The condition of the French people is in- by Spaniards and Britons, who may be able to definitely better than before the Revolution. tach a portion of the states from our confederacy. The lands belonging to the church, crown and tersecting the United States with roads and canals: The best mode of perpetuating the union is by innobles, were divided among them, and there for mutual interest will prove the strongest bond of are now four proprietors of land to one be- Union. If the government kept up large armies fore. It is true Bonaparte crushes them and navies, this would prove more fatal to the indedown with his sceptre; but this is chiefly felt pendence of the states. When I wrote my letters in raising conscripts for his armies; but these from France, I thought I perceived a tendency in are, in general, young men who have nothing consolidation. It has been the practice in Congress, the measures of the federal government towards to do, and are as well in the army as any for men who wish to be popular, to support the where else. Besides the raising of an army powers of the individual states Mr. Jefferson com. of 80,000 men is no more felt in France than menced the system, and with the best views, of rethat of 10,000 would be here. If a prince of ferring every thing to the states; but, within the weak mind succeeds Bonaparte, the condition he never told me so,) that he thought he had cartwo or three last years, I have understood, (though of France may be worse than at present; forried the system too far. Yet I think that no danin proportion to the weakness of the head, ger need be apprehended either from the states or will be the extortion and oppression of in-the national government to each other, if the powferiór officers. But the vigor of Bonaparte's ers of the latter were accurately defined, and if the government prevents subordinate oppression. I dined at Hamburg about 12 years ago, with the German poet Klopstock, on his birthday, which was celebrated with the ringing of bells, firing guns, and demonstrations of joy, equal to those in America, on the birth Friday, August 19, 1809] The French are not day of Washington. His Messiah is consi- an enlightened nation, except in the physical sciendered equal to Paradise Lost. His imme-ces-they had organized no system of public liberty. diate neighbours, and indeed all Germans looked up to him as a superior being. Indeed, I think no poet ever lived, who enjoy ed his name so much as Klopstock. He died about 10 years since, at an advanced age.

national government could exercise no powers but such as were expressly delegated, leaving no room for implication or constructive interpretation. If the powers of the national government are too little, let them be enlarged as occasion may require. the national government is salutary and wholesome. The jealousy entertained by the people respecting

They ran through all the changes of several years before you could convince them of the propriety of powers vested in the Directory, the command they two branches of the legislative body. The great had over a million of troops, and the corruption of some of the members of the Directory, induced a

July 27, 1809.]-What I have stated in the Co-change of the constitution. Men of property were lumbiad respecting an universal language is a matglad of any change, for none could render them ter of Fancy: it must depend, not on legal regulations, more insecure. Bonaparte cajoled them, by debut on the progressive improvements of society and grees, into monarchy. Had he disclosed his object, on the agreement of the learned. The number of in 1799, of hereditary power, he could not have languages in Europe is diminishing: for the tenden-succeeded; he would have been put to death. The cy of civilization is to lessen the number of nations, people of this country do not know the good he and, of course, of languages. The Phytick, spoken has done in France, thongh he has done a great only among the common people in Germany, is deal of mischief. I was acquainted with him before wearing out. So are the Irish, the Flandrican, the he went to Egypt: In his manners he was unsocial; Hungarian languages; the Welsh has long been ex-in mixed companies he would not talk, unless he tinct; the Danish will be supplanted by the German could get some one into a corner, and he would language; and the existence of the Swedish will de-converse on more serious and important subjects pend on political considerations. I have known than usually are discussed in such circles. To men families in Germany who did not understand the of distinction he was attentive, such as Charles High German, and spoke only the Phytick lan-James Fox. I have heard Fox speak in Parliament, guage. but not on any great occasion. His conceptions The French people think their language will be- were rapid-his utterance was rapid, but shrill and come universal, or gain the ascendant over that of unharmonious-his gestures awkward. He was any other nation. But I am of a different opinion. adored by his friends: he had all the simplicity of The Spanish language will be spoken through alla child, and more than many children possess. I South America, and, of course, by a greater num have seen him leaning against a door, going on its ber of individuals than the French. But I think the hinges, and rubbing his back against it while conEnglish language will probably be spoken moteversing with ladies This appeared like embarrasswidely than any other. If the British retain or in- ment, but it was not. Such a man could not go into crease their possessions m Hindostan, their lan-any company where he was not superior to any one. guage will prevail. In the continent or island of New Holland, it will be the only tongue spoken; and in all North America it will be the universal language. Hence I believe that the English lan guage will be spoken by a greater number of sons than any other on the face of the earth.

