AMIDEI FAMILY, Florence: Rise of Guelf and Ghibelline strife. See ITALY: 1215.

AMIENS, a city in northern France 81 miles from Paris, situated on the river Somme, a textile manufacturing center; surprised by the Spaniards in 1597 and recovered same year by Henry IX (see FRANCE: 1593-1598); gave its name to the treaty of 1802 between Great Britain, France, Spain and Holland [see ENGLAND: 1801-1806; FRANCE: 18011802]; captured by the Germans in 1870 (see FRANCE: 1870-1871) and again in 1914, when they held it for a time in the first advance on Paris, later withdrawing; was the objective of some of the greatest German onslaughts in 1918, but was held by the Allies. (See WORLD WAR: 1915: X. War in the air; 1918: II. Western front: c, 27; c, 32; j.) For origin of name, see BELGAE.

AMIENS, Cathedral of, the largest cathedral of France, begun in 1220 by Robert de Luzarches and continued by Thomas de Cormont and his son Renault. The plan of the building is typical of French Gothic architecture. The groin rib and pointed arch have taken the place of the sexpartite plan and the bays are oblong. While the area of Amiens is smaller than the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak the height of its nave is 140 feet as compared with 80 at Karnak. As in all French cathedrals the west front is a special feature of the exterior. The Romanesque twin towers are connected by an arcade and there is a rose or wheel window above the central recessed door. Speaking of its interior as an example of Gothic architecture, Charles H. Caffin says: "It is as if some power had pulled the older form upward into a slenderer, more elastic fabric; less massive, possibly less stately, but also less inert, infinitely alive in its inspiring growth, with grace of movement as well as dignity."-C. H. Caffin, How to study architecture, p. 284.

AMIENS, Treaty of (1527), negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey, between Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France, establishing an alliance against the emperor, Charles V. The treaty was sealed and sworn to in the cathedral church at Amiens, Aug. 18, 1527.-J. S. Brewer, Reign of Henry VIII, v. 2, ch. 26 and 28.-See also ITALY:

1527-1529.

AMIENS, Treaty of (1802). See FRANCE: 18011802. As affecting Knights of the Order of St. John, see HOSPITALLERS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM: 1565-1870.

AMIN AL, Caliph, 809-813, son and successor of Harun al-Rashid. After a troublous reign, which was due to his own misgovernment, he was defeated by a revolting faction, captured and put to death.

AMINULLAH KHAN, Amir. See AFGHANISTAN: 1919.

AMIR, also written Ameer and Emir, Mohammedan title of nobility, especially used to refer to the rulers of Afghanistan and Scinde.

a

AMIR TOMAN, Persian army officer. See WORLD WAR: 1915: VII. Persia and Germany. AMIRANTES. See MASCARENE ISLANDS. AMISTAD, Case of.-The Amistad was Spanish vessel bound from Havana to Puerto Principe with a cargo of slaves in 1839. The slaves killed the whites and took possession of the ship. A United States war vessel seized the Amistad off Long Island and took it into New London harbor. The United States district court of Connecticut held that the slaves were "property rescued from pirates" and that they should be returned to their Spanish owners according to the treaty between the United States and Spain. This decision was reversed by the Supreme court of the

United States. According to this tribunal the negroes were free men, having been kidnapped from a foreign country.-See also SLAVERY: Negro: 19th Century.

AMISUS, Siege of.-The siege of Amisus by Lucullus was one of the important operations of the third Mithridatic war. The city was on the coast of the Black sea, between the rivers Halys and Lycus; it is represented in site by the modern town of Samsun. Amisus, which was besieged in 73 B. C., held out until the following year. Tyrannion the grammarian was among the prisoners taken and sent to Rome.-G. Long, Decline of the Roman republic, v. 3, ch. 1 and 2.

AMITABHA. See MYTHOLOGY: Eastern Asia: Indian and Chinese influences.

