem ; watchcases and parts of watches, chronometers, box or ship, and parts thereof, 40 per centum ad valorem; lever clock movements having jewels in the escapement, and clocks containing such movements, $1 each and 40 per centum ad valorem; all other clocks and parts thereof, not otherwise provided for in this section, whether separately packed or otherwise, not composed wholly or in chief value of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, or earthenware, 40 per centum ad valorem; all jewels for use in the manufacture of watches or clocks, 10 per centum ad valorem; enameled dials for watches or other instruments, 3 cents per dial and 40 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all watch and clock dials, whether attached to movements or not, shall have indelibly painted or printed thereon the country of origin, and that all watch movements, lever clock movements with jewels in the escapement, and cases of foreign manufacture shall have the name of the manufacturer and country of manufacture cut, engraved, or die-sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the plate of the movement and the inside of the case, respectively, and the movements shall also have marked thereon by one of the methods indicated the number of jewels and adjustments, said number to be expressed both in words and in Arabic numerals; and none of the aforesaid articles shall be delivered to the importer unless marked in exact conformity to this direction.

ACT OF 1913-Continued.

in chief value of china, porcelain, parian, bisque, or earthenware, 30 per centum ad valorem; all jewels for use in the manufacture of watches, clocks, or meters, 10 per centum ad valorem ; time detectors, 15 per centum ad valorem; enameled dials and dial plates for watches or other instruments, 30 per centum ad valorem: Provided, That all watch and clock dials, whether attached to movements or not, shall have indelibly painted or printed thereon the name of the country of origin, and that all watch movements, and plates, lever clock movements with jewels in the escapement, whether imported assembled or knocked down for. reassembling, and cases of foreign manufacture, shall have the name of the manufacturer and country of manufacture cut, engraved, or die-sunk conspicuously and indelibly on the plate of the movement and the inside of the case, respectively, and the movements and plates shall also have marked thereon by one of the methods indicated the number of jewels and adjustments, said numbers to be expressed either in words or in Arabic numerals; and if the movement is not adjusted the word " unadjusted shall marked thereon by one of the methods indicated; and none of the aforesaid articles shall be delivered to the importer unless marked in exact conformity to this direction,

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GENERAL INFORMATION.

CLOCKS, WATCHES, AND CHRONOMETERS.

Description and uses.-The chronometer, a timepiece of great accuracy, is used on ships or wherever a precise measurement of time is required. It differs from the watch in its escapement, which is so constructed that the balance is free from the wheels during the greater part of its vibration; and also in being fitted with a compensating adjustment to prevent expansion by heat or contraction by cold affecting the movements. Its balance spring is helicoidal; that of the watch is spiral.

Modern watch and clock movements require the use of gold, nickel, brass, steel, and jewels of sapphire, ruby, and garnet. Watch cases are made of gold, silver, nickel, brass, and gun metal, besides various alloys known under the trade names of silveroid, nickel silver, and the like. Clock cases are made of wood, metal, china, porcelain, parian, bisque, marble, earthenware, stoneware, and crockery ware. Production. The principal watch-producing centers are in Massachusetts and Illinois; most of the clocks are manufactured in Con

necticut and New York. In 1914 there were 119 establishments, employing 23,328 wage earners, manufacturing watches and clocks and their parts. The capital invested was $62,470,000, and the value of the product $34,153,000. The consumption of watches in 1914 was approximately $1,500,000 more in value than the domestic production, and the consumption of clocks exceeded production by about $1,000,000 in value.

Foreign watches come chiefly from Switzerland.

Imports of watches and parts of watches for 1911-1915 averaged $2,729,898 annually. The imports of clocks and parts of clocks, an annual average of $794,389; 73 per cent from Germany. The largest importation of chronometers since 1907 was in 1914, amounting to $11,109, and the smallest in 1907, valued at $1,738. Imports in 1918 were valued at $4,350.

Exports. From 5 to 7 per cent of American-made watches is exported, chiefly to the United Kingdom and Canada. These two countries also take about one-half of the total exports of clocks, amounting to from 10 to 14 per cent of domestic production.

JEWELS.

Description.-Jewels used in the manufacture of watches, clocks, and meters include various kinds of stones-agate, garnet, sapphire, diamond, ruby, and also the synthetic or manufactured ruby and sapphire.

Production.-Scarcely any jewels are produced in the United States, chiefly because of the lack of skilled workers and experience in jewel manufacture. The jewels used come principally from Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.

Imports are from Switzerland, Italy, Germany, England, and France. The annual value since 1907 ranged between $491,084 in 1916 and $919,790 in 1918; the annual average for the 12-year period was $707,932.

TIME DETECTORS.

Description and use.- -A time detector is a watch or clock used for obtaining time records of watchmen's rounds.

Production.-Time detectors are largely made by hand. The variety in styles and sizes, and the small number sold, preclude the use of automatic machinery in their manufacture.

Imports. During the nine months October 4, 1913, to June 30, 1914, imports were valued at $27,476, but steadily declined to $2,820 in 1918.

DIALS.

Description and use.-A dial is the plate or face on which the pointer or index moves for the purpose of indicating time, revolutions, pressure, points of the compass, etc.

Production. Most domestic dials are produced in Waltham, Mass. Imports. Between 70 and 95 per cent of the annual imports come from Switzerland.

INTERPRETATION AND COMMENTS.

