A

pitality, the Indians the next day presented Hudson with tobacco, wampum, and venison. These natives were Iroquois of the Mohawk tribe. traditional account of a scene of revelry at the first coming of the whites was preserved among them until the American Revolution; it is generally regarded as descriptive of the coming of Hudson and his crew, but it may possibly refer to earlier French explorers. Two things, however, seem to be reasonably certain. The first is that the Iroquois appreciated the attentions of the early Dutch navigators and fur traders, who supplied them with fire water and firearms. [See New York Historical Society's Collections, New Series, i, 71, and Asher's Hudson, 173.] The other assured fact is that these Indians had had slight intercourse with white men, or they would not have been so friendly The natives of the lower Hudson showed their familiarity with the whites by attacking the HalfMoon at every good opportunity. The future careers of the Half-Moon and her gallant captain were not fortunate; putting into Dartmouth, England, Henry Hudson was forbidden to remain longer in the service of the Dutch, and in April, 1610, he sailed from the Thames on his last voyage in quest of the Northwest Passage. Fourteen months later he was set adrift in a shallop in Hudson Bay by a panic-stricken mutinous crew, and no trace of him has since been found. As to the Half-Moon, she gained a Holland port early in 1611, and four years later was wrecked on the shore of the island of Mauritius."-E. Channing, History of the United States, v. 1, pp. 439442.

ALSO IN: G. Bancroft, History of the United States, ch. 15 (or pt. 2, ch. 12 of "Author's last revision").-H. R. Cleveland, Life of Henry Hudson, ch. 3-4-R Juet, Journal of Hudson's voyage (New York Historical Society Collection, second series, v. 1).—J. V. N. Yates and J. W. Moulton, History of the State of New York, pt. 1. 1609-1755.-Slavery in colonial New York. See SLAVERY: 1609-1755.

1610-1614.-Dutch occupation of New Netherlands, and Block's coasting exploration. See NEW YORK STATE: 1610-1614.

1614-1615.-Voyages of Capt. John Smith to North Virginia.-Naming of the country New England. "From the time of Capt Smith's departure from Virginia [see VIRGINIA: 1607-1610], till the year 1614, there is a chasm in his biography: . . . In 1614, probably by his advice and at his suggestion, an expedition was fitted out by some London merchants, in the expense of which he also shared, for the purposes of trade and discovery in New England, or, as it was then called North Virginia... . In March, 1614, he set sail from London with two ships, one commanded by himself, and the other by Captain Thomas Hunt. They arrived, April 30th, at the island of Manhegin, on the coast of Maine, where they built seven boats. The purposes for which they were sent were to capture whales and to search for mines of gold or copper, which were said to be there, and, if these failed, to make up a cargo of fish and furs. Of mines, they found no indications, and they found whale-fishing a 'costly conclusion;' for, although they saw many, and chased them too, they succeeded in taking none. They thus lost the best part of the fishing season; but, after giving up their gigantic game, they diligently employed the months of July and August in taking and curing codfish, an humble, but more certain prey. While the crew were thus employed, Captain Smith, with eight men in a small boat, surveyed and examined the whole coast,

from Penobscot to Cape Cod, trafficking with the Indians for furs, and twice fighting with them, and taking such observations of the prominent points as enabled him to construct a map of the country. He then sailed for England, where he arrived in August, within six months after his. departure. He left Captain Hunt behind him, with orders to dispose of his cargo of fish in Spain. Unfortunately, Hunt was a sordid and unprincipled miscreant, who resolved to make his countrymen odious to the Indians, and thus prevent the establishment of a permanent colony, which would diminish the large gains he and a few others derived by monopolizing a lucrative traffic. For this purpose, having decoyed 24 of the natives on board his ship, he carried them off and sold them as slaves in the port of Malaga. Сарtain Smith, upon his return, presented his map of the country between Penobscot and Cape Cod to Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I.), with a request that he would substitute others, instead of the 'barbarous names' which had been given to particular places. Smith himself gave to the country the name of New England, as he expressly states, and not Prince Charles, as is commonly supposed. The first port into which Captain Smith put on his return to England was Plymouth. There he related his adventures to some of his friends, 'who,' he says, 'as I supposed, were interested in the dead patent of this unregarded country.' The Plymouth Company of adventurers to North Virginia, by flattering hopes and large promises, induced him to engage his services to them." Accordingly in March, 1615, he sailed from Plymouth, with two vessels under his command, bearing sixteen settlers, besides their crew. A storm dismasted Smith's ship and drove her back to Plymouth. "His consort, commanded by Thomas Dermer, meanwhile proceeded on her voyage, and returned with a profitable cargo in August; but the object, which was to effect a permanent settlement, was frustrated. Captain Smith's vessel was probably found to be so much shattered as to render it inexpedient to repair her; for we find that he set sail a second time from Plymouth on the 24th of June, in a small bark of 60 tons, manned by 30 men, and carrying with him the same 16 settlers he had taken before. But an evil destiny seemed to hang over this enterprise, and to make the voyage a succession of disasters and disappointments." It ended in Smith's capture by a piratical French fleet and his detention for some months, until he made a daring escape in a small boat. "While he had been detained on board the French pirate, in order, as he says, 'to keep my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,' he employed himself in writing a narrative of his two voyages to New England, and an account of the country. This was published in a quarto form in June, 1616. . . Captain Smith's work on New England was the first to recommend that country as a place of settlement."-G. S. Hillard, Life and adventures of Captain John Smith, ch. 14-15.

ALSO IN: Captain John Smith, Description of New England.-L. G. Tyler, England in America, Pp. 150-152.-Papers, American Historical Associa tion, v. 4, p. 395.

1619.-Introduction of negro slavery into Virginia. See VIRGINIA: 1619.