AMMAN, Palestine.-Captured by British (1918). See WORLD WAR: 1918: VI. Turkish theater: c, 5; c, 13; c, 20.

AMMANATI, Bartolomeo (1511-1592), Florentine architect and sculptor; designed many buildings in Rome, Lucca and Florence, an addition to the Pitti Place being one of his most celebrated works. See also SCULPTURE: High Renais

sance.

AMMANN, title of the mayor, or president of the Swiss Communal Council or Gemeinderat. See SWITZERLAND: 1848-1890.

AMMISM. See MYTHOLOGY: Greek mythology: Anthropomorphic character of Greek myth.

AMMON, a god of Egypt. Power of his priests. See EGYPT: B. C. 1379.

AMMON, Temple and Oracle of.-The Ammonium or Oasis of Ammon, in the Libyan desert, which was visited by Alexander the Great, has been identified with the oasis now known as the Oasis of Siwah. "The Oasis of Siwah was first visited and described by Browne in 1792; and its identity with that of Ammon fully established by Major Rennell (Geography of Herodotus, pp. 577591). . . . The site of the celebrated temple and oracle of Ammon was first discovered by Mr. Hamilton in 1853. Its famous oracle was frequently visited by Greeks from Cyrene, as well as from other parts of the Hellenic world, and it vied in reputation with those of Delphi and Dodona."E. H. Bunbury, History of ancient geography, ch. 8, sect. 1, and ch. 12, sect. I and note E.-An expedition of 50,000 men sent by Cambysès to Ammon, B. C. 525, is said to have perished in the desert, to the last man. See EGYPT: B. C. 525

332.

AMMONITES.-According to the narrative in Genesis xix: 30-39, the Ammonites were descended from Ben-Ammi, son of Lot's second daughter, as the Moabites came from Moab, the eldest daughter's son. The two people are much associated in Biblical history. "It is hard to avoid the conclusion that, while Moab was the settled and civilized half of the nation of Lot, the Bene Ammon formed its predatory and Bedouin section."-G. Grove, Dictionary of the Bible.-See also AMALEKITES; JEWS: Conquest of Canaan, and Israel under the Judges; MOABITES; CHRISTIANITY: Map of Sinaitic peninsula.

AMMONITI, political party. See FLORENCE:

AMORIAN WAR.-The Byzantine emperor, Theophilus, in war with the Saracens, took and destroyed, with peculiar animosity, the town of Zapetra or Sozopetra, in Syria, which happened to be the birthplace of the reigning caliph, Motassem, son of Harun al-Rashid. The caliph had condescended to intercede for the place, and his enemy's conduct was personally insulting to him, as well as atrociously inhumane. To avenge the outrage he invaded Asia Minor, A. D. 838, at the head of an enormous army, with the special purpose of destroying the birthplace of Theophilus. The unfortunate town which suffered that distinction was Amorium in Phrygia,-whence the ensuing war was called the Amorian War. Attempting to defend Amorium in the field, the Byzantines were hopelessly defeated, and the doomed city was left to its fate. It made an heroic resistance for fiftyfive days, and the siege is said to have cost the caliph 70,000 men. But he entered the place at last with a merciless sword, and left a heap of ruins for the monument of his revenge.-E. Gibbon, History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, ch. 52.

