important points the vote stood four to two, Lord Alverstone, Root, Lodge, and Turner concurring in the decision; and the two Canadian members dissenting. The decision sustained in the main the American claim, holding that it was the intention of the treaty of 1825 to shut England out from access to tidewater through the lisière. Wales and Pearse islands, at the entrance of Portland Channel, were awarded to England, and the line from the head of Portland Channel to Mount St. Elias was slightly drawn in, though it ran well around the heads of all inlets. The tribunal designated certain mountain peaks as the mountains referred to as parallel to the coast, except between the Stikine and Taku rivers. From the greater part of the distance between these rivers the tribunal declared that 'in the absence of further survey the evidence is not sufficient to enable the Tribunal to say which are mountains parallel to the coast within the meaning of the treaty.' The commissioners appointed later to complete this part of the boundary agreed on what is practically a straight line, and this was accepted by both governments as final. The decision was, of course, a disappointment to the Canadians, but it did not justify the charge that Lord Alverstone had sacrificed their interests in order to further the British policy of friendly relations with the United States." -J. H. Latané, America as a world power, pp. 193203-See also ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL: 1903; U. S. A.: 1892: Settlement of Alaskan boundary.

1906-1914.-Convention to provide for final establishment of the boundary line.-Surveys.Boundary line completed.-Final proceedings for establishing the boundary line of Alaska were provided for in a convention between the United States and Great Britain, signed April 21, 1906. The need and object of the convention were set forth in its preamble as follows:

"WHEREAS by a treaty between the United States of America and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, for the cession of the Russian possessions in North America to the United States, concluded March 30, 1867, the most northerly part of the boundary line between the said Russian possessions and those of His Britannic Majesty, as established by the prior convention between Russia and Great Britain, of February 28-16, 1825, is defined as following the 141st degree of longitude west from Greenwich, beginning at the point of intersection of the said 141st degree of west longitude with a certain line drawn parallel with the coast, and thence continuing from the said point of intersection, upon the said meridian of the 141st degree in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean,

continued year by year, and at its completion, in 1914, a well-defined boundary line lay between Alaska and Canada.-See also ALASKA: Map.

ALSO IN: Message of President Roosevelt, Dec. 7, 1903.-British Parliamentary Papers by command (U. S., No. 1, 1904) Cd. 1877-Alaskan Boundary Tribunal: cases, counter-cases, arguments, atlases of United States and Great Britain (Washington, 1903).-T. W. Balch, Alaska-Canada frontier.

ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. See SEATTLE: 1909.

ALASKAN ENGINEERING COMMISSION, Duties of. See INTERIOR, DEPARTMENT OF THE.

ALATOONA, Battle of. See U. S. A.: 1864 (September-October: Georgia).

ALA-UD-DIN, founder of the Bahmani dynasty in the Deccan in 1347.

ALA-UD-DIN KHILJI (d. c. 1316), sultan of Delhi after assassinating Feroz II, his uncle; subjected the Deccan and Gujarat to the rule of Islam. See INDIA: 1290-1398.

ALAUNG PAYA or Alompra. See ALOMPRA, ALOUNG HOURA.

ALAVA, Miguel Ricardo de (1771-1843), Spanish soldier and diplomat. Fought under Wellington in the Peninsular campaign; opposed Don Carlos; ambassador to England, 1834, and to France, 1835.

ALAVA, province in Spain. See BASQUE PROVINCES; BASQUES.

ALBA, Celtic form for Caledonia. See ScorLAND: The name.

ALBA.-Alban Mount.-"Cantons . . . having their rendezvous in some stronghold, and including a certain number of clanships, form the primitive political unities with which Italian history begins At what period, and to what extent, such cantons were formed in Latium, cannot be determined with precision; nor is it a matter of special historical interest. The isolated Alban range, that natural stronghold of Latium, which offered to settlers the most wholesome air, the freshest springs, and the most secure position, would doubtless be first occupied by the new comers. Here accordingly, along the narrow plateau above Palazzuola, between the Alban lake (Lago di Castello) and the Alban mount (Monte Cavo) extended the town of Alba, which was universally regarded as the primitive seat of the Latin stock, and the mother-city of Rome, as well as of all the other Old Latin communities. Here, too, on the slopes lay the very ancient Latin canton-centres of Lanuvium, Aricia, and Tusculum. . . . All these cantons were in primitive times politically sovereign, and each of them was governed by its prince with the co-operation of the council of elders and the assembly of warriors. Nevertheless the feeling of fellowship based on community of descent and of language not only pervaded the whole of them, but manifested itself in an important religious and political institution-the perpetual league of the collective Latin cantons. The presidency belonged originally, according to the universal Italian as well as Hellenic usage, to that canton within whose bounds lay the meeting-place of the league; in this case it was the canton of Alba. . . . The communities entitled to participate in the league were in the beginning thirty. . . . The rendezvous of this union was, like the Pambrotia and the Panionia among the similar confederacies of the Greeks, the 'Latin festival' (feriæ Latina) at which, on the Mount of Alba, upon a day annually appointed by the chief magistrate for the purpose, an ox was offered in sacrifice by the assembled Latin stock