The most perfect likeness, or representation, of Fox, in person and face, is Nicholas King, the surveyor of this city. Human art could not make a more accurate resemblance; his eye is not so exper-pressive, nor his eyebrow quite so heavy as that of Mr. Fox. Pitt was a different man from Fox, in many respects; he, too, was an awkward man; all his friends were political friends; he had none of the attractions of Fox

My reflections of late have been, that more danger is to be feared from the states, by withdrawing from our confederacy, than from the federal govern⚫ment. We are surrounded, on the south and north,

The change that has taken place in Europe is

great. Old prejudices, old systems and habits of a tory spirit, by other authors. His largest work, thinking are decaying. The nobility of Bonaparte on which he bestowed most labor, is the Life of are military characters; and, though men of no edu-Chaucer; but it is little read The English govern. cation generally, yet they have acquired a military ment would have prosecuted Godwin, but the price education, which includes a good deal of other of his Political Justice saved him. From people knowledge; and their superiority over the heredita who could afford to purchase a book in two vory noblesse of Europe is vast. Place one of Bona-lumes quarto, the government had nothing to fear. parte's nobles in company with twenty of the others, Paine would not have been prosecuted for his you will see the striking difference. The common Rights of Man," if the price of it had been only people have sense enough to see this; and that half a crown. But it was sold for six-pence; two merit or excellence does not flow in the blood-hundred thousand copies distributed through G. This alone will have a great effect on the existing governments of Europe. In Spain there are many men of sense; if the Junta can succeed in establish ing the Cortes, it will be productive of great bene-years peace would produce a revolution; and the fit. The Cortes will meet and enquire into griev || ances and their causes; they will see that the power of the monarch is too great, &c. This will produce a new order of things; provided the people have a pretty fair representation in the Cortes.. Though Bonaparte's character is much censured, yet Charles V of Spain, who subverted the Spanish liberties, was a great rascal, and far exceeded him. The power of Bonaparte is absolute. It is true, that in France there is not liberty of speech. There are spies in the coffeehouses. &c where no one attempts to carry on political conversation. Whether the French will re establish a republic, I cannot tell. They || will not place another Bonaparte on the throne; nor will they call a Bourbon to it; nor do I think they will try a republic. There are many republi-person cannot be arrested and held to bail, but cans in Paris; but what will be done cannot be known, unless by one who is on the spot.

Bonaparte does not levy taxes but with the consent of the legislative body; nor does he raise the conscripts. He possesses an initiative, which is a vast power. He might do these things without the Senate's consent; but it is understood that, i. they wish an amendment, they may reject the bill, and it will afterwards be passed in another form. This is|| only to save appearances. Yet the king of Great || Britain possesses as much power; for the parliament is perfectly at his control. If the people of Eng. land were fully and fairly represented, the case would be otherwise; but at present there is no real check on the monarch.

Britain and Ireland, produced an immense effect.There are more republicans in England than in any country on earth, the U. States included Seven English ministry must always be engaged in war to support their government. For no honest man would wish to embarrass the government by propo sing any reforms during time of war William Pitt was not an honest man; he merely proposed reform as a means of geting into power. He opposed the war with France, but, being overruled by the cabinet, he was obliged to justify it.

In the United States, there is little encouragement for literature. No man can earn a subsistence by it It will require half a century to do so. The only author I know, who has made money by his writings, is Peter Pindar Poetry should be attended to only as an ornament.