AMORITES. "The Hittites and Amorites were

mingled together in the mountains of Palestine like the two races which ethnologists tell us go to form the modern Kelt. But the Egyptian monuments teach us that they were of very different origin and character. The Hittites were a people with yellow skins and 'Mongoloid' features, whose receding foreheads, oblique eyes, and protruding upper jaws, are represented as faithfully on their own monuments as they are on those of Egypt, so that we cannot accuse the Egyptian artists of caricaturing their enemies. If the Egyptians have made the Hittites ugly, it was because they were so in reality. The Amorites, on the contrary, were a tall and handsome people. They are depicted with white skins, blue eyes, and reddish hair, all the characteristics, in fact, of the white race. Mr. Petrie points out their resemblance to the Dardanians of Asia Minor, who form an intermediate link between the white-skinned tribes of the Greek seas and the fair-complexioned Libyans of Northern Africa. The latter are still found in large numbers in the mountainous regions which stretch eastward from Morocco, and are usually known among the French under the name of Kabyles. The traveller who first meets with them in Algeria cannot fail to be struck by their likeness to a certain part of the population in the British Isles. Their clear-white freckled skins, their blue eyes, their golden-red hair and tall stature, remind him of the fair Kelts of an Irish village; and when we find that their skulls, which are of the so-called dolichocephalic or 'long-headed' type, are the same as the skulls discovered in the prehistoric cromlechs of the country they still inhabit, we may conclude that they represent the modern descendants of the white-skinned Libyans of the Egyptian monuments. In Palestine also we still come across representatives of a fair-complexioned blue-eyed race, in whom we may see the descendants of the ancient Amorites, just as we see in the Kabyles the descendants of the ancient Libyans. We know that the Amorite type continued to exist in Judah long after the Israelitish conquest of Canaan. The captives taken from the southern cities of Judah by Shishak in the time of Rehoboam, and depicted by him upon the walls of the great temple of Karnak, are people of Amorite origin. Their 'regular profile of subaquiline cast,' as Mr. Tomkins describes it, their high cheek-bones and martial expression, are the features of the Amorites, and not of the Jews.

Tallness of stature has always been a distinguishing characteristic of the white race. Hence it was that the Anakim, the Amorite inhabitants of Hebron, seemed to the Hebrew spies to be as giants, while they themselves were but 'as grasshoppers' by the side of them (Num. xiii: 33). After the Israelitish invasion remnants of the Anakim were left in Gaza and Gath and Ashkelon (Josh. xi. 22), and in the time of David, Goliath of Gath and his gigantic family were objects of dread to their neighbors (2 Sam. xxi: 15-22). It is clear, then, that the Amorites of Canaan belonged to the same white race as the Libyans of Northern Africa, and like them preferred the mountains to the hot plains and valleys below. The Libyans themselves belonger to a race which can be traced through the peninsula of Spain and the western side of France into the British Isles. Now it is curious that wherever this particular branch of the white race has extended it has been accompanied by a particular form of cromlech, or sepulchral chamber built ot large uncut stones. . . . It has been necessary to enter at this length into what has been discovered concerning the Amorites by recent research, in or der to show how carefully they should be distinguished from the Hittites with whom they afterwards intermingled. They must have been in possession of Palestine long before the Hittites arrived there. They extended over a much wider area."-A. H. Sayce, Hittites, ch. 1.-See also CANAAN; JEWS: Israel under the Judges.

AMORTIZATION. See RURAL CREDIT: Amor

tization.

AMOS, Hebrew prophet. See JEWS: Religion and the prophets.

AMOY, Chinese seaport on the south-eastern coast. See CHINA: 1839-1842; Map.

AMPÈRE, André Marie (1775-1836), a French physicist, famous for his service to science in establishing the relation between electricity and magnetism. The unit of measurement of the intensity of electric currents is named "ampere" after him.— See also ELECTRICAL DISCOVERY: 1784-1800.

AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, AMPHICTYONY. "An Amphiktyonic, or, more correctly, an Amphiktionic, body was an assembly of the tribes who dwelt around any famous temple, gathered together to manage the affairs of that temple There were other Amphiktyonic Assemblies in Greece [besides that of Delphi], amongst which that of the isle of Kalaureia, off the coast of Argolis, was a body of some celebrity. The Amphiktyons of Delphi obtained greater importance than any other Amphiktyons only because of the greater importance of the Delphic sanctuary, and because it incidentally happened that the greater part of the Greek nation had some kind of representation among them. But that body could not be looked upon as a perfect representation of the Greek nation which, to postpone other objections to its constitution, found no place for so large a fraction of the Hellenic body as the Arkadians Still the Amphiktyons of Delphi undoubtedly came nearer than any other existing body to the character of a general representation of all Greece It is therefore easy to understand how the relig ious functions of such a body might incidentally assume a political character. ... Once or twice then, in the course of Grecian history, we do find the Amphiktyonic body acting with real dignity in the name of united Greece.... Though the list of members of the Council is given with some slight variations by different authors, all agree in making the constituent members of the union tribes and not cities. The representatives of the Ionic and Doric races sat and voted as single mem