"And whereas, the location of said meridian of the 141st degree of west longitude between the terminal points thereof defined in said treaty is dependent upon the scientific ascertainment of convenient points along the said meridian and the survey of the country intermediate between such points, involving no question of interpretation of the aforesaid treaties but merely the determination of such points and their connecting lines by the ordinary processes of observation and survey conducted by competent astronomers, engineers and surveyors;

"And whereas such determination has not hitherto been made by a joint survey as is requisite in order to give complete effect to said treaties."

To make such determination it was agreed that each Government should "appoint one Commissioner, with whom may be associated such surveyors, astronomers and other assistants as each Government may elect." The work of surveying

to the 'Latin god' (Jupiter Latiaris)."-T. Mommsen, History of Rome, bk. 1, ch. 3.

ALSO IN: W. Gell, Topography of Rome, v. 1. ALBA DE TORMES, Battle of. See SPAIN: 1809 (August-November.)

ALBA GRÆCA, ancient name. See BELGRADE. ALBAIAS. See PAMPAS TRIBES.

ALBAN, Kingdom of. See ALBION; SCOTLAND: 8th-9th centuries.

ALBANIA, the name given in ancient geography to a portion of the eastern Caucasus and a region west of the Caspian sea. The inhabitants, known as Albani, were spread over an extensive region to the northwest and up in the Caucasus mountains. They were described by Strabo as a people of fine physique and excellent character, but in a primitive stage of culture. Although they were a nomad people their form of government was a monarchy. In the wars between the Romans and Mithradates (King of Pontus) they came to the attention of Pompey, who subjected them to a formal recognition of Roman authority. At the time of the barbarian invasion in the second century A. D., Albania was invaded by the Alani. These were afterwards driven into Armenia by the Khazars. Still later the country was conquered by Persia under its Sassanid rulers. The successive invasions of the Huns, Mongols, and other barbarians effaced Albania from the map. This Albania must not be confused with the modern state of that name on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. (q. v.)

ALBANIA.-Name and people.-Lack of political organization.- Population.- Religion.Language.-In a modern geographical sense Albania is a name applied to a region on the western shores of the Adriatic north of Greece, west of Macedonia and south of Serbia. It constituted part of what the Romans called Illyria, but has no easily defined natural boundaries. The entire region is extremely rough and mountainous, being traversed from northwest to southwest by a number of parallel mountain chains. Although the climate is salubrious and bracing and much of the soil fertile, the country as a whole has no industrial development and appears to have always been extremely poor. The people are famed for their mixed primitive virtues of honesty, lawlessness and courage, but do not seem to lend themselves to high political organization. "The Albanian people... are [1915] not a unit in race, language, religion or any other vital interest. They have refused to accept the political unity of the state, and have not progressed in thought beyond the stage of clan-organization. But they are a unit in not being related to any one else in the peninsula. When the invading swarms of Slavs, Bulgars and the like swept over the Peninsula, they swept the earlier inhabitants before them and in the almost inaccessible mountain fastnesses of the extreme south-west those who refused to be conquered or absorbed found a refuge. So in the Pyrenees and the Caucasus we find remnants of earlier races which the immigrant hosts have crowded out of their path and left as a glacier leaves its terminal or lateral moraines."-H. H. Powers, Things men fought for.-"The Albanian population may be reckoned at about two and a half million souls, the large majority of whom inhabit the southwestern portion of the Balkan Peninsula. The Albanians belong to three religions: the Roman Catholic Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, and to Islam. The Mohammedans exceed in number both the Catholics and Orthodox put together. The members of these three faiths all live together, but the Catholics are more

numerous in the north and the Orthodox in the south. The Mohammedans are found everywhere, but form compact masses in the center of the country. . . . The language is one and the same. It is, moreover, one of the oldest languages in Europe, and our people have clung to it tenaciously in the face of much enemy opposition.”— M. B. Konitza, Albanian question (International Conciliation, May, 1919).-See also BALKAN STATES: Races existing; and Maps; EUROPE: Modern: Political map of Europe.