In France there is no imprisonment for debt. A

must be summoned two or three times to appear – The sheriff cannot levy execution on the person, if he finds no goods or property. The only case in which imprisonment is permitted is, when a merchant negociates a bill of exchange, he may be imprisoned if there be no goods to satisfy judgment. The debt must be contracted strictly in the course of trade; if it be on land, he cannot be imprisoned. No man, in France, is allowed to trade without a license first obtained. I have been opposed, for 30 years, to imprisonment for debt, and when a young man I used to dispute about it. My letter to the National Convention of France contained merely texts to enlarge on, and therefore my remarks on imprisonment for debt were brief.

Thursday, Oct 19, 1809.]-I have read your various orations with a great deal of pleasure. In your speech on Imprisonment for Debt, you have said all that can be said on the subject: the arguments are obvious, and you have strongly enforced

them

Saturday, Sept. 8, 1809.]-There is a similarity of ideas in my "Advice to the Priviledged Orders" and in "Godwin's Political Justice," particularly in the chapter on Administration of Justice At the time I wrote that work, I was not acquainted with Godwin; after its publication, he came to see me.— He one day called me in, and showed me two or I have suspected for some time, that, in the 5th three chapters, which he had written of his Politi chapter of Advice to Privileged Orders, I was miscal Justice. Soon after, I went over to France, and taken relative to the subject of direct taxes. I was during my absence his work was published. His then enthusiastic, and believed that, under a good system is wire dawn, and not adapted to the pre- government, great things might be performed by sent state of society, nor to one of which we have the people. But, on subsequent reflection, I think any idea. I do not think that society can exist that a government ought to take money from that without a regular government, or with property in source whence it is most easily obtained, and that common. When Godwin published Political Jus-is, from the merchants. It is much more convetice, he was a young man, (about 33.) but in the latter editions he has expunged the most excep tionable parts, though I am not sufficiently conver sant with the work to state them. He lives near London, on a moderate income, with frugality. His present wife gets something by translating French novels. I do not know that he has any other chil dren than the one by Mary Wolstonecraft. I was acquainted with her; she was a woman of great ori ginal genius. Goodwin is an amiable, benevolent

man.

I have heard that he is writing a History of England. I wish he may. It has been written in

nient than going to each individual in the country, and demanding his quota of taxes. The nature of our federative government, too, furnishes an exception to the system of direct taxes. And it is much easier to pay off our national debt by the present mode thau by the direct mode of taxation. I am glad that my reply to Bishop Gregoire is deemed satisfactory. I have received complimenry letters from Mr Jefferson, Bishop Madison, aud several persons in Philadelphia, respecting it.

Tuesday, March 27, 1810.]—In the present state of society there is perhaps a necessity for lawyers,

He was for

but, if justice could be easily obtained, no such ne- He is now living in London on his fortune, which cessity would exist. The parties might be left to he made as a teacher of young men. state their own story; though it might be proper formerly a clergyman, and preached Deism, and comadvocates to be employed solely for the purpose of posed a liturgy adapted to his views of religion. I have been these five years telling every one preparing the case in writing, for the consideration of the court A present, the study of the pleadings|| who would hear me, that, of all forms of govern is more perplexed and intricate than any other partment on earth, Bonaparte most hates the American, of the law; and the right and justice of a cause are and, of all men, he has the greatest hatred to Thooften defeated by minute exceptions in matter of mas Jefferson; because he thinks Mr. Jefferson is form. I practised the law about two years. but I the soul of republicanism in this country, and on did not like it. It appeared to be an unfair busihim it depends I speak from my own knowledge, ness; I know not how far the practice in Maryland and say, there is no comparison between Bonaparte's is formed upon the English model, but in Connec-hatred to America and to England. ticut it is much more simple than in any other state. Question-low is it, sir, that Connecticut abounds with republican institutions, and yet the great body of the people are federalists?

at.

Answer-Why, sir, they do not know what to be The people are republican in their feelings; but the priests, some years ago, taught them to believe that Mr Jefferson is no Christian, and ever since they have felt a hatred to him and those by whom he is supported.