bers, side by side with the representatives of petty peoples like the Magnêsians and Phthiôtic Achaians. When the Council was first formed, Dorians and Ionians were doubtless mere tribes of northern Greece, and the prodigious development of the Doric and Ionic races in after times made no difference in its constitution. . . . The Amphiktyonic Council was not exactly a diplomatic congress, but it was much more like a diplomatic congress than it was like the governing assembly of any commonwealth, kingdom, or federation. The Pylagoroi and Hieromnêmo were not exactly Ambassadors, but they were much more like members of a British Parliament or even an American Congress. . . . The nearest approach to the Amphiktyonic Council in modern times would be if the College of Cardinals were to consist of members chosen by the several Roman Catholic nations of Europe and America."”—E. A. Freeman, History of federal government, v. 1, ch. 3.-See also GREECE: B. C. 8th and 6th centuries: Economic conditions; and B. C. 357-336; IONIC (PAN-IONIC) AM

PHICTYONY.

AMPHILOCHIANS. See ACARNANIANS.

AMPHIPOLIS.-This town in Macedonia, occupying an important situation on the eastern bank of the river Strymon, just below a small lake into which it widens near its mouth, was originally called "The Nine Ways," and was the scene of a horrible human sacrifice made by Xerxes on his march into Greece.-Thirlwall, History of Greece, ch. 15. It was subsequently taken by the Athenians, B. C. 437, and made a capital city by them, dominating the surrounding district, its name being changed to Amphipolis. During the Peloponnesian war B. C. 424, the able Lacedæmonian general, Brasidas, led a small army into Macedonia and succeeded in capturing Amphipolis, which caused great dismay and discouragement at Athens. (See ATHENS: B. C. 426-422) Thucydides, the historian, was one of the generals held responsible for the disaster and he was driven as a consequence into the fortunate exile which produced the composition of his history. Two years later the Athenian demagogue-leader, Cleon, took command of an expedition sent to recover Amphipolis and other points in Macedonia and Thrace. It was disastrously beaten and Cleon was killed, but Brasidas fell likewise in the battle. Whether Athens suffered more from her defeat than Sparta from her victory is a question.-Thucydides, History, bk. 4, sect. 102-135, bk. 5, sect. 1-11.-Amphipolis was taken by Philip of Macedon, B. C. 358. See GREECE: 359-358; Map of ancient Greece. AMPHISSA, Seige and capture by Philip of Macedon (B.C. 339-338). See GREECE: B.C. 357336.

AMPHITHEATER, in Roman antiquity, a building much like a double theater, circular in plan, with the seats of the spectators surrounding the place of exhibition. Wooden theaters seem to have been numerous, but the first stone one, the Coliseum (q.v.), was built in the reign of Augustus. Amphitheaters were later erected in almost all of the large cities, the finest being at Verona, Capua, Pozzuoli and Nîmes. "There was hardly a town in the [Roman] empire which had not an amphitheatre large enough to contain vast multitudes of spectators. The savage excitement of gladiatorial combats seems to have been almost necessary to the Roman legionaries in their short intervals of inaction, and was the first recreation for which they provided in the places where they were stationed. . . . Gladiatorial combats were held from early times in the Forum, and wild beasts hunted in the Circus; but until Curio built

his celebrated double theatre of wood, which could be made into an amphitheatre by turning the two semi-circular portions face to face, we have no record of any special building in the peculiar form afterwards adopted. It may have been, therefore, that Curio's mechanical contrivance first suggested the elliptical shape. . . . As specimens of architecture, the amphitheatres are more remarkable for the mechanical skill and admirable adaptation to their purpose displayed in them, than for any beauty of shape or decoration. The hugest of all, the Coliseum, was ill-proportioned and unpleasing in its lines when entire."-R. Burn, Rome and the campagna, introduction.-See also ARENA; COLISEUM.