Early history.-Rule of Pyrrhus.-Entrance of Christianity.-Under the Roman empire.Invasion of Slavs.-"We first hear of our ancestors from classical authors who describe and give the names of many of the independent clans who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula when its history dawns. All authorities agree that they are not Greek. The Greeks, in fact, designated them 'barbarians.' The main groups formed by these clans were known as Macedonia, Illyria, and Epirus. The inhabitants of all three, so Strabo informs us, spoke the same tongue and had similar customs. The very name of Macedonia, formerly known as 'Emathia,' derives in all probability from the Albanian word E Madhia (the great). As for Illyria, 'liria' in Albanian means 'freedom,' and we Albanians interpret it as 'land of the free.' [Throughout their history the Albanians obstinately resisted subjugation from invading foes and were in the main successful. They were under the rule of Pyrrhus, however, from 296-272 B. C.] Christianity arrived early in Illyria. 'Round about Illyria,' says St. Paul, 'have I fully preached the Gospel of Christ.' The Albanians claim him as the first missionary among them. Illyria formed part of the Patriarchate of Rome at an early date, and a large number of the North Albanians (Ghegs) are faithful to Rome to this day. Scutari and Antivari have been bishoprics since the fourth century. The Roman Empire in the East was repeatedly invaded by hordes of barbarians from beyond the Danube. [Fourth and fifth centuries.] The Avars devastated wide tracts, and after them came the Slavs [640]. These, the ancestors of the Serbs, Montenegrins, and Bosniaks, swarmed in in overpowering numbers. They settled first in some districts depopulated by the Avars, and by the seventh century were widely spread in the Peninsula. They were a tribal and a pastoral people, and, taking possession of the rich plains for their flocks, they drove Roman civilization to the coast of the Adriatic, where it has never completely died out. [From 640-1360 with some interruptions the Albanians were under Serbian rule.] Of the native Illyrian population, that of the north disappeared. But southward the Illyrians defended themselves in the mountains of modern Albania, and there they preserved their language and customs uninterruptedly, up to the present day, against all comers."-Ibid.

Medieval period. - Bulgarian kingdom in Albania.-Byzantine, Norman and Sicilian conquests. Rise of the Serbian kingdom of Rashia.

Reign of Stefan Dushan.-"From the settleIment of the Servian Sclavonians within the bounds of the empire [during the reign of Heraclius, first half of the seventh century], we may . . . venture to date the earliest encroachments of the Illyrian or Albanian race on the Hellenic population. The Albanians or Arnauts, who are now called by themselves Skiptars, are supposed to be remains of the great Thracian race which, under various names, and more particularly as Paionians, Epirots and Macedonians, take an important part in early Grecian history. No distinct trace

of the period at which they began to be co-proprietors of Greece with the Hellenic race can be found in history. . . . It seems very difficult to trace back the history of the Greek nation without suspecting that the germs of their modern condition, like those of their neighbours, are to be sought in the singular events which occurred in the reign of Heraclius."-G. Finlay, Greece under the Romans, ch. 4, sect. 6.-"The most unchanged people in the [Balkan] peninsula must be the Albanians, called by themselves Skipetar, the representatives of the old Illyrians. . . . Before the end of the twelfth century the other primitive nations of the peninsula . . . began to show themselves more distinctly alongside of the Greeks. We now first hear of Albanians and Vlachs by those names."-E. A. Freeman, Historical geog

united Bulgar force. In the twelfth century they united under the rule of the remarkable line of Nemanya princes, and established the Kingdom of Rashia and extended it rapidly. Rashia, in Albanian, means plain. It is possible, therefore, that Rashia was the original Illyrian name of the plains of Kosovo. The Serbs were, in fact, known by the name of Rashians even into the eighteenth century. Each of the Nemanya kings extended his realm by conquest. They spread over North Albania and seized Scutari. Scutari, the capital of North Albania, is one of the oldest capitals in Europe. It is first mentioned under its native name of Scodra in 604 B. C. And as Shkodra it is known still to all Albanians. The name of Scutari was given to it by the Venetians in the thirteenth century. That the Albanians were,