Wednesday June 13, 1810 -Cheetham sent me his Life of Paine It is an infamous production He wrote to me for information respecting him, and I replied to him pretty roundly (Mr. Barlow here read the letters) It was not Paine's Age of Reason, but his political writings, which have made the federalists his enemies. I remember, when I left Connecticut for Europe, that the sentiments of the leading characters there on religion were very different from what they appear to be at present When Paine was imprisoned, he was brought to my house at night; on his request, his papers were left with me to examine, which occupied me three or four hours. Nothing against the French govern ment was found in them; he was then committed to His works on the Christian religion have prison much injured the effect of his political writings During some part of the French revolution, thought myself in great danger.

I was intimately acquainted with Sir James He is a Mackintosh, who is now a judge in India. most eloquent writer. But, having a family, and being as poor as a rat, the British government found means to silence him as a writer, and afterwards bought him off. Milton is the father of republi canism, and the republicans in England venerate him more on account of his political writings than they do even on account of his poetry.

and

In writing the history of the United States, I shall commence with the revolutionary war, give the history of our constitution. Afterwards, I may perhaps take up the history of the colonies; though it affords me great political doctrines. I do not expect to make any thing by the work I do not believe it will sell; but I write for the good of posterity. If a man should come into this country, and publish a work abusing Mr. Jefferson and the a ministration, accusing them of a connection with Bonaparte, and praising the English government to the skies, such a work would sell ten to one faster than any other. Unfortunately, the republicans of America do not generally read; all the reading is on the side of the federalists. There are now about a dozen reviews or magazines in the United States, and every one of them is federal. The republican magazines have failed through want of support.

Wednesday, Oct. 1810.]-I do not know of any collection of the writings of the Abbe Maury He made several speeches in the National Assembly, and was one of the most distinguished enemies to the revolution. He was forced to flee from France to Italy, and was then created Cardinal Maury. I do not know where he at present resides.

Wednesday, Nov. 7, 1810.]-The writings of Mary Wolstoneraft display great boldness and inde. pendence of thinking. She wrote a work called

The Rights of Mankind," which was the first answer published to Burke's book on the French revolution. But her principal work is the Rights of Woman; it is dedicated to Talleyrand. He made a report to the French legislature on the subject of education, and on a suitable provision for the clergy, which contains many new ideas. A great deal was done in behalf of education during the republic. Bonaparte has altered some of the regulations. The Polytechnic school in Paris is the first seminary in the world.

I have heard nothing about a National University for two or three years. If Congress would only rant a charter, the liberality of individuals, throughout the United States, would soon furnish ample endowments

Thursday, Nov. 8, 1810]-In every Department of France, there is an agricultural society. The state of agriculture is very much improved since Arthur Young wrote on the subject; chiefly by the division of lands, which formerly belonged to the crown, the nobles, and the church. There is more grain raised, and more attention paid to the soil, &c.

I have lately made a calculation of the difference of expense in transportation by wagons between the roads in France and those in the United States. From Paris to Bordeaux is about 400 miles, and the expense is 8 livres, or $1 50, for transporting goods, per quintal; while, from Pittsburg to Philadelphia (about 300 miles) the cost is five dollars. The difference is wholly occasioned by the superiority of the roads in France over those in the United States.

Thursday, March 14, 1311.]-I think Cardinal Maury is the greatest man in France. He has a He was one of the most dismost powerful mind. tinguished friends of the monarchy and the most formidable opponent to the friends of the revolution. The Emperor has lately created him Archbishop of France, and the Senate have conferred upon him a

Thursday, July 26, 1810.-1 was intimately acquainted with David Williams is writings are well worth your perusal. He is a man who praises but little; he censures eminent writers pretty freely. Il particular title.

SOUTH AMERICA.—LA PLATA and CHILI. H. E. Don Jose San Martin's Address to the united armies of Andes and Chili.