AMPHORA, MODIUS.-"The [Roman] unit of capacity was the Amphora or Quadrantal, which contained a cubic foot. . . equal to 5.687 imperial gallons, or 5 gallons, 2 quarts, 1 pint, 2 gills, nearly. The Amphora was the unit for both liquid and dry measures, but the latter was generally referred to the Modius, which contained onethird of an Amphora. The Culeus was equal

to 20 Amphora."-W. Ramsay, Manual of Roman antiquities, ch. 13.

AMPTHILL, Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st baron (1829-1884), British diplomat. Held various diplomatic positions in Vienna, Paris, Constantinople, Florence and Rome and was British ambassador to Berlin from 1871 until his death.See also MASONIC SOCIETIES: England: Ideals of Freemasonry.

AMPUDIA, Pedro de, Mexican general. See MEXICO: 1846-1847.

AMR-IBN-EL-ASS, or Amru (d. 664), a distinguished Arabian general under Mohammed and his immediate successors. The conquest of Syria and Egypt and the final triumph of the Omayyads over the followers of Ali were due largely to him. See CALIPHATE: 640-646.

AMRITSAR, a city of British India, in the Punjab; long celebrated as a holy place of the Sikhs (q. v.); while the place is one of the richest trading bazars of India, the most remarkable feature is the great fortress built by Runjit Singh in 1809. In 1919 there were riots and disturbances which were quickly subdued by the British military under General Dyer, who was removed from his command and censured for his severity. -See also INDIA: 1919; Map.

AMRU, Mosque of, one of the oldest mosques in Cairo, Egypt, a splendid example of Mohammedan architecture. It was founded immediately after the conquest of the country in 643, and considerably enlarged in the succeeding periods. Its distinguishing features are "a square open court, surrounded by arcades, set at right angles to the mihrab and supported by columns taken from Byzantine and Roman buildings."-C. H. Caffin, How to study architecture, p. 223.

AMSTERDAM, the most important city of Holland, situated in the province of North Holland, on the Y river, an arm of the Zuider Zee. Amsterdam, or the "dyke of the Amstel," is named after the Amstel, the canalized river passing through the city to the Y. The city has a population of almost 640.000. Between the years 1640-1656, the famous portrait painter Rembrandt lived in the Jewish center of Amsterdam, which also boasts of the birth of the philosopher Spinoza (1632).

The city was virtually founded by Giesebrecht II and III of Amstel. The former, in 1204, found Amsterdam but a fishing hamlet, and constructed a castle in the vicinity. The latter, the son of the builder of the castle, constructed a dam in 1240 to keep the sea out. The place passed out

AMORIAN WAR.-The Byzantine emperor, Theophilus, in war with the Saracens, took and destroyed, with peculiar animosity, the town of Zapetra or Sozopetra, in Syria, which happened to be the birthplace of the reigning caliph, Motassem, son of Harun al-Rashid. The caliph had condescended to intercede for the place, and his enemy's conduct was personally insulting to him, as well as atrociously inhumane. To avenge the outrage he invaded Asia Minor, A. D. 838, at the head of an enormous army, with the special purpose of destroying the birthplace of Theophilus. The unfortunate town which suffered that distinction was Amorium in Phrygia,-whence the ensuing war was called the Amorian War. Attempting to defend Amorium in the field, the Byzantines were hopelessly defeated, and the doomed city was left to its fate. It made an heroic resistance for fiftyfive days, and the siege is said to have cost the caliph 70,000 men. But he entered the place at last with a merciless sword, and left a heap of ruins for the monument of his revenge.-E. Gibbon, History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire ch. 52.