In So the Bulgars conquered Abama and gradually thwart This Bulgarian

4 ven wax divint to a close by the victory A continued under but not without numer1 18 the Normans seized Durazzo, In 1180 the Serbians paident kingdom in upper AlPo to us Epirus was held by Ar of the imperial family at w was forced to flee when the

the Crusaders, but Durazzo kes of the house of Anjou Ne meantime the Serbian king

rising in importance "Not

Bular Fred the input in Bakkan afairs hot been werk dee the

when conquered by the Serbs, Roman Catholic, is evident from contemporary accounts. In 1321 they appealed to Charles of Anjou and to Filippo of Taranto to force the Serb King Milutin to respect their religious rights. [In 1331 the greatest of the Nemanya kings, Stefan Dushan ascended the throne. His rule lasted until 1358. He inIcluded all of Albania in his kingdom and ruled under the title "Imperator Romaniae, Slavoniae et Albaniae."] In 1332 the French friar, Père Brochard, describes the land and people. 'It is inhabited,' he says, 'by two peoples, the Albanians and the Latins, who both belong to the Church of Rome. The Albanians have a language quite other than Latin. . . . They have four Bishops under the Archbishop of Antivari. . . . Both these peoples are oppressed under the very hard servitude of the most hateful and abominable lordship of the Slavs.' That the friar did not exag

gerate is shown by the extremely severe laws enacted against the [Roman] Catholics by the great Czar Stefan Dushan in 1349 in his celebrated canon. Here we find that those of the Latin heresy who refuse to be converted are punishable by death, as are also Latin priests who attempt to convert anyone to the Latin faith."-M. B. Konitza, Albanian question (International Conciliation, May, 1919).

1358-1443.-Growth of native rule after the fall of the Serbian kingdom.-Despotat of Epirus under the house of Thopia.-Venetian, Greek and Turkish invasions.-"On the break-up of that power [the Serbian] came a time of utter confusion and endless shiftings, which has, however, one marked feature. The Albanian race now comes fully to the front. Albanian settlers press into all the southern lands, and Albanian principalities stand forth on a level with those held by Greek and Latin lords. The chief Albanian power which arose within the bounds of the despotat [of Epirus] was the house of Thopia in northern Epeiros. They called themselves Kings of Albania; they won Durazzo from the Angevins, and their power lasted [1359-1392] till that duchy passed to Venice. . . In Epeiros the Servian and Albanian despots had both to yield to Italian princes. . . . Early in the fifteenth century the Turk won all Albania, except the Venetian posts. [The Turkish advance began with the capture of Iannina in 1431.] Seventeen years later came a revolt and a successful defence of the country, whose later stages are ennobled by the name of George Kastriota of Croja, the famous Scanderbeg."-E. A. Freeman, Historical geography of Europe, pp. 423-425-During this period of native rule from the middle of the fourteenth century to the early fifteenth, part of upper Albania was ruled by the Balsha dynasty (1366-1421) and a southern section by the Musaki (1368-1476). Towards the close of the century Albanian principalities fell by degrees under Venetians and Greeks.

1443-1467.-Scanderbeg's war with the Turks. -"John Castriot, Lord of Emalthia (the modern district of Moghlene) [in Epirus or Albania] had submitted, like the other petty despots of those regions, to Amurath early in his reign, and had placed his four sons in the Sultan's hands as hostages for his fidelity. Three of them died young. The fourth, whose name was George, pleased the Sultan by his beauty, strength and intelligence. Amurath caused him to be brought up in the Mahometan creed; and, when he was only eighteen, conferred on him the government of one of the Sanjaks of the empire. The young Albanian proved his courage and skill in many exploits under Amurath's eye, and received from him the name of Iskanderbeg, the lord Alexander. When John Castriot died, Amurath took possession of his principalities and kept the son constantly employed in distant wars. Scanderbeg brooded over this injury; and when the Turkish armies were routed by Hunyades in the campaign of 1443, Scanderbeg determined to escape from their side and assume forcible possession of his patrimony. He suddenly entered the tent of the Sultan's chief secretary, and forced that functionary, with the poniard at his throat, to write and seal a formal order to the Turkish commander of the strong city of Croia, in Albania, to deliver that place and the adjacent territory to Scanderbeg, as the Sultan's viceroy. He then stabbed the secretary and hastened to Croia, where his strategem gained him instant admittance and submission. He now publicly abjured the Mahometan