H. E. Don Jose San Martin, commander in chief of the united armies of Andes and Chili, grand officer of the legion of Merit, &c. to all the freechen and inhabitants of Peru.

upon him the strength of our two states if closely united, and the efficiency of their armies-in short the inequality of the struggle in which was engaged. I represented to him that he alone must be answerable for all the consequences of war; to avoid which I proposed to im to convene the chief inhabitants of Lima, . CITIZENS! In addressing you I am actuated and to represent to them the sincere wish of the only by the feelings which a freeman must ad-overnment of Chili and of the United Provin dress an oppressed people. The events which ces, to accede to the declaration of their rights, have transpired-within the last 9 years, have and to allow them to adopt such a form of goestablished the solemn powers of the indepen-vernment as they should decree, promising that dent states of Chili, and of the United Provin i would submit to their decisions, which would ces of South America, by whom I am ordered regulate my operations. This liberal propoto enter your territory to defend the cause of sition was rejected with contemptuous threats; your liberty. That cause is identified with and I am thus driven by justice and common with their own, with that of the whole world right to the last resort of force. The blood and the means entrusted to me are adequate to which shall be shed in this conflict, will recoil the accomplishment of so sound an object. on the tyrants and their proud statelites.

The sincerity of my intentions has been equally conspicuous since the battle of Chacabuco The Spanish army was completely de

Ever since the wish for liberty was first evigced in several parts of America, the Spanish Agents have struggled to extinguish the light which was to shew the, Aaericans their chains.feated. Chili declared herself an independent The revolution began to bring forth prodigies State, and her inhabitants began to enjoy in of good and evil, and the Vice Roy and Peru, safety their property and the fruits of liberty. dreading its progress endeavored to persuade This example is the surest plede of my conduct you that it was in his power to extinguish in The tyrants accustamed to misrepresent facts every inhabitant in Lima, even the sentiment in order to light the torch of discord, have unof their sufferings and ignominy. The world blushingly asserted that, the moderation of the saw with indignation American blood shed by victorious army in Chili, was prompted only by Americans, and began to doubt whether the their interest. Be it so. Does it not prove slaves were as guilty as their tyrants, and whe- that our interest is in unison with the liberty of ther these were to be more despised who pre- the people's. Can there be a safer foundation sumed to oppress liberty, than those who dare for confidence? The effect doubtless will be not to defend it. War raged in this innocent the expulsion of the tyrants from Lima; and country, but in spite of all the combinations of as the result of victory, the capital of Peru will despotism,the rights of man began to be assert behold, for the first time, her citizens assembed and to triumph in the midst of political dis-ling to adopt a government of their free choice sentions. Thousands of Americans have faland to take their seat among the nations of len in the field of honor or by the hands of hir|the earth. The union of the three Independed assassins; but the principles maintained ent States will inspire Spain with a sentiment from the purest motives have daily acquired of her imbecility, and all other nations with strength, and time, which regenerates all poli-respect. Let a central Congress, composed tical societies, will soon shew the Peruvians, and decide the fate of South America.

of the representatives from the three states, impart new vigor to their respective organizaI come not a conqueror to establish another tion, and let the constitution of each state be despotism; the state of things has paved the established in the midst of intelligence, of conway for your political emancipation, in which cord, and of universal hope-The annals of I am only an instrument of justice and an agent time exhibt no revolution so splendid in its obof destiny. Aware of the horrors of war, Iject, so indispensable to a people, so illustrious have studied to accomplish my object in the in the united wishes of so many hearts. manner most compatible with the interest and Let us follow with confidence the bright cahappinesss of the Peruvians. After the splen-reer which destiny unfold to us. Under the did victory of Maipu, far from indulging the eaipire of new laws and new authorities, the just feelings of revenge againt a barbarous ag same activity which achieved the revolution, gressor, or the desire of retaliating the calami-will sustain us in every species of labor and ties inflicted on the Chilians, my conduct basmultiply the blessings of society. In the first afforded the strongest proof of my pacific sen-days of peace the ruins which these grand potiments. I addressed your Vice Roy under date of the11th of April last, representing to him the trying juncture of affairs, impressing

litical convulsions shall have spread over this continent, shall become like volcanic lava, which in time fertilises the same fields over

which it has rolled its devastating torrents.— 5th article of the armistice. They were pre. Then shall your land smile in all the luxurian ented by the government of the United Procy of nature-then shall splendid cities arise vinces, with the approbation of the covenant, embellished with the monuments or arts and by the captain general, and auxiliary commanscience then shall commerce spread his be-der in chief of Peru, Don Manuel Belgrano, nign influence over the immense regions na who agrees to the following articles: ture has allotted to us.