1620.-Planting of the Pilgrim colony at Plymouth, and the chartering of the council for New England. See MASSACHUSETTS: 1620; NEW ENGLAND: 1620-1623.

1620.-Formation of the government of Rio de La Plata. See ARGENTINA: 1580-1777.

AMERICA, 1620-1660

1620-1660.-Puritans in New England. See PURITANS: 1620-1660.

1621.-Conflicting claims of England and France on the north-eastern coast.-Naming and granting of Nova Scotia. See NEW ENGLAND: 1621-1631.

1629.-Carolina grant to Sir Robert Heath."Sir Robert Heath, attorney-general to Charles I., obtained a grant of the lands between the 38th [36th ?] degree of north latitude to the river St. Matheo. His charter bears date of October 5, 1029. . . . The tenure is declared to be as ample as any bishop of Durham [Palatine], in the kingdom of England, ever held and enjoyed, or ought or could of right have held and enjoyed. Sir Robert, his heirs and assigns, are constituted the true and absolute lords and proprietors, and the country is erected into a province by the name of Carolina [or Carolana], and the islands are to be called the Carolina islands. Sir Robert conveyed his right some time after to the earl of Arundel. This nobleman, it is said, planted several parts of Es acquisition, but his attempt to colonize was checked by the war with Scotland, and afterwards he civil war. Lord Maltravers, who soon after, ar his father's death, became earl of Arundel and Sasser... made no attempt to avail himself of grant... Sir Robert Heath's grant of land, the southward of Virginia, perhaps the most sve possession ever owned by an individual, bed for a long time almost absolutely waste cultivated. This vast extent of territory ocall the country between the 30th and 36th of northern latitude, which embraces the gates of North and South Carolina, Alabamal, Tennessee, Mississippi, and, little exceptions, the whole state of and the territory of East and West 1. a considerable part of the state of MisMexican provinces of Texas, Chiuhaha, antee had taken possession of the counat he had obtained his title, which he .... ad conveyed to the earl of Arundel

Maltravers appears to have obtained rom the province of Virginia in 1639, of Charles I., for the settlement of the country had since become the Dr Cox; yet, at this time, there is only in which incipient English e be discerned; the one

on the Albemarle Sound and the streams The population of it was very greatest portion of it was on the

Chowan river. The settlers had art of Virginia now known as Narsemond. . . . They had been 12 Quakers and other sectaries, Antolerance had driven from e emigrants from Bermudas scent of the English was at Fear river; those who thither from New England secon was confined to rearing be ascertained whether the ver surrendered the charter . nor whether it was cone vacated or obsolete by means."-F. X. Martin, 1, ch. 5 and 7. England in America, p. Humal self-government, Historical Associa American Historical

7

AMERICA, 1639-1700

1629.-Royal charter to the governor and company of Massachusetts bay. See MASSACHUSETTS: 1623-1629.

1629-1631.-Dutch occupation of the Delaware. See DELAWARE: 1629-1631.

1629-1632.-English conquest and brief occupation of New France. See CANADA: 1628-1635 1632.-Charter to Lord Baltimore and the founding of Maryland.—Boundaries of original grant. See MARYLAND; 1632.

1633-1637.-Charter to Cecil, Lord Baltimore and the planting of the colony at St. Mary's.Catholicism. See MARYLAND: 1633-1637

1638.-Planting of a Swedish colony on the Delaware. See DELAWARE: 1638-1640.

1639-1663.-Pioneer and unorganized colonization in North Carolina. See NORTH CAROLINA 1639-1663.

1639-1700.-Buccaneers and their piratical warfare with Spain.-"The 17th century gave birth to a class of rovers wholly distinct from any of their predecessors in the annals of the world. differing as widely in their plans, organization and exploits as in the principles that governed their actions . . . After the native inhabitants of Haiti had been exterminated, and the Spaniards had sailed farther west, a few adventurous men from Normandy settled on the shores of the island, for the purpose of hunting the wild bulls and hogs which roamed at will through the forests. The small island of Tortugas was their market; thither they repaired with their salted and smoked meat their hides, &c., and disposed of them in exchange for powder, lead. and other necessaries The places where these semi-wild hunters prepared the slaughtered carcases were called 'boucans,' and they themselves became known as Buccaneers. Probably the world has never before or since witnessed such an extraordinary association as theirs. Unburdened by women-folk or children, these men lived in couples, reciprocally rendering each other services, and having entire community of property -a condition termed by them matelotage, from the word 'matelot,' by which they addressed one another.... A man on joining the fraternity completely merged his identity Each member received a nickname, and no attempt was ever made to inquire into his antecedents. When one of their number married, he ceased to be a buccaneer, having forfeited his membership by so civilized a proceeding. He might continue to dwell on the coast, and to hunt cattle, but he was no longer a 'matelot' as a Benedick he had degenerated to 2 'colonist.'... Uncouth and lawless though the buccaneers were, the sinister signification now attaching to their name would never have been merited had it not been for the unreasoning jeal ousy of the Spaniards. The hunters were actually a source of profit to that nation, yet from an insane antipathy to strangers the dominant race resolved on exterminating the settlers. Attacked whilst dispersed in pursuance of their avocations, the latter fell easy victims; many.of them were wantonly massacred, others dragged into slavery

Breathing hatred and vengeance, the brethren of the coast' united their scattered forces, and a war of horrible reprisals commenced. Fresh troops arrived from Spain, whilst the ranks of the buccaneers were filled by adventurers of all nations, allured by love of plunder, and fired with indignation at the cruelties of the aggressors The Spaniards, utterly failing to oust their opponents, hit upon a new expedient, so short-sighted that it reflects but little credit on their statesman