Where watches and wrist straps are imported together, but packed separately, a concession that the movements were properly classified

under this paragraph, the Court of Customs Appeals declared, carries with it a concession that the cases were also properly held dutiable eo nomine under the same paragraph. (9 Ct. Cust. Appls., —; T. D. 37982, of 1919.) Timers specially constructed and designed to time rates of speed are not within this paragraph as watches or watch movements or time detectors, nor within paragraph 356 as articles to be worn on apparel or carried on or about or attached to the person, but are dutiable under paragraph 167 as metal manufactures. (G. A. 7827, T. D. 35971, and G. A. 7730, T. D. 35460, of 1915.) So-called ball clocks were held properly classified as watch movements under the act of 1909. (Abstract 28310, T. D. 32455, of 1912.)

Escapements for clocks, jeweled and constructed upon the lever principle, classified as "lever clock movements having jewels in the escapement," were held dutiable as parts of clocks. (Abstract 26234, T. D. 31804, of 1911.) Merchandise invoiced as "escapements for watchmen's clocks" were held dutiable under the provisions of this paragraph for "all other clocks and parts thereof" rather than as time detectors. (Abstract 38449, of 1915.) Reconstructed rubies which can be devoted to no other use than as jewels for watches are more specifically provided for as "all jewels for use in the manufacture of watches" than as 66 reconstructed rubies." (5 Ct. Cust. Appls., 336, of 1914.) Sapphires for use in electric meters are dutiable under this paragraph as jewels for use in the manufacture of meters, rather than under paragraphs 81 or 357. (Abstract 40417, of 1916.) The provision in paragraph 161 for "jewels for use in the manufacture of watches" is more specific than that in paragraph 98 for "other semiprecious stones" and embraces blue idalite and violet garnet strips for use as jewels in the manufacture of watches. Further manipulation to fit these strips for the intended use was declared not to change the classification, since the merchandise was known in trade as "watch jewels." The Board of General Appraisers distinguished its decision (Abstract 38949, of 1915) that agates imported as jewels for water meters were not dutiable under paragraph 161, inasmuch as the merchandise in the condition as imported could not be used as a jewel for such meters, and, moreover, are not used in the construction of jewelry within the exception to paragraph 98. (G. A. 8103, T. D. 37395, of 1917.)

Catgut strings in lengths from 16 to 21 feet, used in making clocks and as belting for small lathes, are exempt from duty under paragraph 443 as catgut unmanufactured rather than dutiable under the provision for "parts of clocks" in this paragraph. (G. A. 8231, T. D. 37914, of 1919, following 6 Ct. Cust. Appls., 36, of 1915.)

So-called paillons, consisting of small ornamental pieces or shapes of gold, used among other purposes for ornamenting the faces of enameled watch dials, and jeux d'heures, consisting of gold numerals used on such dials to denote the hours of time, were held not to be "parts of watches" within this paragraph, but dutiable under paragraph 167 as articles of gold. (G. A. 8096, T. D. 37356, of 1917.) Watchmen's clocks, composed of a clock movement, a number of keys, and a leather pouch, are dutiable as entireties under the provision of this paragraph for time detectors. (Abstract 39599, of 1916.) The number of jewels marked on watch movements should include such 184911°-20-17

jewels only as are actually serving some useful purpose in the operation of the movement. (T. D. 36674, of 1916.)

Enameled dials and dial plates for time detectors are dutiable at 30 per cent under this paragraph, while the complete detectors are dutiable at only 15 per cent.

Timers, which have substantially the same mechanism as watches, but are not watches, and are classified as metal articles, might be brought within this paragraph by specific enumeration.

ACT OF 1909.

PARAGRAPH 162.

ACT OF 1913.

162. Zinc-bearing ores of all kinds, including calamine, 10 per centum ad valorem upon the zinc contained therein Provided, That on all importations of zinc-bearing ores the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such establishments they shall be sampled according to commercial methods under the supervision of Government officers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and who shall submit the samples thus obtained to a Government assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make a proper assay of the sample and report the result to the proper custom officers, and the import entries shall be liquidated thereon, except in case of ores that shall be removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as provided by law. And the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make all necessary regulations to enforce the provisions of this para

193. Zinc-bearing ore of all kinds, including calamine, containing less than 10 per centum of zinc, shall be admitted free of duty; containing 10 per centum or more of zinc and less than 20 per centum, of 1 cent per pound, on the zinc contained therein; containing 20 per centum or more of zinc and less than 25 per centum, of 1 cent per pound on the zinc contained therein; containing 25 per centum of zinc, or more, 1 cent per pound on the zinc contained therein : Provided, That on all importations of zinc-bearing ores the duties shall be estimated at the port of entry, and a bond given in double the amount of such estimated duties for the transportation of the ores by common carriers bonded for the transportation of appraised or unappraised merchandise to properly equipped sampling or smelting establishments, whether designated as bonded warehouses or otherwise. On the arrival of the ores at such establishments they shall be sampled according to commercial methods under the supervision of Government officers, who shall be stationed at such establishments, and who shall submit the samples thus obtained to a Government assayer, designated by the Secretary of the Treasury, who shall make a proper assay of the sample and report the result | graph. to the proper customs officers, and the import entries shall be liquidated thereon, except in case of ores that shall be removed to a bonded warehouse to be refined for exportation as provided by law. And the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to make all necessary regulations to enforce the provisions of this paragraph.

GENERAL INFORMATION.

Description and uses.-Zinc ores separate into the following classes: (1) Calamine or carbonate ore and concentrates, approximately 40 per cent zine with small amounts of other metallic elements; (2) blende or sulphide ores and concentrates, approximately 60 per cent zinc with small amounts of other metallic elements; (3)