1st. That the armistice be continued with Americans! the armies of an insolent tyrant the same good faith, and mutual corresponspread terror among a people whom they opdence, which has been observed 'till now by press; but those I have the honor to command compelled to fight against tyranny, promise only friendship and protection to their brethern and wish only to deliver them from bondage. I pledge my sacred honor for the faithful fulfilment of this promise. I have made known to you my intentions and my duty-your conduct || will shew whether you know your own,and whether you deserve to be as the true sons of Peru. European Spaniards! I come not for your destruction. I come not to spread devastation The object of the war is to protect the honest and peaceful inhabitants, and to promote their welfare. Your future happiness depends on the prosperity and independence of America You are sensible that Spain is reduced to the last stage of weakness and corruption: The revenues are exhausted; the state is burthened with an enormous debt, and what is still worse terror and distrust forming the basis of her public measures, have reduced the nation to a state of gloomy pusillanimity and mute despondency. The liberty of Peru alone can afford you retreat. Who of you is without friends in America? It depends only on yourselves to constitute a family of brothers. Respect to persons, to property, and to the Holy Catholic Faith, are the Principles of the United Provin-ven them whenever they ask an escort. ces, and those I now solemnly guarantee.

both parties, and to confirm it more strongly, the armies and squadrons of the United Provinces shall evacuate the territory of Santa Fe; the auxilliary forces of which, shall, in return, collect on the other side of the Salado, and each respectively shall be ready to march the 16th inst.

20: With the great object of a general ad||justment, which shall seal forever the concord of people who are brethern deputies shall be appointed amply authorised by the government of Santa Fe, and that on the opposite shore of the Parana; they shall give notice of the result of their negociation in this place, the 8th of next May.

31. The troops of the United Provinces, between the rivers shall retire without stopping; to effect this, there shall be an officer with orders, (in accordance with those of the commandant of the province) relating to the landing of the troops and the necessary boats and provisions for their transportation to St. Nicholas.

4th. The free communication between the armies of the United Provinces, shall be expedited through the territory of Santa Fe; but no body of troops, exceeding 25, shall pass at once; and they shall pay for the assistance gi

5th. That the transfer may be hastened on Inhabitants of Peru! the eyes of all the world all sides, relays shall be established which have are fixed upon you. You will destroy the pre- been neglected owing to circumstances; and all judices which have existed against you for nine the ways and roads, for commerce and comyears. Should the world behold you now im- munication with Santa Fe, and other points beprove this favorable occasion, your attitude tween the rivers, and upper shore of the Parana and your power will inspire respect.-Consi- shall be completely free, and without any resder the destinies of thousands of future genera-"traint; as shall also be the points, subject to tions, when the common rights of men, so long withheld from so many Peruvians shall be happy to unite myself with those institutions which shall have gratified the dearest wish of my heart, and shall have accomplished the noblest action of my life. SAN MARTIN. H. Q. St. Jago de Chili, Nov. 13, 1818.

BANDA ORIENTAL.

Gazette Extraordinary of Buenos Ayres,

Saturday, April 17th, 1819.

the government of the United Provinces.

6th. In both territories, thieves may be pursued, who endanger the security of the roads and that of the inhabitants in the peaceful possession of their dwellings; and force may be employed for protection, as the case requires;. but on no other occasion shall an armed force. be called into action.

7th. During the present armistice, whatever difficulties occur, shall be settled by pacific

Negotiation between the Deputies of the Ban--and mediatory means, without recurring to da Oriental and those of the United Provin, || arms, before making the ordinary reclamaces of South America. tions. And thus we conclude this covenant, signed twice by the commissioners.

The commissioners of the combined armies, who signed the armistice of the 5th ult. in Ro- Ratified by the commandants Estanislao Losalio assembled in Lorenzo,conformably to the " pez and Manuel Belgrano.