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AMORITES.-"The Hittites and Amorites wer mingled together in the mountains of Pales tine like the two races which ethnologists t us go to form the modern Kelt. But the Egypti monuments teach us that they were of very d ferent origin and character. The Hittites were people with yellow skins and 'Mongoloid' featu whose receding foreheads, oblique eyes, and I truding upper jaws, are represented as faithf on their own monuments as they are on thos Egypt, so that we cannot accuse the Egyptian ists of caricaturing their enemies. If the F tians have made the Hittites ugly, it was be they were so in reality. The Amorites, o contrary, were a tall and handsome people. are depicted with white skins, blue eyes, an dish hair, all the characteristics, in fact, white race. Mr. Petrie points out their blance to the Dardanians of Asia Minor, wł an intermediate link between the whitetribes of the Greek seas and the fair-comp Libyans of Northern Africa. The latter found in large numbers in the mountainou which stretch eastward from Morocco, usually known among the French under of Kabyles. The traveller who first m them in Algeria cannot fail to be struc likeness to a certain part of the popula British Isles. Their clear-white frec their blue eyes, their golden-red hai stature, remind him of the fair Kelts village; and when we find that their s are of the so-called dolichocephalic or ' type, are the same as the skulls disco prehistoric cromlechs of the country habit, we may conclude that they modern descendants of the white-ski of the Egyptian monuments. In we still come across representatives plexioned blue-eyed race, in whom . descendants of the ancient Amorit see in the Kabyles the descendants Libyans. We know that the Am tinued to exist in Judah long af ish conquest of Canaan. The cap! the southern cities of Judah by Sh of Rehoboam, and depicted by hi of the great temple of Karnal Amorite origin. Their 'regular aquiline cast,' as Mr. Tomkins high cheek-bones and martial features of the Amorites, and

108 B. C.

394

AMSTERDAY

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of Münzer. baptists who They were enwere peaceful appear, were sinvever did not pronwarrantable treate put to death... ver, than to maintain

a magistrate, or take capital punishment.... decades of the sixteenth read like a burning fever from Swabia and Switzer

to Holland and Friesland. e Germany, Westphalia, and Holstein.' In the Netherlands. rles V., Anabaptists were guilty -t decency and morality which savage penalties. Afterwards, we erous body who were stigmatized me but were of a totally different anized under the guidance of Menno ligious and conscientious man. wnists, or Independents, who came and, were brought into connection with nites. . . . After 1535 many Anabaptists ver to England and formed congregaThey were reinforced by certain Brownhad espoused Anabaptist opinions in Hol-G. P. Fisher, History of the Christian i, PP. 424-426.-See also ANABAPTISTS OF TER; BAPTISTS; MENNONITES. NABAPTISTS OF MÜNSTER.-"Münster town in Westphalia, the seat of a bishop. led round, with a noble cathedral and many urches; but there is one peculiarity about Müner that distinguishes it from all other old German towns; it has not one old church spire in it Once it had a great many. How comes it that it now has none? In Münster lived a draper Knipperdolling by name, who was much excited over the doctrines of Luther, and he gathered many people in his house, and spoke to them bitter words against the Pope, the bishops, and the clergy. The bishop at this time was Francis of Waldeck, a man much inclined himself to Lutheranism; indeed, later, he proposed to suppress Catholicism in the diocese, as he wanted to seize on it and appropriate it as a possession to his family. Moreover, in 1544, he joined the Protestant princes in a league against the Catholics; but