faith, and declared his intention of defending the creed of his forefathers, and restoring the independence of his native land. The Christian population flocked readily to his banner and the Turks were massacred without mercy. For nearly twenty-five years Scanderbeg contended against all the power of the Ottomans, though directed by the skill of Amurath and his successor Mahomet, the conqueror of Constantinople."-E. S. Creasy, History of the Ottoman Turks, ch. 4.-"Scanderbeg died a fugitive at Lissus on the Venetian territory [1467]. His sepulchre was soon violated by the Turkish conquerors; but the janizaries, who wore his bones enchased in a bracelet, declared by this superstitious amulet their involuntary reverence for his valour. . . . His infant son was saved from the national shipwreck; the Castriots were invested with a Neapolitan dukedom, and their blood continues to flow in the noblest families of the realm." -E. Gibbon, History of the decline and fall of the Roman empire, ch. 67.

ALSO IN: A. Lamartine, History of Turkey, bk. II, sect. 11-25.

1478-1880.-Albania under Turkish rule.Struggles for independence.-Effect of the Treaty of Berlin.-Struggle for education.— Between 1478 to 1502 the most important Venetian strongholds in Albania were captured by the Turks, including Scutari and Durazzo (see GREECE: 1454-1479) and by 1571 the Turks were masters of Albania. The Christians either emigrated or fled to the mountains, but the Turks were never able fully to convert Albania to Islam and the country was torn by endless strife between the mountainers and the Turks, the Christians and the Mohammedan converts. When the Turkish power began to wane towards the end of the 17th century, anarchy and confusion were abundant (See TURKEY: 1684-1696). "There was nothing for it but to accept Turkish rule. From the beginning the Albanians had contrived to retail local autonomy. In the seventeenth century many began to go over to Islam. But, as above stated, unlike the other Balkan peoples, when Mohammedanized they retained their strong sense of nationality. No sooner did the Moslem Albanian chiefs rise to power than they began to work for independence. The Albanians, both Moslem and Christian, descended from the mountains and began a struggle to retake the plains from which their forefathers had been driven by the conquering Serbs. Bit by bit they regained territory and settled upon it. Attacked by the Albanians on the one side, and oppressed on the other by the Turkish government, and oppressed also by the Greek Church-which strove ever to replace the Serb and Bulgar churches by Greek ones throughout Turkey in Europe-the Serbs of Kosovo, led by the Patriarch of Ipek, decided to emigrate and moved in vast masses into Austria, where they were given land in the Banat by the Emperor. The Albanians speedily resettled the vacated lands, occupying the whole of the Kosovo district as far as Mitrovitza and northeast as far as Nish and Uskub. Eastward they spread as far as Monastir, and the greater part of the Moslem villages of Macedonia are Albanian. In truth, they thus retook a great part of their ancient Illyria and Macedonia. Christian and Moslem united to preserve and maintain their customs, rights, and language, and brooked but little Turkish interference. [In the latter half of the eighteenth century, Moslem chieftans set up independent principalities, but failed to maintain their sovereignty against the Porte except for short periods. The last of these, the dynasty of Scutari, came to an

end in 1831 with the surrender of its head to the Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha.] The beginning of the nineteenth century was a time of great stress and struggle in the Balkan Peninsula. Repeated attacks by the Russians and Austrians, who each pretended they were animated by a desire to free the Christians from Turkish rule, and were in truth aiming only at territorial gains, had greatly weakened Turkish power and roused, too, the hopes of the subject peoples. Serbia rose first and, with the aid of both Austria and Russia, attained autonomy. Greece rose shortly afterward and, also with European help, obtained her freedom.

came.

"The Greeks were greatly helped, too, by the Albanians of the south, of whose valor Lord Byron tells. In return for this help they hoped that Greece would aid them, too, when their time Far from aiding Albania to gain freedom, Greece has had but one object, and that is to obtain more and more of Albanian territory. In 1880 an International Commission, called the Eastern Roumelian Commission, was appointed to regulate the affairs of Turkey. Great Britain was ably represented by Lord Edmund Fitzmaurice, who recognized the important fact that if peace were to be permanent in the Balkan the rights of each nationality must be considered. Convinced, after careful examination, that the Albanians had been treated with great injustice, he made strong representations on the subject, and recommended the immediate formation of a large and autonomous Albania, which should become independent on the break-up of the Turkish Empire in Europe. Having caused inquiries to be made about the population of the various vilayets, he recommended that the state of Albania should consist of the whole of the vilayets of Scutari and Janina, the larger part of the vilayet of Kosovo, and a large part of the vilayet of Monastir. In this scheme he was strongly supported by [the British] Ambassador at Constantinople, Lord Goschen. The formation, however, of an independent Albania did not suit the ambitious plans either of Austria or of Russia. And, unfortunately for Europe, nothing was done save to recommend certain reforms to the Turks. [See BALKAN STATES: 1878.] The Albanian question remained and remains unsolved. . . . Though by means of the Albanian League a certain amount of Albanian territory was saved, yet the Treaty of Berlin resulted disastrously for Albania."-M. B. Konitza, Albanian question (International Conciliation, May, 1919). -The Albanian League was formed to resist the concessions granted by the Treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878) to Austria-Hungary, Servia and Montenegro, but in spite of the efforts of the league, the independence of Montenegro and Serbia were guaranteed with portions of Albanian territory.-"Albania's struggle to obtain national education in the face of difficulties merits a chapter in the history of education. . . . Books and papers printed in London, Brussels, and Bucharest were smuggled into the country at great risk and eagerly studied, in spite of the fact that anyone found in possession of such works was liable to even fifteen years' imprisonment. Many people, both Moslem and Christian, studied their own language from the Gospels and the Book of Genesis which were published in Albanian by the British and Foreign Bible Society and circulated with great difficulty. Schoolmasters found guilty of teaching Albanian were severely punished-in some cases the extreme sentence of fifteen years being inflicted. But the Albanians did not relax their efforts. In South Albania the Americans, to whom Albania is deeply

indebted, opened a Girls' School at Koritza which was protected by the great Republic. This was a center of national enthusiasm. The girls taught their brothers to write their mother tongue. In the north education was better provided for. Both Italy and Austria, being anxious to obtain influence there, opened schools for boys, girls, and infants in Scutari and Durazzo. And the Abbott of the Mirdites started a school in his mountains." -Ibid.

1908-1914.-Young Turk revolution.-Balkan wars.- Temporary monarchy under Prince William of Wied.-Independence granted by the powers under an International Council of Control.-Revolt of Essad Pasha.-"Such was the situation of Albania when the Young Turk revolution took place in 1908. To this the Albanians at first lent their hearty support, believing that it meant equal opportunities for all races. They were soon undeceived. The Young Turks began a policy of forcible Ottomanization and the Albanians rose against it. [See also TURKEY: 1908.] This most useful and loyal corner of the sultan's dominions was turned into a country of perennial revolutions, which started soon after the inauguration of the constitutional régime. In the winter of 1911-1912, when the group of Albanian deputies in the Ottoman Parliament saw their demands for reforms rejected by the cabinet, and even the right of discussion of their complaints refused on the floor of Parliament, the Albanians north and south, Roman Catholics and Moslems, united in resistance to the Turkish authorities that extended to Uskub and Monastir. After the spring elections of 1912, the resistance became a formidable revolt. (See also TURKEY: 1910-1911.) For the Young Turks had rashly maneuvered the balloting with more than Tammany skill. The Albanians were left without representatives in Parliament. Former deputies, such as Ismail Kemal Bey, and chiefs such as Isa Boletinatz, Idris Sefer, and Ali Riza joined in a determination to demand autonomy by force of arms. When, in July, the cabinet decided to move an army against the Albanians, there were wholesale desertions from the garrison at Monastir, and of Albanian officers from all parts of European Turkey. Mahmud Shevket Pasha was compelled to resign the ministry of war, and was followed by Said Pasha and the whole cabinet. The Albanians demanded as a sine qua non the dissolution of Parliament. The Mukhtar cabinet agreed to the dissolution, and accepted almost all the demands of the rebels in a conference at Pristina."M. B. Konitza, Albanian question (International Conciliation, May, 1919).

The situation was still further complicated by a split in the Albanian provisional government, Essad Pasha, minister of the interior and lately defender of Scutari, having refused to recognize Avlona as the seat of government, and having started a government of his own at Durazzo, apparently with the object of having himself elected Prince of Albania, as he possessed great influence in that part of the country where his extensive estates were situated. Meanwhile Serbia marched her troops into Albania as a counter-attack to the Albanian raid, but she withdrew them a week after in response to a peremptory summons to do so from the Austro-Hungarian government. On November 23, 1913, Prince William of Wied. nephew of the queen of Rumania, an officer in the Prussian army, regarded as a well-informed and capable soldier, was selected by the powers as the future sovereign of Albania. (See SERBIA: 19091913.)