be turned out of their offices, and men nominated by themselves were to take their places; another day Mattheson said it was revealed to him that every book in the town except the Bible was to be destroyed; accordingly all the archives and libraries were collected in the market-place and burnt. Then it was revealed to him that all the spires were to be pulled down; so the church towers were reduced to stumps, from which the enemy could be watched and whence cannon could play on them. One day he declared he had been ordered by Heaven to go forth, with promise of victory, against the besiegers. He dashed forth at the head of a large band, but was surrounded and he and his band slain. The death of Mattheson struck dismay into the hearts of the Anabaptists, but John Bockelson took advantage of the moment to establish himself as head. He declared that it was revealed by him that Mattheson had been killed because he had disobeyed the heavenly command, which was to go forth with few. Instead of that he had gone with many. Bockelson said he had been ordered in vision to marry Mattheson's widow and assume his place. It was further revealed to him that Münster was to be the heavenly Zion, the capital of the earth, and he was to be king over it. . . . Then he had another revelation that every man was to have as many wives as he liked, and he gave himself sixteen wives. This was too outrageous for some to endure, and a plot was formed against him by blacksmith and about 200 of the more respectable citizens, but it was frustrated and led to the seizure of the conspirators and the execution of a number of them. . . . At last, on midsummer eve, 1536, after a siege of sixteen months, the city was taken. Several of the citizens, unable longer to endure the tyranny, cruelty and abominations committed by the king, helped the soldiers of the princebishop to climb the walls, open the gates, and surprise the city. A desperate hand-to-hand fight ensued; the streets ran with blood. John Bockelson, instead of leading his people, hid himself, but was caught. So was Knipperdolling. When the place was in his hands the prince-bishop entered. John of Leyden and Knipperdolling were cruelly tortured, their flesh plucked off with redhot pincers, and then a dagger was thrust into their hearts. Finally, their bodies were hung in iron cages to the tower of a church in Münster. Thus ended this hideous drama, which produced an indescribable effect throughout Germany. Münster, after this, in spite of the desire of the prince-bishop to establish Lutheranism, reverted to Catholicism, and remains Catholic to this day."S. Baring-Gould, Story of Germany, ch. 36.

were connd excludtheir opinlace at the sed its gates ered into; the as pacificator, drawn up and re given to the reserved for the ere forbidden to eir religious servion of the city of and strangers came these was a tailor Ison. Rottman now and proclaimed himthe doctrines which gst other things he re

ALSO IN: L. von Ranke, History of the Reformation in Germany, bk. 6, ch. 9, v. 3.-C. Beard, Reformation, (Hibbert Lectures, 1883).

This created a split inster, and the disorders aob now fell on the caCatholics from it, and to worship in it. They an churches, and filled them vening of January 28, 1534, ed chains across the streets, bands, closed the gates and all directions. When day red suddenly two men dressed th long ragged beards and aff in hand, who paced through nly in the midst of the crowd, ore them and saluted them as . These men were John Bockelson, one John Mattheson, head of the Holland. Knipperdolling at once nself with them, and shortly the scene of the wildest ecstacies. Men ran about the streets screaming and i crying out that they saw visions of i swords drawn urging them on to the ion of Lutherans and Catholics alike. reat number of citizens were driven out, ter day, when the land was covered with Those who lagged were beaten; those who ck were carried to the market-place and reed by Rottman. . . . This was too much to rne. The bishop raised an army and marched nst the city. Thus began to siege which was last sixteen months, during which a multitude untrained fanatics, commanded by a Dutch ailor, held out against a numerous and well-armed force. Thenceforth the city was ruled by divine revelations, or rather, by the crazes of the diseased brains of the prophets. One day they declared that all the officers and magistrates were to

ANABASIS, the name given by Xenophon to his account of the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa (401 B. C.). See PERSIA: B. C. 401-400; also HISTORY: 16.

ANABASIS OF ALEXANDER. See ARRIAN. ANACLETUS (d. 1138), anti-pope from 1130 till his death, maintaining his rule in Rome against Innocent II.

ANACONDA COPPER MINE (Montana). See MONTANA: 1907-1917.

ANACTORIUM. See CORCYRA. ANESTHESIA: In the Middle Ages. See MEDICAL SCIENCE: Ancient: roth century.

ANÆSTHETICS, Discovery of. See MEDICAL SCIENCE: Modern: 19th century: Discovery of anæsthetics; CHEMISTRY: Practical application: Drugs.